水稻害虫抗药性监测技术培训班在武汉举办

本刊讯2011年4月15～16日,全国农技中心在湖北武汉举办了水稻害虫抗药性监测技术培训班。培训班邀请有关专家就水稻害虫抗药性监测技术。重点是室内抗药性测定技术和方法,采集、递送试虫方法,以及水稻害虫抗药性变化动态和治理措施作了专题培训,研究提出了2011年水稻害虫抗药性监测和治理工作思路与重点,并进行了相关工作安排。     

书讯

《棉花害虫的抗药性与防治技术》一书由中国农业科学院植保所棉虫组专家编著,书中系统地介绍了我国棉花害虫抗药性的历史与现状,害虫抗药性产生的原因与生理生化机制,抗药性测定的快速简易方法,抗性棉虫综合防治中农药室内筛选和田间试验方法,国外抗性治理的经验教训,抗性棉虫综合防     

測定农业害虫抗药性的几种方法

害虫抗药性的发展主要是随着药剂连续使用、次数增加,而逐渐产生的。因此,某种害虫对某种药剂有无抗药性,只是相对的比较,没有绝对的界限。抗药性的测定是应用一种方法,把不同地区同种害虫对同一种药剂的抗药性,相对的区别开来。因之,害虫抗药性测定的特点是:(1)抗性测定是相对毒力测定,与一般药效试验不同,尽可能的在     

聊城市农业害虫抗药性发展状况及其监测工作思路

农业害虫抗药性监测作为病虫防治中的一项前瞻性工作,对制定科学的用药方案,以延缓害虫抗药性的产生和发展,延长农药使用寿命,减少农药用量,提高防治效果,具有很强的指导意义。从1995年以来,我们根据全国农业技术推广服务中心的安排,采用统一监测方法,先后对棉铃虫、棉蚜和小麦     

蔬菜主要害虫抗药性发展现状与治理对策探讨

由于长期单一依赖化学防治以及不合理用农药，加剧了蔬菜害虫抗药性的形成与发展，给害虫治理工作带来了很大的难度。本文简要阐述了害虫抗药性的形成机理，对小菜蛾等蔬菜重要害虫的抗药性发展现状进行了分析，提出了相应的治理对策。     

农业害虫抗药性及其治理

对农业害虫抗药性的定义、害虫抗药性现状、抗药性的发展因素、抗性产生的机理等方面进行了阐述,并介绍几种害虫抗药性治理方案。     

粉虱类害虫抗药性研究方法综述

粉虱是世界上一类重要的害虫,随着化学杀虫剂的连续使用,其抗药性也日益严重。本文对粉虱类害虫的抗药性监测、机理及风险评估方法进行了综述,旨在对粉虱抗药性工作能提供一定的帮助。     

基于转录组数据的害虫抗药性综合检测方法

为建立基于转录组数据的害虫抗药性检测方法,以3种重要害虫家蝇Musca domestica、白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus和小菜蛾Plutella xylostella的8个抗性/敏感种群的转录组数据为对象,使用已开发的乙酰胆碱酯酶抗性突变检测程序ACE检测不同种群中的乙酰胆碱酯酶抗药性突变,并使用Bowtie 2软件和R程序包DESeq2检测其解毒酶基因的表达量变化,分析这3种害虫对有机磷类和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的抗性分子基础。结果显示,在家蝇2个抗性种群KS8S3和ALHF中检测到ace2基因上发生了G227A抗药性突变,突变频率分别为0.318和1.000;在白纹伊蚊抗性种群Tem-GR中检测到CCEae3a基因的表达量较敏感种群Par-GR上调了7.175倍;在小菜蛾抗性种群ZZ中检测到ace1基因上发生A201S和G227A抗药性突变,突变频率分别为0.656和0.692。根据上述突变频率和解毒酶基因表达量变化评估的3种害虫种群抗药性情况与其之前的报道基本相符,表明基于转录组数据同时对靶标抗性机制和代谢抗性机制进行检测的害虫抗药性综合检测方法可以很好地反映害虫种群的抗药性状况。     

害虫遗传学控制策略与进展

随着分子生物学和基因工程技术的发展,利用遗传学方法控制害虫种群成为人们研究的热点之一。研究者已经尝试利用基因突变、转基因和雄性不育等遗传学技术,培育遗传改造的害虫品系,释放后来控制自然界害虫的种群密度。但由于这些遗传学方法本身存在局限性,研究者开始探索利用低毒高效的荧光纳米材料基因载体携带外源核酸或农药分子进入昆虫或植物细胞从而干扰害虫的发育或行为的新策略。本文综述了害虫遗传学控制的2大策略种群替代和种群抑制的实现方法及其研究进展,并提出了利用新型荧光纳米粒子传送基因或药物的害虫遗传学控制新策略。     

解毒酶和转运蛋白介导的害虫抗药性分子机制研究进展

害虫抗药性是导致杀虫剂防效降低的一个重要因素,而抗性机制的阐明是害虫抗药性综合治理的基础。研究表明,代谢能力增强是害虫抗药性产生的重要原因,害虫对杀虫剂等外源物质的代谢需要细胞色素P450酶系(P450s)、羧酸酯酶(CarEs)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)、UDP-葡萄糖醛酸转移酶(UGTs)和ATP结合盒转运蛋白(简称ABC转运蛋白)等解毒酶和转运蛋白的参与。结合近年来对害虫抗药性分子机制的研究进展,本文综述了上述解毒酶和转运蛋白参与杀虫剂抗药性的分子机制,并对害虫抗药性治理的新方法进行了展望。     

Two Loci from Lycopersicon hirsutum LA407 Confer Resistance to Strains of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis

ABSTRACT We used molecular markers to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) that contribute to resistance to bacterial canker of tomato caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Resistance was first identified as a marker-trait association in an inbred backcross (IBC) population derived from crossing Lycopersicon hirsutum accession (LA407) with L. esculentum. Single-marker QTL analysis suggested that at least two loci originating from L. hirsutum LA407, Rcm 2.0 on chromosome 2 and Rcm 5.1 on chromosome 5, contribute to resistance in replicated trials. Two segregating F(2) populations were developed by crossing resistant inbred backcross lines (IBLs) to elite L. esculentum lines and used to confirm QTL associations detected in the IBC population. In these populations, realized heritability estimates were higher for selection based on maximal disease than for selection based on disease progression. Realized heritability in the population carrying Rcm 2.0 was 0.63 and 0.14, respectively, for each selection criteria. Realized heritability estimates were 0.85 for selection based on maximal disease and 0.37 for selection based on disease progression in a population carrying Rcm 5.1. The disease response of F(3) families selected for resistance suggested that both Rcm 2.0 and Rcm 5.1 confer resistance to bacterial strains in the repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction DNA fingerprint classes A and C. Markers linked to Rcm 2.0 explained up to 56% of the total phenotypic variation for resistance in one population, and markers linked to Rcm 5.1 explained up to 73% of the total phenotypic variation for resistance in a separate population.     

Narrow sense heritability estimates of bacterial leaf spot resistance in pseudo F2 (F1) population of mulberry (Morus spp.)

Bacterial leaf spot incited by Xanthomonas campestris pv. mori is a devastating foliar disease of mulberry reported globally. Host plant resistance is the most sustainable and economic control measure but so far unexplored. Highly heterozygous plant behaviour and scant genetic information of bacterial leaf spot resistance limits a targetted breeding approach in mulberry. In the present research eight pseudo-F₂(F₁)full-sib progenies derived from selected resistant and susceptible sources were evaluated symptomatically for bacterial leaf spot resistance under natural disease occurrence in 2008 and 2009. Significant variation for bacterial leaf spot resistance was observed in the parents and progenies. Broad sense heritability estimate (0.9) indicates that selection of resistant genotypes can be useful for exploitation in future advanced breeding programs for mulberry. High narrow sense heritability estimates (0.76)[2008] and (0.79)[2009] suggest additive gene effects for the disease resistant trait. The continuous frequency distribution of diseases severity across the progenies indicates that bacterial leaf spot resistance in mulberry may be inherited quantitatively.     

棉铃虫对菊酯类药剂的抗性狭义遗传力

通过单对交配设计不同的交配家系,采用半同胞法分析了棉铃虫对三氟氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯的抗性狭义遗传力,并对2种菊酯类药剂的抗性发展速度进行评价。结果表明,棉铃虫对三氟氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯的抗性狭义遗传力分别为0.2476±0.0248和0.4625±0.1578,说明棉铃虫对氰戊菊酯的抗性发展速度要快于三氟氯氰菊酯。另外,通过方差分析发现,在棉铃虫对拟除虫菊酯类药剂的抗性遗传中,母体效应对其没有影响。     

朱砂叶螨对两种杀螨剂的抗性遗传力及风险评估

在室内抗性培育的基础上,应用数量遗传学中的域性状分析法研究了朱砂叶螨对甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素两种杀螨剂的抗性现实遗传力,并对两种药剂在不同杀死率下,朱砂叶螨抗性发展的速率进行了预测。结果表明,用甲氰菊酯、阿维菌素分别连续汰选16、18代后,朱砂叶螨对两者的抗性分别为28.61和4.36倍,抗性现实遗传力分别为0.2685和0.1385。在室内选择条件下,杀死率为50％～90％时,要获得10倍抗性,甲氰菊酯需要约13～6代,阿维菌素需要约28～13代。生物源农药阿维菌素的抗性风险明显低于菊酯类药剂甲氰菊酯。试验结果为朱砂叶螨抗性治理提供了理论依据。     

Heritability of dollar spot resistance in creeping bentgrass

ABSTRACT The dollar spot disease incited by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa is an important disease of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). Genetic resistance is an important control strategy and could reduce fungicide use. Despite recent research, the genetic mechanism of dollar spot resistance in turfgrasses is still not fully understood. The objectives of this study were to (i) determine narrow-sense heritability and predicted gain from selection for dollar spot resistance in creeping bentgrass and (ii) evaluate inheritance characteristics of dollar spot disease resistance. Inheritance characteristics such as the detection of major genes, heterosis, maternal effects, and combining ability were determined by evaluating the disease severity of progeny from crosses between resistant and susceptible bent-grass clones. Parental clones and progenies from crosses were established in a field trial in a randomized complete block design and inoculated with one isolate of S. homoeocarpa applied at a rate of 0.25 g m(-2) of prepared inoculum. Differences in progeny means between crosses were observed over both years. Progeny from resistant x resistant crosses had significantly less disease severity than resistant x susceptible and susceptible x susceptible crosses. High narrow-sense heritability estimates (0.79 [2002], 0.79 [2003]) and large mean squares for general combining ability support the idea that additive gene action plays a significant role in disease resistance and support previous research that dollar spot resistance is most likely quantitatively inherited.     

棉铃虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂抗性遗传力的分析

采用域性状分析法,估算了棉铃虫对氰戊菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯和溴氟菊酯的抗性现实遗传力,并对3种菊酯的抗性风险进行了评估。结果表明,棉铃虫对氰戊菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯和溴氟菊酯的抗性现实遗传力分别为0.2027、0.1554和0.1084。假设田间种群的抗性现实遗传力为估算值的一半,杀死率为80％,预计抗性增长到10倍时,氰戊菊酯可使用14次,三氟氯氰菊酯可使用19次,溴氟菊酯可使用31次。三氟氯氰菊酯和溴氟菊酯的抗性风险明显低于氰戊菊酯;棉铃虫对含氟菊酯的抗性发展速度明显低于不含氟的菊酯。试验结果为实际应用提供了理论依据。     

Heritability and Components of Resistance to Cercospora zeae-maydis Derived from Maize Inbred VO613Y

ABSTRACT Gray leaf spot (GLS), caused by the fungus Cercospora zeae-maydis, is one of the most important foliar diseases of maize. This study was undertaken to estimate heritability of C. zeae-maydis resistance and examine the relationship between previously identified resistance loci and certain components of resistance including incubation period, lesion number, and maximum lesion length. Partially inbred progenies arising from hybridization between maize inbred lines VO613Y (high level of partial resistance) and Pa405 (susceptible) were examined in Ohio and South Africa. Heritability estimates of resistance were calculated based on severity and incubation period values. The range of heritability estimates based on severity was broad, with values ranging from approximately 0.46 to 0.81 (mean = 0.59). Estimates of mean heritability for incubation period were lowest (0.18), indicating that this component would likely be unsuitable for selection of germ plasm intended for deployment in diverse regions. Length of GLS lesions was significantly affected by host genotype, with resistant genotypes having shorter lesions from one site in Ohio during two seasons. Genotype also had a significant effect on incubation period and lesion number; the lower values for these components also were associated with resistant genotypes. The combined action of these resistance components resulted in lower overall disease severity.     

Genetic analysis of partial resistance to bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas campestris pv. cerealis) in wheat

Genetic variability of partial resistance to bacterial leaf streak was investigated in hexaploid winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum. ), using 16 parental genotypes and 48 pure lines (F10) derived from a composite cross programme. Two experiments were undertaken in a controlled growth chamber. Seeds of all genotypes were grown under controlled conditions using a randomized block design with three replications. Each replication consisted of a row of 20 seedlings of each parent and pure line. An Iranian strain of bacterial leaf streak was used for the inoculation of 12-day-old seedlings. In a third experiment, eight genotypes from parents and F10 pure lines representing a large variability for partial resistance were inoculated with four other Iranian strains of bacterial leaf streak. A large genetic variability was observed amongst the 64 genotypes for partial resistance to the disease. Partial resistance heritability estimates were rather high (70%), indicating that the resistance factors may be transmitted by crossing. Amongst all genotypes investigated, 'DC²-30-N2' and 'IBPT-66' displayed the highest partial resistance to the disease. Significant correlations between strains in the third experiment show that a genotype resistant or susceptible to one strain will have similar reactions with other strains. No significant genetic gain was observed for partial resistance in the best pure line of the 48 lines studied, when compared with the best parental line. Increasing the number of pure lines is likely to result in the identification of genotypes that might prove to be more resistant.     

A Single Gene Cluster Controls Incompatibility and Partial Resistance to Various Melampsora larici-populina Races in Hybrid Poplars

ABSTRACT Complete cosegregation for race-specific incompatibility with three Melampsora larici-populina rust races was observed in five F(1) hybrid progenies of Populus, with different patterns among the various progenies. A single gene cluster could explain these segregations: one locus with multiple alleles or two tightly linked loci controlling complete resistance to E1 and E3, and two tightly linked loci for E2. The random amplified polymorphic DNA marker OPM03/04_480 was linked to that cluster in all families (<1 cM). This marker accounted for more than 70% of the genetic variation for field resistance in each family (heritability approximately 0.40). The same marker accounted for up to 64% of the clonal variation for growth in the nursery under natural inoculum pressure; the weak tolerance to rust of F(1) interspecific hybrids was attributed to a genetic background effect. Partial resistance was split into epidemiological components (heritability ranged from 0.35 to 0.87). Genotypic correlations among resistance traits for the different races were high (0.73 to 0.90). However, correlations among different resistance components for a single race were not all significant. A major quantitative trait locus for all components of partial resistance to E2 was associated to the cluster controlling incompatibility to E1 and E3 and marked by OPM03/04_480 (R(2)from 48 to 68%).     

苦瓜白粉病病原菌和生理小种的鉴定及苦瓜对白粉病的抗性遗传分析

为明确海南省苦瓜白粉病的病原菌、生理小种及苦瓜对白粉病的抗性遗传规律,结合形态学鉴定和分子鉴定解析白粉病菌及生理小种种类,通过显微镜观察白粉病菌侵染过程,并应用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析法探讨苦瓜对白粉病的主要抗性遗传规律。结果表明:采集自海南省6个市(县)的苦瓜白粉病病原菌均为单囊壳白粉菌Sphaerotheca fuliginea,属生理小种2F,该菌在侵染苦瓜叶片时有4个关键时期:接种后4 h为分生孢子萌发高峰期,8 h为附着孢形成高峰期,16～24 h为次生菌丝形成高峰期,5 d为分生孢子梗形成高峰期。将其接种于苦瓜抗、感品系,对白粉病的抗性符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型,主基因和多基因共同控制苦瓜对白粉病的抗性,其中以主基因遗传为主,且会受到环境变异的影响。根据苦瓜抗性遗传规律,F2代主基因遗传率最高,受环境影响最小,在苦瓜的白粉病抗性育种中,以早期世代F2代作为有效选择世代。研究表明白粉病菌侵染叶片的前2 d是白粉病防治的最佳时期,所以在白粉病易发的物候期,可将防治时间提前1～2 d。