大豆施用粉煤灰磁化肥增产肥效研究

粉煤灰磁化肥在大豆上试验表蝗：粉煤灰磁化肥在大豆上一般用量为４９ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２左右。粉煤灰磁化肥比对照增产２５．９％,增产２３．７ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２,比当地农民习惯施肥措施增产１５．２％,增产１５．２ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２;比等量Ｎ,Ｐ,Ｋ混合肥增产４．５％,增产４．９ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２,比未磁化粉煤灰复混肥增产２．４％,增产２．８ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２。最高产量施用粉煤灰磁化肥为６６．４ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２。大豆产量为１３．０３ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２;最佳产量施用粉煤灰磁化肥为４９ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２,大豆产量为１２７．１８ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２。     

不同基本苗和施肥量对沿海垦区稻茬啤麦产量的调节效应

试验表明：沿海垦区稻茬啤麦以１８万／６６７ｍ＾２基因苗及施氮量１５ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２时产量最高；并以基本苗１８万／６６７ｍ＾２、施氮１５－１８ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２为最佳组成，其穗粒结构合理，倒伏风险小，有效穗４６万－５０万／６６７ｍ＾２，每穗实粒２２粒，千粒重４１ｇ产量可达４００ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２。     

红麻留种高产优质栽培技术研究

对影响红麻留种高产优质栽培的播期,密度,施肥技术和留种红麻高产优质的生育规律,经济性状指标的研究结果表明：广东省红麻留种的适宜播期,直播在６月下旬至７月下旬;移栽在８月上旬。直播定苗１．０－１．５万株／６６７ｍ＾２,移栽定苗１．２万株／６６７ｍ＾２。施肥量氮素２０－２５ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２,磷素１０－１２ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２,钾素１８－２０ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２,施肥原则;前控,攻中,后补。对留种种子产量     

绵阳25号小麦高产高效栽培技术研究

１９９５年为摸索白皮,大粒小麦新品种绵阳２５号的高产潜力,按１９９４年该品种田间回归设计试验优选的６６７ｍ＾２产５００ｋｇ综合栽培模式并结合供试土壤养分化验结果和小麦需肥特点,在一般栽培条件下,着重增加肥料的平衡投入,并改进施肥方法,在６９１．７＾２面积上,印证了模式的可行性,每６６７ｍ＾２产量达６０３．５ｋｇ,籽粒粗蛋白含量１３．４９％,其肥料投入产出比为１：９．６８,６６７ｍ＾２获纯利９０３。     

黄土高原向白葵产量的土壤养分限制因子与施肥指标研究

１９９４－１９９６年在黄土高原陕西渭北旱塬进行了向白葵的养分限制因子与高产高效施肥试验,结果表明,Ｎ,Ｐ,Ｋ是向白葵产量的限制因子。Ｆｅ,Ｚｎ,Ｍｇ,Ｃｕ,Ｍｎ,Ｂ为非限制因子,限制因子对向白葵的产量效应Ｋ〉Ｎ〉Ｐ,经济效应最佳施肥指标Ｎ１６３．２１－１６９．８９ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,Ｐ２Ｏ５１２８．６０－１３１．９１ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,Ｋ２Ｏ１８１．３７－１９０．０９ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２。     

冀西北旱地马铃薯肥料效应数学模型的研究

本试验采用正交旋转回归设计的方法，选取氮（ｘ１）、磷（ｘ２）、有机肥（ｘ３）三个因素为决策变量，以马铃薯鲜薯产量为目标函数，通过田间试验获得的数据，建立了冀西北旱地马铃薯产量与参试因子间的数学模型。对模型进行解析的结果表明：施用有机肥对旱地马铃薯增产很重要，但施氮磷化肥也能增产；而且有机肥施用可以促进氮肥的增产效果，降低磷肥的增产效果。最后，通过计算机模拟寻优获得了１５００ｋｇ／６６７ｍ２以上施肥方案。     

氮肥施用量与分配对裸大麦产量和品质的影响及其机理研究

在土壤肥力中等，配施Ｐ２Ｏ５为６ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２、Ｋ２Ｏ为３．７５ｋｇ／６６７ｍ＾２的条件下，双季稻田免耕栽培饲用裸大麦的籽粒产量和蛋白质产量，以每６６７ｍ＾２施纯Ｎ７．５ｋｇ，且基肥、分蘖肥各半的处理最高，高产原因是该处理养分吸收和干物质积累多，个体与群体关系协调，因而成穗率高，有效穗多，结实率高，穗大、粒多、千粒重高。裸大麦秸杆富含钾素，秸杆还田有利于培肥土壤。     

早稻加草莓 效益增十倍

诸暨市江藻镇梓里村有２０多ｈｍ２(３０５亩)水田实行了“早稻—草莓”种植模式 ,年单产粮食４００ｋｇ／６６７ｍ２,年创产值８５００余元／６６７ｍ２,与种植早、晚稻相比每６６７ｍ２(１亩 ,下同)产值提高７０００余元 ,增净收入３４２５元。草莓种植 ,不但利用冬闲田 ,提高土地肥力 ,而且减少早稻田施肥 ,可使早稻产量增５０～１００ｋｇ／６６７ｍ２。草莓高产技术要点 :一、选用优良品种“丰香”。二、育好苗。４月中旬选用优良母株移植育苗 ,７月上旬搭荫棚 ,８月中旬假植。三、施肥定植。９月上中旬作畦 ,每６６７ｍ２ 放栏肥３０…     

超级稻集成技术生产经济效益简析

“中国超级稻试验示范项目”于２０００年与２００１年在南方稻区的浙江省新昌县、诸暨市、乐清市三地和北方稻区辽宁省沈阳市和新民市等地开展示范 ,生产示范的主要品种为超级杂交稻协优９３０８和常规粳稻沈农６０６,南方稻区百亩示范方平均产量为７８９．５ｋｇ／６６７ｍ２,个别田块产量超过８００ｋｇ／６６７ｍ２,北方稻区百亩示范片平均产量为８０９．５ｋｇ／６６７ｍ２。２００１年在浙江省乐清市石帆镇和虹桥镇的百亩示范方的连作晚稻生产中 ,产量分别达到７２６．７ｋｇ／６６７ｍ２和７０２ｋｇ／６６７ｍ２,显著高于对照。超级…     

饱和—D设计模拟旱地冬小麦产量和水,氮,磷量的关系

用饱和－Ｄ设计方法模拟旱地冬小麦产量与降水,施氮,磷量的关系,结果表明,水是影响旱地冬小麦产量的主要限制因素,其次是氮,磷,在设计范围内,冬小麦最高产量为４６５１ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,此时降水量,施纯氮量及施纯磷量分别为６００ｍｍ,１５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２和１１０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２。另外,还模拟了在五种不同降雨量下取得最高产量时的最佳施肥量。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).