The effect of seven substituted urea herbicides on the soil microflora

Chloroxuron, diuron, fluometuron, metobromuron and monuron added to soil at 500 parts/million a.i. on a dry weight basis caused an initial stimulation of CO₂ production, followed by indications of inhibition. Nitrification was clearly inhibited, particularly by monuron and metobromuron. Metoxuron at 5 and 50 parts/million a.i. had no effect on CO₂ output and nitrification, but at 500 parts/million a.i. both were greatly reduced. Numbers of fungal propagules were temporarily lower at 50 parts/million a.i., and severely curtailed at 500 parts/million a.i. but total counts of bacterial propagules were greatly increased. Linuron had an inhibitory effect on CO₂ evolution at 500 parts/million a.i. but this varied in extent and duration; some reduction was also found at 50 parts/ million a.i. At 500 parts/million a.i. there was no effect on mineralisation of N but in soil supplemented with ammonium sulphate nitrification was reduced. Changes in microbial equilibrium occurred, but were less marked than with metoxuron. Cellulose decomposition was also reduced. Small amounts of 3,4dichloroaniline were found in linuron-treated soils, but microbial activities were not affected when 5 parts/million 3,4-dichloroaniline was added to the soil. However, at 140 parts/million microbial activities were affected adversely, but in a different pattern to that for linuron; nitrification was severely reduced, but numbers of fungal propagules were hardly affected, suggesting that the effects observed in linuron-treated soil were not due to this metabolite.     

5种除草剂对土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性的影响

采用室内培养法,研究了土壤中添加5种除草剂(氟磺胺草醚、甲咪唑烟酸、乳氟禾草灵、扑草净和噻吩磺隆)对土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性的影响。结果表明:在0.05、0.5和5 mg/kg的甲咪唑烟酸、乳氟禾草灵、扑草净和噻吩磺隆作用下,在3~40 d内对土壤蔗糖酶活性表现为抑制-激活-恢复效应,其中0.5mg/kg的乳氟禾草灵处理,3 d时土壤蔗糖酶被显著抑制,6、9、25和40 d时被激活;而0.05、0.5和5 mg/kg的氟磺胺草醚处理,前9 d土壤蔗糖酶活性被显著抑制,25和40 d时被激活。在用0.05、0.5和5mg/kg的甲咪唑烟酸、噻吩磺隆和5 mg/kg扑草净处理的3~40 d内,对土壤脲酶活性均表现为抑制-激活-抑制效应;0.05和0.5 mg/kg的扑草净及0.05和5 mg/kg的乳氟禾草灵处理,土壤脲酶在3~40 d内虽然也出现上述变化趋势,但到40 d时已恢复到对照水平;低浓度(0.05和0.5 mg/kg)氟磺胺草醚处理对土壤脲酶表现为抑制-激活效应,而高浓度(5 mg/kg)处理则表现为抑制-激活-抑制作用。     

The effect of substituted urea herbicides on the growth of excised tomato roots

The action of 23 herbictdal substituted ureas on the growth of excised tomato roots was studied in order to détérmine whether there is a link between the effects of these herbicides on oxidative phosphorylation and on the growth of non-photosynthetic tissues. Fourteen of these herbicides were inhibitory; chlortoluron and TBU were stimulatory but only in the light. Substituted ureas known to affect plant mitochondria inhibited root growth but to a lesser extent than some which had no action on mitochondria. No clear relationship was found between actions on mitochondria and on root growth. It is suggested that targets other than photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation exist for some substituted ureas.     

In vitro activity of sorghum-selective fluorophenyl urea herbicides

The use of N-cyclopropyl-N′-(2-fluorophenyl) urea as a selective herbicide in grain sorghum has recently been disclosed (U.S.P. 4,344,916). Evaluation of analogs of this compound has included two assays on isolated pea chloroplasts—photosynthetic electron transport and competition for atrazine binding sites. Of all the analogs studied in at least one of these assays, the most active in vitro were the N-cyclopropyl-, N-n-butyl-, and N-n-pentyl-derivatives of 2,5-difluorophenyl urea. The two in vitro assays correlated well with each other, and binding activity demonstrated a strong correlation with whole-plant phytotoxicity following postemergence application. Several postulated sorghum metabolites of N-cyclopropyl-N′-(2-fluorophenyl) urea showed weak or no activity in vitro, as would be expected from the compoud's selectivity properties.     

重金属对土壤脲酶活性的影响

通过对Cd,Cr,Pb3种重金属元素对土壤脲酶活性的抑制性进行试验，分析不同重金属用量，培养时间，单因素以及复合因素条件下对脲酶活性的影响，结果表明，3种重金属在不同情况下对脲酶活性均有不同程度的抑制作用，也证明了在一定的农业环境条件下，重金属物质会对农业生态环境产生一定的影响和破坏。     

蔬菜大棚土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性与土壤养分的关系

以山东省寿光市蔬菜大棚土壤为供试材料,运用相关和通径分析,分析了土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性与土壤养分的关系.结果表明,土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性与其有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾含量之间呈显著或极显著正相关,可以作为土壤肥力指标.土壤全氮、碱解氮、速效磷对脲酶活性的影响主要表现在直接作用上,是影响脲酶活性的主要...     

Use of substituted urea herbicides for weed control in Euphorbia lathyris L., a potential fuel-producing crop

Some substituted urea herbicides (chlortoluron, diuron and methabenzthiazuron) were tested for possible use in the cultivation of Euphorbia lathyris L. Diuron showed high phytotoxicity for this species, which was tolerant to chlortoluron and methabenzthiazuron. In preliminary experiments two triazine herbicide (atrazine and simazine) were also used, but both were so toxic to E. lathyris that their use was not continued beyond this stage. In glasshouse experiments, chlortoluron showed slight phytotoxicity to E. lathyris but this did not appear in field experiments. Both chlortoluron and methabenzthiazuron were very efficient against weeds which were present and significantly increased yield of E. lathyris in comparison with unweeded plots. The poor competitive ability of E. lathyris against weeds was confirmed.     

Jack bean urease inhibition by substituted ureas

The increased use of urea fertilizer and substituted ureas herbicides, the implication of soil urease in the effectiveness of urea applied as fertilizer, makes necessary to investigate their relationship.All herbicides investigated, fenuron, monuron, diuron, linuron, siduron and neburon are urease inhibitors. The inhibition constant value depends on molecular groups on the urea skeleton. There is a linear relationship between the Hammett sigma values and log Ki for fenuron, monuron and diuron.The presence of a large hydrophobic group and of one or two chlorine—an electron withdrawing group—on the phenyl ring of the herbicides molecule influences the Ki value.The hypothesis is proposed that the enzyme molecule reacts with inhibitors by means of the oxygen atom of the carboxyl group in the substituted ureas.     

Spectroscopic investigation of electron donor-acceptor processes involving organic free radicals in the adsorption of substituted urea herbicides by humic acidsa

Products of the interaction between soil humic acids and substituted-urea herbicides were prepared in the laboratory and subjected to elemental, functional group, differential thermal, infrared spectroscopic and electron-spin resonance analysis, in order to examine the various chemical mechanisms that may take place upon adsorption. The results indicate that, besides the involvement of hydrogen bonding, a prominent role is played by electron donor-acceptor processes involving organic free radicals, which leads to the possible formation of charge-transfer complexes. The phytotoxicity of the urea herbicides, expressed as the inhibition potency towards the Hill reaction (pl₅₀ values), appeared to be correlated with their capacity to interact with soil humic components, and it is suggested that these two processes depend upon the same molecular parameters.     

Combined cytogenetic and ultrastructural effects of substituted urea herbicides and synthetic pyrethroid insecticide on the root meristem cells of Allium cepa

Combined cytogenetic and ultrastructural effects of substituted urea herbicides-isoproturon (ISO) or diuron (DIU) and a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide-deltamethrin (DEL) were examined in the root meristem cells of Allium cepa. For cytogenetic analysis root meristem cells were exposed to the mixtures of ISO (25 or 50 ppm) or DIU (20 or 40 ppm) and DEL (0.25 or 0.5 ppm) for 6 h and analyzed at 24 or 48 h post-exposure whereas for ultrastructural studies roots were exposed for 6 or 24 h to similar concentrations of combinations and examined. Both the combinations, ISO + DEL or DIU + DEL, were found to induce chromosomal breaks and variety of mitotic aberrations at 24 and 48 h post-exposure. The combinations containing higher concentration of DEL (0.5 ppm) induced statistically significant (p < 0.001) frequencies of aberrations than that of the combinations containing low concentration of DEL (0.25 ppm). Chromosome aberrations in all the treatment groups were less frequent than that of mitotic aberrations. Electron microscopic study revealed drastic alterations in the membranous organelles like concentric arrangement of endoplasmic reticulum, crescented or circular structure of Golgi complex dictyosomes and swollen mitochondria. Further, the combination of DIU + DEL appeared to be more toxic than that of ISO + DEL. Present findings suggest that the coexistence of ISO or DIU and DEL in plants synergies the toxicity inducing drastic ultrastructural alterations which are different from its independent effects reported earlier.     

Effect of soil placement on the activity of herbicides on Cyperus rotundus L. *

The effect of herbicide placemem in the soil on control of Cyperus rotundus L. was studied in the greenhouse with EPTC, alaehlor, norfiurazon, perlluidone, napropamide, trifluralin, and naptalam, EPTC was the mosl active herbicide, increasing the number of sprouts per tuber but inhibitmg bud development at an early stage of growth. The effect was greatest when EPTC was incorporated with the soil around the tubers. The effects of alaehlor were similar, but higher doses were required. Another active herbicide, norfiurazon, was taken up by the roots but its effect was to produce small, chlorotic leaves, Perfluidone was mosl effective when incorporated into the soil around the tubers or when placed in a layer 1 cm above them. Very little effect of napropamide trifluralin and naptalam was observed. In studies of growth and deveiopmenl with different planting depths, C. rotumtus produced basal bulbs, roots and most of its early reproductive parts in a layer of soil 1–3 cm from the surface, irrespective of the depth at which the tubers were planted. Shoots etncrged from 35 im deep but not from 50 cm.     

Effects of some herbicides on soil enzyme activities

Effects of glyphosate, paraquat, trifluralin and atrazine on activities of dehydrogenase, phosphatase and urease in one soil were measured. Only glyphosate at 21.6 kg/ha was found to inhibit the enzyme activities and generally the results were not statistically significant. Enzyme activity associated with micro-organisms proliferating in soil supplemented with lucerne meal was similarly not affected by the herbicides. Interpretation of results from enzyme activity measurements in soils treated with herbicides is discussed. It is proposed that effects of natural stress can be used to judge the relative importance of herbicide induced change.     

几丁质酶活性与大豆抗疫霉根腐病的关系

测定了大豆不同抗性品种接种大豆疫霉菌后的几丁质酶活性的变化情况。结果表明：未接种的不同大豆品种中的几丁质酶活性无明显区别。大豆疫霉菌侵染后不同抗性的大豆品种的几丁质酶的含量和活性均有不同程度的提高。抗病品种酶活性上升的速度比感病品种快,酶的高活性维持的时间较长。抗病品种在接种后24 h酶活性达到峰值,中感和感病品种在接种后48 h达到峰值。说明大豆疫霉菌可诱导几丁质酶产生,大豆品种的抗病性与几丁质酶的活性呈正相关关系。酶学特性的研究结果表明,酶反应的最适温度为45 ℃,最适pH为5。该酶在45 ℃以下,pH在4~6时酶活性稳定,超过60 ℃,pH超过7时酶活性丧失较快。Mn2+、Zn2+、Ba2+、Fe3+、Ca2+对酶活性有激活作用,Al3+、Ag+、Fe2+、K+、Mg2+、Cu2+、Hg2+对酶活性有抑制作用。     

Enantioselective transformation of the herbicides diclofop-methyl and fenoxaprop-ethyl in soil

The separate enantiomers of diclofop-methyl and fenoxaprop-ethyl were incubated with two soils under aerobic conditions. Rapid hydrolysis to the corresponding acids diclofop and fenoxaprop was observed. At various time intervals after soil treatment the parent compound and its free acid were extracted and the extracts were investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The determination of the K:S-ratio using a chiral stationary phase revealed that no racemisation of the esters took place. However, inversion of the hydrolysis products was observed. In both soils the acids with the S-configuration showed a significantly higher inversion tendency than the acids with the R-configuration. In one soil the S-acids of both herbicides were inverted (50% inversion in 4–7 days) to yield, ultimately, a residue containing 70% R- and 30% S-enantiomer.     

强还原处理所使用有机物料与其杀菌效果的相互关系

创造土壤厌氧环境并添加大量有机物料的强还原处理(reductive soil disinfestation,RSD)是一种有效的土壤消毒方法,但对于RSD过程中添加不同有机物料与其杀菌效果间的相互关系研究甚少。本试验采集两种连作土壤,分别进行添加稻壳(RSD1)、麦麸(RSD2)和芦苇(RSD3);甘蔗渣(RSD4)、葡萄糖(RSD5)和纤维素(RSD6)的RSD处理,采用荧光定量PCR、变性梯度凝胶电泳等方法研究物料理化性质与杀菌效果的相互关系。结果表明:RSD处理显著地降低了土壤中的NO-3-N含量和电导率Ec,增加了NH+4-N含量;稻壳、麦麸和芦苇RSD处理的杀菌效果分别为88.60%、90.76%和85.91%,甘蔗渣、葡萄糖和纤维素RSD处理的杀菌效果分别为72.30%、85.87%和30.65%;有机物料中的总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)、易氧化有机碳(easily oxidized organic carbon,EOC)和总氮(total nitrogen,TN)与杀菌效果及细菌数量都呈显著正相关(P0.05),土壤中添加有机物料初始C/N与杀菌效果呈显著负相关,与细菌数量显著正相关。综上所述,添加高EOC和TN及低C/N的有机物料的RSD处理杀菌效果更好。     

绿豆田土壤处理除草剂筛选

采用田间试验和室内生测相结合的方法研究了5种土壤处理除草剂对绿豆的安全性和对杂草的防效,筛选适于内蒙古中部绿豆田使用的化学除草剂。田间试验结果表明,在常规用量处理下,33%二甲戊灵乳油990g/hm2、50%扑草净可湿性粉剂750g/hm2和96%精异丙甲草胺乳油1 152g/hm2处理对绿豆田一年生杂草的防效分别为92.4%、91.9%和90.3%,80%唑嘧磺草胺水分散粒剂48g/hm2处理对一年生阔叶杂草的防效在94%以上。田间安全性调查及测产结果显示,上述4种除草剂常量处理和倍量处理的绿豆出苗数、根系鲜重、茎叶鲜重、株高等指标及产量性状指标均与空白对照差异不显著。室内结果表明,这4种除草剂的施药量增加到常用量的3倍后,对绿豆生长仍比较安全。从除草剂药效和作物安全性考虑,33%二甲戊灵乳油、50%扑草净可湿性粉剂、96%精异丙甲草胺乳油和80%唑嘧磺草胺水分散粒剂可推荐用于内蒙古中部绿豆田。     

Determination of sugarbeet herbicides in soil samples by hplc

Determination of sugarbeet herbicides such as chloridazon, metamitron and phenmedipham in soil samples is described. After extraction with acetone, pesticides were determined by HPLC on an RP-18 column using methanol/water as mobile phase. Average recoveries were 82% for chloridazon, 93% for metamitron and 77% for phenmedipham. Quantification limits were 3·5 μg kg^?1 for chloridazon, 6·3 μg kg^?1 for metamitron and 3·6 μg kg^?1 for phenmedipham.     

Experiments on vapour activity of alachlor and related herbicides

Investigations were conducted lo determine the vapour activity of alachlor, propachlor and prynachlor, using cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.) and wheat (Triticum vulgare Host) as test planes. Cucumber seedlings exposed under covers for 24 h to 05 ml of solution containing 005 mg or more of alachlor in a planchet alongside exhibited a ‘knock-down’ effect. This was usually followed by recovery of turgor but resulted in considerable growth suppression. A short exposure of 3 h did not affect the seedlings. A wheat shoot bioassay was devised which showed that alachlor has more activity in the vapour phase than either propachlor or prynachlor. An EDJ₅₀ in the range 0-05-010 mg of introduced chemical was obtained when the shoots were exposed to alachlor for at least 12 h, either in a closed, saturated system or open to room atmospheres of much lower humidity. Shorter exposure periods had little effect on shoot growth. It is suggested that the wheat shoot assay could have wider application in other herbicide vapour studies. Expériences sur l'activité des vapeursd'alachlore et d'herbicides apparcntés. Des rechcrches ont été entrepriscs pour déterminer I'activé des vapeurs d'alachlore. de propachlore et de prynachlorc en utilisant le concombre (Cucumis satius L.) et le blé (Triticum vulgare Host) comme plantes tests. Des plantules de concombre exposées sous couvert pendant 24 heures à 0,5 ml de solution contenant 0.05 mg ou plus d'alachtore dans un récipient placéà côté de ces plantutes ont accusé un effet de choc. Cet effet a été habituellement suivi par une récupération de la tugescence mais it en est résulté une diminution considérable de la croissance. Une exposition courte, dc 3 heures, n'a pas eu d'effet sur les plantules. Un essai biologique sur de jeunes pousses de blé a montré que l'alachtore manifestait plus d'activité, sous forme de vapeur que Ie propachlore ou le prynachlore. Le taux de 50% de plantes tuées a été atteint. dans la gamme 0.05- 0,10 mg du produit utilisé lorsque les jeunes pousses ont été exposées à l'alachlore pendant 12 heures au moins, dans un systàme, soit clos et saturé, soit ouvert dans l'atmosphàre de la piàce, avec un taux d'humidité beaucoup plus bas. Des périodes d'exposition plus couties n'ont eu que peu d'effet sur la croissance des jeunes pousses. II est suggéré que l'essai sur les jeunes pousses de blé pourrait avoir une application plus étendue dans d'autres Etudes sur des vapeurs d'herbicides. Versuche zur Wirkung von Alachlor und verwandten Herbiziden in der Dampfphase Es wurden Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung der Wirkung von Alachlor. Propachlor und Prynachlorinder Dampfphase durchgeführt. Als Testpflanzen dientcn Gurke (Cucumis sativus L.) und Weizen (Triticum vulgare Host). Wenn Gurkensämlinge abgedeckt 24 h lang, 0,5 ml einer Lösung die 0,05 mg oder mehr Alachlor enthielt und sich in einer kleinen Schale befand. exponiert waren, dann zeigte sich entlang der Schale ein “knock-down”-Effekt. Danach wurden die Pllan/en in der Rcgel wieder turgeszcnt, aber ihr Wachstum war stark beeinträchtigt. Betrug die Zeit nur 3 h. dann blieben die Sämlinge untweinflusst. Es wurde ein Weizenspross-Test entwickelt mit dem gezeigt werden konnte, dass Alachlor in der Dampfphase eine stärkere Wirkung hat als Propachlor oder Prynachlor. Die ED₅₀ betrug filr Alachlor 0.05–0.10 mg, wenn die Sprosse mindesiens 12 h dem Herbizid ausgesetzt waren. Dies wtir der Full, wenn mit einem geschtossen-gesättigten System gearbeilet wurde, aber auch mit einem zur Raumatmosphäre hin offenen System, deren Feuchtigkeit wesentlich geringer war. Kürzere Expositionszeiten hatten nur cine geringe Wirkung auf das Sprosswachstum. Es wird angeregt, die Anwendung des Weizenspross-Tcsts zu erweitern und bei anderen Unter-suchungen der Herbiziddampfphase-Wirkung einzusetzen.     

Effect of soil compaction on phytotoxicity and persistence of soil-applied herbicides

Field and glasshouse experiments were conducted to study the effect of three levels of soil compaction on the activity of two soil-applied herbicides, atrazine and trifluralin, using oats as test species. The moderate and heavy compactions increased the bulk density by 24.7 and 35.1% respectively while the normal compaction had negligible effect on physical properties of the soil compared to the freshly cultivated ground. Initial phytotoxicity of both herbicide's was increased significantly by the heavy compaction treatment. Moderate soil compaction also enhanced the initial activity of atrazine but trifluralin activity remained unaffected from this treatment. Trifluralin was more persistent than atrazine and the residual activity of both herbicides was increased significantly as a result of both the moderate and heavy compaction treatments. Effet du compactage du sol sur la phytoloxicilé et la persistance des herbicides appliques sur le sol Des expériences au champ et en serre ont été effectuées pour etudier l'effet de trois degrés de compactage du sol sur l'activité de deux herbicides appliqués sur le sol, l'atrazine et la trifluraline, en utilisant l'avoine comme plante test. Le compactage modéré et le compactage intense ont accru la densite de la masse de 24,7% et 35,1% respectivement, alors que le compactage normal n'a eu qu'un effet négligeable sur les propriétés du sol compacté par rapport à un sol récemment cultivé. La phytotoxocité initiale des deux herbicides a été accrue significativement par le compactage intense. Le compactage modéré du sol a aussi augmenté l'activité initiale de l'atrazine mais celle de la trifluraline n'a pas été modifiée par ce degre de compactage. La triflura-line s'est montrée plus persistante que l'atrazine et l'activité résiduelle des deux herbicides a été significativement accrue à la suite du compactage modéré et du compactage intense. Die Wirkung von Bodenverdichtungen auf Phytotoxizität und Persistenz von Bodenherbiziden Es wurden Held-und Gewachshausversuche durchgeführt, indenen der Einfluss von drei unterschiedlich starken Bodenverdichtungen auf die Wirkung von auf den Boden appliziertem Atrazin und Trifluralin untersucht wurde. Als Testpflanze wurde Hafer verwendet. Durch eine mittlere und starke Ver-dichtung nahm das Boden-Volumengewicht um 24,7% bzw. um 35,1% zu. Eine normale Verdichtung hatte, verglichen mil einem frisch bearbeiteten Boden, nur eine geringe Wirkung auf die physikalischen Bodeneigenschaften. Durch die starke Verdichtung nahm die phytotoxische Wirkung beider Herbizide significant zu. Dieser Effekt trat auch bei der mittleren Boden-verdichtung auf, jedoch nur bei Atrazin; die Wirkung von Trifluralin blieb davon unbeeinflusst. Trifluralin erwies sich als persistenter als Atrazin, die Residualwirkung beider Herbizide nahm aber durch die starke und die mittlere Bodenverdichtung significant zu.     

除草剂土壤处理对绿豆生长发育及产量的影响

试验采用了单因素随机区组设计,研究了四种土壤处理除草剂单用及混用对绿豆的安全性。通过测定绿豆的出苗率、光合速率、蒸腾强度、气孔导度、产量等与生长发育相关的形态和生理指标,结果表明,50%乙草胺750 m l/667m2 50%速收150 g/667m2对绿豆安全并有较好的增产效果。