长期施肥对双季稻产量变化趋势、稳定性和可持续性的影响

研究长期施肥对双季稻产量变化趋势、稳定性和可持续性的影响。采用线性回归、稳定性方差和可持续性指数等方法对长期施肥定位试验获取的双季稻产量数据进行分析。结果表明:(1)与偏施化肥处理相比,均衡施NPK化肥处理提高了双季稻产量、产量稳定性和可持续性,在等氮量条件下配施30%、50%和70%有机肥较NPK处理进一步提高产量6.15%、3.88%和7.75%,稳定性25.91%、59.78%和29.31%,配施30%有机肥较NPK处理提高可持续指数8.57%;(2)处理间整体表现出初始产量越高,产量的年变化量越小。施NK处理产量随时间呈下降趋势,其他处理均为上升趋势,其中不施肥和施PK处理变化显著,年变化量最大,分别为108.0和142.3 kg hm-2 a-1,NPK处理最小,为23.74 kg hm-2 a-1,有机无机肥配施处理间表现为随有机肥配施比例增加而产量年变化量显著增大的变化趋势。综上可见,有机无机肥配施有利于双季稻高产稳产,可有效维持系统可持续性,以70%化肥配施30%有机肥效果最佳。     

不同肥料处理对麦绿素专用大麦嫩叶产量和品质的影响

研究了不同肥料处理(有机肥、有机肥+海藻肥、有机肥+菌肥、有机肥+化肥、化肥)对麦绿素用大麦产量和有关品质性状的影响。结果表明,有机肥基施配合追施化肥三期鲜叶总产和品质性状优于单施有机肥和化肥处理,嫩叶蛋白质、SOD酶、叶绿素及氨基酸含量显著高于其它处理;单施化肥干物质积累虽略高于有机肥基肥配合追施化肥,但嫩叶Vc含量显著较低;追施海藻肥、菌肥产量显著低于有机肥基肥配合追施化肥。     

热带地区不同香蕉长期轮作体系对土壤微生物和生物化学性质的影响

Soil microbiological and biochemical properties under various field crop rotations such as grains, pastures and vegetables have been studied intensively under short-term period. However, there is limited information about the influence of banana-based rotations on soil organic C, total N(TN), microbial biomasses and enzyme activities under long-term crop rotations. A field experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates was carried out at the Wanzhong Farm in Ledong(18?37′–18?38′N, 108?46′–108?48′E), Hainan Province, China, to compare the responses of these soil parameters to long-term(10-year) banana(Musa paradisiaca)-pineapple(Ananas) rotation(AB), banana-papaya(Carica) rotation(BB) and banana monoculture(CK) in a conventional tillage system in the Hainan Island. Soil p H, total organic C(TOC), dissolved organic C(DOC), TN, total P(TP) and available P(AP) were found to be significantly higher(P 0.01) in AB and BB than CK at 0–30 cm soil depth. Microbial biomass C(MBC) and N(MBN) were observed 18.0%–35.2% higher in AB and 8.6%–40.5% higher in BB than CK at 0–30 cm. The activities of urease(UA), invertase(IA), dehydrogenase(DA) and acid phosphatase(APA) showed a mean of 21.5%–59.6% increase in AB and 26.7%–66.1% increase in BB compared with CK at 0–30 cm. Higher p H, TOC and DOC at 0–10 and 10–20 cm than at 20–30 cm were obtained despite of the rotations. Soil MBC and MBN and activities of UA, IA and DA decreased markedly(P 0.01) with increasing soil depth in the different rotation soils as well as the monoculture soil. In general, soil microbial biomass and enzymatic activities were more sensitive to changes in banana-based rotations than soil chemical properties, and consequently they were well-established as early indicators of changes due to crop rotations in the tropics.     

塿土区长期施肥农田土壤的可持续性评价

【目的】施肥是实现作物增产和土壤培肥的主要途径,综合评价长期不同施肥条件下农田土壤的可持续性.可为农田合理施肥和管理提供理论支撑。【方法】依托陕西杨凌"国家黄土肥力与肥料效益监测基地"长期肥料定位试验(23年)采集分析了该试验9个处理[不施肥(CK)、单施氮(N)、氮钾配合(NK)、磷钾配合(PK)、氮磷配合(NP)、氮磷钾配合(NPK)、氮磷钾配合秸秆还田(SNPK)、低量有机肥配合氮磷钾(M_1NPK)和高量有机肥配合氮磷钾(M_2NPK]的土壤养分、微生物特性及作物产量,计算了土壤养分指数、微生物指数、作物指数和可持续性指数.综合评价了长期不同施肥处理对(?)土区农田土壤可持续性的影响。【结果】CK和N处理土壤养分指数分别为0.75和0.87,两者之间差异显著(P0.05)均低于土壤养分指数临界值1.00;其余处理的土壤养分指数在1.12~3.12之间均大于临界值,其中NP和NK差异不显著,SNPK和PK差异不显著,其余各处理间均差异显著(P0.05)。CK、N、NK和PK处理土壤微生物指数在0.74~0.84之间低于土壤微生物指数临界值1.00,其中CK和N差异不显著,NK和PK差异不显著但两组之间差异显著(P0.05);NP、NPK、SNPK、M、NPK和M,NPK处理的在0.98~1.21之间,接近或大于临界值,其中M、NPK和M,NPK差异不显著,NP、NPK和SNPK差异不显著,两组之间差异显著(P0.05)。CK、N、NK和PK的作物指数在0.52~0.60之间均低于作物指数临界值1.00,仅PK和N差异显著(P0.05);氮磷配合的施肥处理(NP、NPK、SNPK、M_1NPK和M_2NPK)在0.98~1.02之间,各处理间差异不显著但均接近或大于临界值1.00。CK、N、NK和PK的可持续性指数分别为0.49、0.54、0.74和0.99均低于可持续性指数临界值1.30,其中CK和N差异不显著;NP和NPK处理的可持续性指数分别为1.18和1.26,两者差异不显著,接近于可持续临界值;有机无机配合的处理(SNPK、M、NPK和M,NPK)的可持续性指数差异显著(P0.05)分别为1.55、2.32和2.94,较临界值高19.5%、78.8%和126.3%。土壤养分指数的变异性(50.2%)大于作物指数(29.1%)和微生物指数(18.4%)的变异性综合计算的可持续性指数的变异最高(62.1%)。【结论】冬小麦一夏玉米轮作条件下,长期不施肥和偏施化肥缕土区农田生产不可持续,化肥平衡施用(NP和NPK)基本可持续,NPK化肥配合秸秆还田(SNPK)和适量有机无机配施(M_1NPK)是实现(?)土可持续利用的施肥模式。     

长期不同施肥下紫色土综合肥力演变及作物产量响应

为了综合评价长期不同施肥处理下紫色土肥力的变化趋势,寻求既能提高土壤肥力又能获得高产的紫色土科学施肥模式,该文以国家紫色土肥力与肥料效益监测基地长期定位试验数据为基础,运用内梅罗指数法对土壤综合肥力进行评价。结果表明,20 a间不同施肥处理土壤肥力发生了不同的变化趋势,长期不施肥(对照)与偏施化肥氮肥、氮钾肥土壤综合肥力指数(integrated fertility index,IFI)随着时间的推移逐渐下降,平衡施肥的氮磷钾、氮磷钾+牛粪、1.5倍氮磷钾+秸秆还田、氮磷钾+秸秆还田处理的IFI指数随着时间的变化有一定的波动,但相对于试验前都有不同程度的提高。各平衡施肥处理年均IFI值比对照分别提高34.5%,36.8%,52.3%,50.1%;通过IFI指数与各养分指标之间相关分析发现,土壤有机质、全磷、速效磷含量对紫色土土壤肥力的贡献较大;20 a产量变化趋势表明,平衡施肥产量明显高于偏施肥处理,其中长期秸秆还田配施NPK肥,增产效果最佳;相对产量与IFI指数呈S型曲线关系,紫色土IFI指数维持在1.63~2.01之间,可以实现相对最高产量;作物产量与土壤综合肥力指数二者之间呈显著的线性正相关关系,应用改良的内梅罗指数法计算的综合肥力指数能较好地反映土壤肥力状况。长期平衡施肥可以提高作物产量和土壤肥力,其中氮磷钾化肥配合秸秆还田是维持土壤肥力、实现作物高产的最佳培肥方式。     

Empirical analysis and prediction of nitrate loading and crop yield for corn-soybean rotations

Nitrate nitrogen losses through subsurface drainage and crop yield are determined by multiple climatic and management variables. The combined and interactive effects of these variables, however, are poorly understood. Our objective is to predict crop yield, nitrate concentration, drainage volume, and nitrate loss in subsurface drainage from a corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation as a function of rainfall amount, soybean yield for the year before the corn-soybean sequence being evaluated, N source, N rate, and timing of N application in northeastern Iowa, U.S.A. Ten years of data (1994-2003) from a long-term study near Nashua, Iowa were used to develop multivariate polynomial regression equations describing these variables. The regression equations described over 87, 85, 94, 76, and 95% of variation in soybean yield, corn yield, subsurface drainage, nitrate concentration, and nitrate loss in subsurface drainage, respectively. A two-year rotation under average soil, average climatic conditions, and 125 kg N/ha application was predicted to loose 29, 37, 36, and 30 kg N/ha in subsurface drainage for early-spring swine manure, fall-applied swine manure, early-spring UAN fertilizer, and late-spring split UAN fertilizer (urea ammonium nitrate), respectively. Predicted corn yields were 10.0 and 9.7 Mg/ha for the swine manure and UAN sources applied at 125 kg N/ha. Timing of application (i.e., fall or spring) did not significantly affect corn yield. These results confirm other research suggesting that manure application can result in less nitrate leaching than UAN (e.g., 29 vs. 36 kg N/ha), and that spring application reduces nitrate leaching compared to fall application (e.g., 29 vs. 37 kg N/ha). The regression equations improve our understanding of nitrate leaching; offer a simple method to quantify potential N losses from Midwestern corn-soybean rotations under the climate, soil, and management conditions of the Nashua field experiment; and are a step toward development of easy to use N management tools.     

Stratification of nutrients in soil for different tillage regimes and cotton rotations

Crop management practices, especially tillage and rotation, can impact soil nutrient stratification, crop growth, and yield. The objectives of this study were to determine the soil-profile distribution of plant-available nutrients in four depth intervals from 0 to 90 cm for different cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cropping systems, tillage regimes, and N fertilization rates in a south-central Texas silty clay loam soil after 5 years of treatment imposition. Distribution of nutrients in the soil profile varied between cropping systems (continuous cotton monoculture and cotton–corn (Zea mays L.) rotation), conventional (CT) and reduced tillage (RT), and N fertilization rates (0, 80, and 160 kg N ha⁻¹). Plant-available P showed the greatest stratification and was 426% higher at 0–15 cm than at 60–90 cm, while SO₄ had the greatest increase (42%) with depth. The percentage decrease from 0–15 to 60–90 cm was 47% and 147% for NO₃ and K, and 76%, 12%, 43%, and 232% for Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn, respectively. In contrast, Ca and Mg concentrations increased 22% and 15%, respectively, from 0–15 to 60–90 cm. Increasing the N fertilization rate increased plant-available NO₃ and SO₄ but decreased K, Fe, Cu, and Zn concentrations. Inclusion of corn in rotation with cotton decreased plant-available Mn, Fe, and Cu from 15 to 90 cm relative to continuous cotton at 160 kg N ha⁻¹. For unfertilized soil, rotation increased micronutrient concentrations at 15–60 cm compared to continuous cotton. On average, CT cotton–corn had significantly lower K, Ca, Mg, Na, and SO₄ concentrations than CT continuous cotton. Reduced tillage and diversified cropping systems altered the distribution of plant-available nutrients in soil relative to CT and continuous cotton. In fact, RT increased plant-available P and NO₃ in surface soil, which may have contributed to higher lint yields than CT continuous cotton.     

Influence of long-term tillage, straw and N fertilizer on barley yield, plant-N uptake and soil-N balance

Long-term influence of N fertilizer, tillage and straw on crop production and soil properties are not well known in central Alberta. Field experiments were established in autumn 1979, on a Black Chernozemic soil and on a Gray Luvisolic soil in north-central Alberta to determine the long-term effect of tillage, straw and N fertilizer on yield and N uptake of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Fertilizer N was applied annually at 56 kg ha⁻¹. The 11 year averages of barley yields and N uptake under zero tillage were lower than under conventional tillage. Retention rather than removal of straw tended to reduce barley yield for the initial 6 years and 2 year at Site 1 and Site 2, respectively. A simple mathematical model of average annual plant N uptake and grain yield could account for most of the variation in the data observed at both sites (R² = 0.907; P < 0.01). Final values of soil N, calculated using a mass balance approach, agree closely with values measured at the end of the eleventh year. Conventional tillage and zero tillage, with addition of fertilizer N and retention of straw, were the only treatments with apparent but small net addition of N to soil at Site 1 (40 kg ha⁻¹ and 117 kg ha⁻¹, respectively). At Site 2, only the zero tillage treatment with addition of fertilizer and retention of straw gained soil N (29 kg ha⁻¹). In conclusion, soil ecosystems functioning in subhumid environments with slight to moderate heat limitations such as those in central Alberta can adapt, within a few years, to zero tillage practices with full retention of straw.     

长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量与养分平衡特征

为了明确长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量及养分平衡特征,利用开始于1979年的哈尔滨黑土肥力长期定位试验,以小麦-大豆-玉米轮作(3a)为一个周期,选取对照(不施肥,记作CK)、常量氮磷钾化肥配施(小麦施N、P2O5量分别为150、75 kg/hm2,大豆施N、P2O5量分别为75、150 kg/hm2,玉米施N、P2O5量分别为150、75 kg/hm2,K2O共施75 kg/hm2,记作NPK)、常量有机肥(施肥18 600 kg/hm2,记作M)、常量化肥有机肥配施(化肥施量同NPK,有机肥施量同M,记作MNPK)和二倍量氮磷化肥有机肥配施(小麦施N、P2O5量分别为300、150 kg/hm2,大豆施N、P2O5量分别为150、300 kg/hm2,、玉米施N、P2O5量分别为300、150 kg/hm2,有机肥共37 200 kg/hm2,记作M2N2P2)5个处理,研究了不同作物的平均产量、产量年际变化和土壤养分表观平衡。结果表明:1)较CK,长期平衡施用化肥或化肥配施有机肥提高了作物产量,多年平均增产率分别在82.5%~91.6%(小麦)和35.6%~40.9%(玉米)之间。长期不同施肥措施增产效果表现为M2N2P2MNPKNPKM,有机无机肥配施与单施化肥处理间作物产量差异不显著。2)长期不施肥处理小麦和玉米产量随试验年限推移呈下降趋势,降幅分别为13.93和42.61 kg/(hm2·a),大豆则以7.409 kg/(hm2·a)的速率增加。施肥处理小麦、大豆和玉米产量随试验年限的增加呈总体上升的趋势。3)在该试验条件下,长期施用常量化肥处理(NPK)和常量化肥有机肥配施处理(MNPK)土壤氮亏缺量分别为29.7和17.5 kg/hm2,磷盈余量分别为33.4和61.2 kg/hm2。各处理土壤中钾素均表现为亏缺,亏缺量在30.4~73.0 kg/hm2之间。MNPK处理氮、钾供应状况有所改善,较NPK处理分别增加12.2和27.6 kg/hm2。4)作物产量与土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、降雨量、生育期日平均气温呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。5)在黑土小麦-大豆-玉米典型轮作制度下,基于土壤养分平衡特征提出"稳氮、减磷和增钾"的施肥策略。该研究为评价和建立长期施肥模式、促进粮食持续生产提供依据。     

Soil sustainability changes in organic crop rotations with diverse crop species and the share of legumes

There have been few long-term field studies on greenhouse gases measurement in organic crop rotations under temperate climatic conditions. Little is known about the extent to which the share of legumes in a crop rotation of organic farming affects the potentials for CO₂ emission and soil organic carbon sequestration. The current study was aimed to investigate soil physicochemical state and soil net CO₂ exchange rate in diverse organic crop rotations with different crop species and proportions of legumes. Four 5-year duration crop rotations were investigated. The best soil sustainability of the arable layer was found in a crop rotation enriched with red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). This rotation resulted in the highest soil mesoporosity and the lowest microporosity, ensured the best supply of plant-available water and revealed high soil resistance to dry conditions. Red clover secured the highest soil organic C sequestration, caused the increase in reserves of total N and available K, and slackened the decrease of soil-available P sources. Red clover-based cropping system exhibited the highest soil net CO₂ exchange rate during five experimental years. The effect of crop rotation, consisting of phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth.), peas (Pisum sativum L.) and yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.), on soil sustainability was weaker than the effect of rotation with red clover. Non-legume rotations, i.e. binary (two-crop) rotation and the crop rotation involving four spring and one winter species, can be regarded as miners of soil nutrient resources rather than contributors. These rotations did not promote soil sustainability because the soil lost large amounts of macronutrients and caused 26–33% lower soil net CO₂ exchange rate, compared with leguminous rotations. For future, it could be recommended for ecological farming to rely more on crop rotations with red clover to improve ecosystems functioning.     

Modeling a long-term effect of rice straw incorporation on SOC content and grain yield in rice field

ABSTRACT

The long-term effects of rice straw incorporation on soil organic carbon (SOC) content and rice yield were evaluated from rice cultivation with different treatments: no rice straw (control), rice straw (RS), and rice straw compost (RSC) as a main-plots; five levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application: 0, 100, 150, 200, and 250 of N (kg ha^?1) as a sub-plots. The denitrification and decomposition (DNDC) model was employed to simulate changes in SOC content and rice grain yield over 35 years. Additionally, scenario analysis on continuous or discontinuous RS incorporation in rice fields was conducted using the DNDC model. The long-term results indicated that RS and RSC treatments played a crucial role in increasing grain yields by 9% and 11% due to the increased SOC contents compared to control treatment. The validated DNDC model on SOC contents and yields showed a good agreement between the observed and simulated values based on the normalized root mean square errors. The model predicted a rapid decline of SOC contents without RS incorporation. Results suggested that incorporating rice straw or amending manure to paddy soils is a preferred practice for maintaining SOC contents.     

Effects of long-term contrasting lime and phosphorus applications on barley grain yield,root growth and abundance of mycorrhiza

Lime and phosphorus (P) applications are common agricultural management practices. Our aim was to quantify the effects of long-term application practices on root growth and abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) under field conditions. We assessed the effects of lime and P fertilizer applications on barley yield, root growth and AMF abundance in 2016. Treatments were no, low, medium and high liming rate corresponding to application of 0, 4, 8 and 12 Mg lime ha⁻¹ every 5–9 years since 1942 combined with no or yearly application of 15.6 kg P ha⁻¹ since 1944. At harvest, grain yield, root intensity (core-break) and AMF abundance at different soil depths were estimated. Root development was monitored during early growth with minirhizotrons in treatments receiving low, medium and high liming rates and P fertilization. A quadratic model relating grain yield to liming rate estimated yields to peak at 6.4 Mg lime ha⁻¹ with yields of 4.2 and 3.2 Mg grain ha⁻¹ with and without P fertilization, respectively. Low and medium liming rates resulted in greater AMF abundance, especially in the no P treatments. During early growth in P-fertilized treatments, 77% and 65% more roots developed in the soil profile when treated with medium and high liming rate, respectively, compared to low liming rate. We conclude that long-term application of lime in soils receiving yearly P fertilization improved conditions for root growth in soil layers below 30 cm, but at the high liming rate, this did not translate into higher yield.     

水稻产量对长期不同施肥和环境的响应

以开始于1982年的不同施肥长期定位试验为平台,选择氮磷钾肥(NPK)、有机肥(牛粪,M)、氮磷钾肥+有机肥(NPKM)、氮磷肥+有机肥(NPM)、氮钾肥+有机肥(NKM)和磷钾肥+有机肥(PKM)共6个处理,采用产量年际变化、变异系数(CV)、产量可持续指数(SYI)、肥料增产贡献率及AMMI模型对影响双季稻稻谷总产量稳定性的施肥处理、环境和二者互作进行综合分析,研究历年稻谷产量(1982—2012年)对长期不同施肥和环境的响应特征。结果表明:NPKM处理稻谷产量最高;在养分投入量相同的情况下,单施有机肥和单施化肥对于早稻产量的影响效果一致,但单施有机肥较单施化肥有利于提高晚稻稻谷产量。不同施肥处理稻谷产量CV随试验时间延长逐渐降低,有机无机配施相比较单施化肥能够减小产量CV,各处理晚稻产量的CV大于早稻,但其SYI值小于早稻。NPKM处理的SYI值最高,为0.51;M和NPK处理的SYI值分别为0.44和0.42。肥料对于产量的贡献率表现为:有机肥化肥氮化肥磷化肥钾。AMMI模型交互效应主成分(IPCA)表明,不同施肥处理在不同试验年份对环境的响应不一样。综合以上分析结果,氮磷钾完全肥基础上配施有机肥(NPKM)是该区域双季稻高产和稳产的最佳施肥措施。     

Organic carbon stocks in topsoil and subsoil in long-term ley and cereal monoculture rotations

Soil organic C (SOC) in agricultural soils is affected by cropping system. In order to compare the impact of ley-dominated and cereal monoculture rotations on soil properties, a series of experiments was started in Sweden in the early 1980s. This study quantified the effect of rotations and N fertilisation on SOC stocks and microbial community composition. After 35 years, soil samples taken down to 50-cm depth at two sites with contrasting soil texture (clay and loam) were analysed for soil C and N, bulk density and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) content. Significant increases in SOC concentrations and stocks were found in the ley-dominated rotation compared with the cereal monoculture rotation, the difference being 0.36 and 0.59 Mg C ha^?1 year^?1 in the topsoil (0–20 cm) for sites with the clay and loam texture, respectively, in average over N fertiliser levels. Nitrogen fertilisation increased SOC stocks significantly in the cereal monoculture, but not in the ley-dominated rotation. In the loam, SOC responses in the subsoil were almost as high as those in the topsoil, but they were insignificant in the clay soil. These results indicate that soil texture and structure can have a great impact on the potential of subsoils to sequester C, which requires attention when scaling up SOC sequestration rates for regional or global assessments.     

中国热带地区不同作物长期轮作对土壤线虫群落结构及多样性的影响

A field experiment was carried out from 2003 to 2013 in the Wanzhong Farm of the Hainan Island, China, to determine the effects of two long-term banana rotations on the abundance and trophic groups of soil nematode communities in the island. The experiment was set out as a randomized complete block design with three replications of three treatments: banana-pineapple rotation(AB), banana-papaya rotation(BB) and banana monoculture(CK) in a conventional tillage system. Soil samples were taken at depths of 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm, and nematodes were extracted by a modified cotton-wool filter method and identified to the genus level. Nematode ecological indices of Shannon-Weaver diversity(H′), dominance index(λ), maturity index(MI), plant parasite index(PPI), structure index(SI), enrichment index(EI), and channel index(CI) were calculated. A total of 28 nematode genera with relative abundance over 0.1% were identified, among which Tylenchus and Paratylenchus in the AB, Thonus in the BB, Tylenchus and Helicotylenchus in the CK were the dominant genera. The rotation soils favored bacterivores, fungivores and omnivores-predators with high colonizer-persister(c-p) values. Soil food web in the rotation systems was highly structured, mature and enriched as indicated by SI, MI and EI values, respectively. Higher abundance of bacterivores and lower values of CI suggested that the soil food web was dominated by a bacterial decomposition pathway in rotation soils. Nematode diversity was much higher after a decade of rotation.Soil depth had significant effects on the abundance of soil nematodes, but only on two nematode ecological indices(λ and MI).     

长期不同施肥下潮土养分生产力及其可持续性演变

在小麦—玉米一年两熟耕作制度下,通过河北雄县壤质土13年长期定位不同施肥养分耗竭试验,探讨土壤自身养分生产力的表达方式。结果表明,土壤N、P、K、Zn、Mn、B元素对于小麦的支撑产量分别为2 553、3 918、5 668、6 571、6 871和7 353 kg hm-2,对玉米的支撑产量分别为2 280、4 576、6 875、8 788、9 465和9 188 kg hm-2。六种养分的土壤自身循环平衡能力在小麦上依次为N相似文献   

不同施肥处理对作物产量及土体NO3--N累积的长期定位试验

褐土区19年长期施肥定位试验,在9个不同处理CK,M,N1,N2,P1,N1P1,N2P1,N2P2和N2P2K中,以0～20,20～40,40～60,60～80,80～100cm分五层垂直取土样,然后进行室内分析,NO3--N用酚二潢酸比色法测定,作物产量以小区单打单收计产,探讨了单施有机肥、氮肥及氮磷、氮磷钾配施对作物产量和土壤剖面中NO3--N的垂直分布及0～100cm土体中NO3--N累积量的影响.结果表明:氮磷或氮磷钾以适宜用量和比例配合施用使小麦、玉米产量高且稳定性好,其产量波动的变异系数小,分别比对照处理减少变异系数0.260～0.272及0.191～0.195.同时可以减少土体中NO3--N的积累,减少对环境的污染.9个处理中以单施磷肥处理0～100cm土体中"NO3--N含量最少.N2处理0～100cm土体中NO3--N含量最高.     

长期不同施肥对黄潮土区冬小麦产量及土壤养分的影响

【目的】分析长期施肥方式下小麦产量的变化规律,以探明黄潮土区小麦产量稳定性对不同施肥方式的响应机制,为黄潮土区合理施肥的管理及其土壤生态系统的改善提供依据。【方法】以 35 年长期定位试验为研究平台,设 5 种施肥方式:不施肥 (CK)、单施氮肥 (N)、氮磷钾配施 (NPK)、单施有机肥 (M)、有机无机配施 (MNPK),测定小麦的平均产量及土壤养分状况。【结果】小麦产量和肥料贡献率以有机无机配施 (MNPK) 最高,平均产量为 6393 kg/hm2;其次为 NPK 处理,与当年不施肥处理相比,产量提高了 374.2%;单施有机肥增产幅度位居第三;单施氮肥处理增产效果最低。单施氮肥处理小麦产量变异系数 (CV) 偏高 (26.72%～38.72%)、可持续性产量指数 (SYI) 偏低 (0.32～0.51),产量稳定性最低,MNPK 处理的CV 最低 (4.86%～7.76%)、SYI 最高 (0.79～0.89),产量稳定性最高,而单施有机肥处理 (CV = 5.44%～15.87%,SYI = 0.60～0.87) 的产量稳定性和生产可持续性不及 NPK 处理 (CV = 5.72%～9.67%,SYI = 0.75～0.83)。施用有机肥显著提高土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,其中 MNPK 处理 35 年土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾平均含量分别较 CK 处理提高 1.20、1.18、16.13、0.95 倍,增加幅度最为显著。通过相关分析可得,小麦产量与土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量呈极显著正相关关系 (P < 0.01)。【结论】施肥处理均可有效提高黄潮土区小麦产量,以有机无机配施增产效果最佳,最有利于促进小麦产量稳定性、提高产量可持续性指数,提升土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量。因此,有机无机配施的施肥方式最为合理,有利于保持黄潮土养分均衡,促进农田生产力稳定。     

Cultivar selection as a tool for managing soil phosphorus and faba bean yield ‎sustainability

ABSTRACT

A sustainable agricultural tactics for countering a possible phosphate shrinking should comprise the releasing of legacy soil phosphorus (P), in parallel to lowering P fertilizer load, and increasing the use of recycled P sources with economic crop yield in mind. Therefore, a field trail was conducted to estimate the possibility of choosing the appropriate cultivar as a tool to raise the use efficiency of reserved soil P. Herein, three faba bean cultivars (Sakha-3, Nubaria-1 and Giza-843) were evaluated under five applications of P fertilizer (rock phosphate, super phosphate, Bacillus megaterium, rock phosphate+B. megaterium, and super phosphate+B. megaterium). Findings showed that the lowest value of estimated available P in soil after harvest was obtained from plots sown by Sakha-3 plants and fertilized with super phosphate+B. megaterium. Plots sown with Nubaria-1 and fertilized by rock phosphate+B. megaterium or B. megaterium (for weight of 100 seeds and seed yield) in addition to super phosphate+B. megaterium (for seed yield) produced the maximum increases. The highest P recovery efficiency was achieved with Nubaria-1 inoculated by B. megaterium alone. In conclusion, super phosphate+B. megaterium × Nubaria-1 achieve maximum crop returns and secure high short-term recovery of applied P.     

Productivity parameters and soil health dynamics under long-term 2-year potato rotations in Atlantic Canada

Crop rotation effects, due to emerging soil ecological interactions and processes that occur with time, can have a major impact on crop productivity and soil health. 2-year potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) rotation studies were conducted during an 11-year period on a fine sandy loam (Orthic Podzol) under a cool, humid climate in Prince Edward Island in eastern Canada. Rotation partners included Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The study objective was to assess trends in yield parameters, populations and diversity in nematodes and soil-borne pathogens, and soil structural stability and organic matter retention with time. Italian ryegrass had the largest biomass of both herbage (6.5 Mg ha⁻¹) and roots (4.8 Mg ha⁻¹), compared to red clover or barley. Averaged across 9 years, potato tuber yield was highest under Italian ryegrass (35.0 Mg ha⁻¹) and lowest under red clover (31.1 Mg ha⁻¹) rotations. Differences in tuber yield among rotations was associated with soil N limitation and nematode activity, but was not evident until Year 6. Population densities of specific plant parasitic nematodes recovered from roots and soil were generally low and varied according to host plant. Root lesion (Pratylenchus spp.) and root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.) nematodes were more prevalent under red clover compared to other rotational crops. Stunt (Merlinius spp. and Tylenchorhynchus spp.) nematodes were more common under Italian ryegrass. The main organisms associated with tuber-borne disease were Rhizoctonia solani, Streptomyces spp., Fusarium spp., and Helminthosporium solani. The greatest reduction in tuber-borne diseases occurred with the potato–red clover rotation but significant differences were infrequent. Soil structural form throughout the soil profile (to 30 cm depth) was not adversely affected by the rotational treatments during the duration of the study, while soil structural stability at the soil surface (0–10 cm) was significantly improved. Losses of soil organic C, during the 11-year period ranged from marginal (4%) for rotations with Italian ryegrass, to significant (16%) under the barley rotation. Computer simulations, using the Century model, illustrated the importance of C inputs to maintain soil organic matter levels. Overall, potato crop productivity and soil organic C were generally maintained in rotations that contained Italian ryegrass, but declined under rotations with red clover and barley.