异色瓢虫成虫对温室几种常见害虫的取食偏嗜性初步研究

在直径90mm培养皿中进行了经饥饿处理的异色瓢虫成虫对同时存在的等数量桃蚜和温室白粉虱若虫、棉蚜和温室白粉虱若虫、西花蓟马和温室白粉虱若虫捕食偏嗜性研究.结果表明,在桃蚜和温室白粉虱若虫同时存在条件下,异色瓢虫成虫对其捕食更偏嗜桃蚜.但是,随着瓢虫饥饿时间延长,捕食选择性减低;在棉蚜和温室白粉虱若虫同时存在条件下,异色瓢虫成虫对其捕食较偏嗜棉蚜;在西花蓟马和温室白粉虱同时存在条件下,异色瓢虫成虫对其捕食更偏食西花蓟马.各试验中对温室白粉虱的捕食效果普遍较差.     

烟粉虱与温室白粉虱羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶性质的比较研究

对温室白粉虱 Trialeurodes vaporariorum和烟粉虱 Bemisia tabaci羧酸酯酶(Car E)、乙酰胆碱酯酶 (ACh E)和谷胱甘肽转移酶 (GSTs)的生物化学性质进行了初步研究。比较 Car E活性 ,烟粉虱显著高于温室白粉虱 ,烟粉虱和温室白粉虱 Car E对底物乙酸 -α-萘酯的 Km 分别为 0 .073mmol/ L 和 3.458mmol/ L。烟粉虱 ACh E活性分布高峰在 2～3m OD/ (min·头 )之间 ,而温室白粉虱 ACh E活性分布高峰在 10～ 15 m OD/ (min·头 )之间 ,烟粉虱 ACh E的 Km 值是温室白粉虱 Km 值的 12 .6倍。烟粉虱的 GSTs比活力为2 .218OD/ (mg pro·min) ,显著高于温室白粉虱的 GSTs比活力 0 .663OD/ (mg pro· min) ,差异达极显著水平 ,烟粉虱 GSTs对底物的亲和力比温室白粉虱高。     

SCAR分子标记鉴别烟粉虱和温室白粉虱

在简单重复序列PCR的基础上建立了烟粉虱和白粉虱两个物种DNA特异性片段的SCAR标记。验证表明,新建立的烟粉虱SCAR标记能特异性扩增不同地理种群的烟粉虱而不能扩增温室白粉虱;相反新建立的温室白粉虱SCAR标记则能特异性地扩增不同地理种群的温室白粉虱而不能扩增烟粉虱种群。两种SCAR标记能够快速、准确地鉴定烟粉虱和温室白粉虱。     

释放烟盲蝽防治温室白粉虱试验初报

在不同生育期的设施有机番茄上释放烟盲蝽,调查其对温室白粉虱的防治效果。结果表明,烟盲蝽成虫及大龄若虫对温室白粉虱具有较好的防治效果,于番茄1穗果期释放烟盲蝽2次后,对温室白粉虱防效可达95.49%,于番茄4穗果期释放烟盲蝽2次后,对温室白粉虱防效可达94.84%。调查同时发现,释放后的烟盲蝽成虫和若虫在番茄大棚内均能正常存活,成虫可繁殖下一代。烟盲蝽可作为控制温室白粉虱的一种有效天敌,具有良好的应用前景。     

几种杀虫剂对白粉虱的毒力测定

几种杀虫剂对白粉虱的毒力测定剧正理张友军朱国仁徐宝云（中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所北京１０００８１白粉虱（Ｔｒｉａｌｅｕｒｏｄｅｓｖａｐｏｒａｒｉｏｒｕｍ）是世界性园艺和观赏植物的主要害虫。我国保护地面积的迅速发展，为白粉虱扩大分布和严重危害提供了良...     

用黄色粘性誘捕器检测温室蕃茄上的温室白粉虱

黄色粘性诱捕器在温室番茄上捕到的温室白粉虱成虫的数量能够准确地测报白粉虱的虫口密度。平均每180株设10个诱捕器即可作出准确的预测,每株上有0.01—0.1头温室白粉虱成虫时即可测出。用此诱捕器既可以压低温室白粉虱的虫口密度,又用于监测白粉虱的初侵染及种群消长趋势。     

烟粉虱和温室白粉虱的区别

对烟粉虱和温室白粉虱形态做了区别 ,介绍了B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱在生物生态学上的差异 ,同时给出了B型烟粉虱特征性银叶反应的鉴定方法。     

丽蚜小蜂的粉虱寄主选择性及后代蜂发育适合度

温室白粉虱和烟粉虱常混合发生,危害严重。丽蚜小蜂是粉虱类害虫的重要寄生性天敌,被广泛应用于温室作物上粉虱的防控。本文分别以温室白粉虱和烟粉虱作为扩繁寄主,经多代连续扩繁,各自建立起稳定的丽蚜小蜂种群（分别以W1和W2表示）,以这两种小蜂种群为天敌试虫,研究了其对不同寄主植物上混合发生的两种寄主粉虱若虫的寄生选择性及其后代蜂生长发育适应度表现。结果表明,番茄、茄子、菜豆上温室白粉虱和烟粉虱的同龄若虫同时存在时,小蜂W1和W2均偏好寄生于温室白粉虱,且寄生其若虫内后代蜂的发育历期显著短于寄生烟粉虱若虫内的发育历期;黄瓜上两种粉虱混合存在时W1偏好寄生于烟粉虱,且寄生其若虫内后代蜂的发育历期显著短于寄生温室白粉虱若虫内的发育历期,但寄主植物及粉虱对丽蚜小蜂的羽化率均无显著影响。综合来看,无论饲养寄主为温室白粉虱或是烟粉虱,丽蚜小蜂均偏好寄生温室白粉虱,且寄生温室白粉虱内的后代蜂发育适合度较高,这对指导寄生蜂的人工饲养及有效利用具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。     

一些农药对温室白粉虱的毒力及其抗药性测定

用11种农药对温室自粉虱(Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westw.)进行了室内毒力测定。结果表明:拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂、灭螨猛对温室白粉虱各虫态毒力均高,并且随虫龄的增加,白粉虱的抗药性增强。稻丰散、乐果、氧化乐果对温室白粉虱若虫毒力尚可,但对其它虫态效果差。马拉硫磷、二嗪农、敌敌畏、洗衣粉除对一龄若虫有一定效果外,对其它虫态毒力极低。北京地区温室白粉虱对某些药剂已出现明显的抗药性。     

吡虫啉等杀虫剂对温室白粉虱及其两种天敌的选择毒力

采用浸渍法测定了吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻嗪酮对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum及其两种天敌中华草蛉Chrysoperla sinica和微小花蝽Orius minutus的毒力,比较了药剂在温室白粉虱和两种天敌间的选择毒力。结果表明,供试3种杀虫剂对温室白粉虱的3个虫态毒力都很高,LD50值为0.28~4.17 mg/L;噻嗪酮对两种天敌的毒力都很低。吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻嗪酮对中华草蛉卵的LD50值分别为16.59、178.2和10 286 mg/L,对2 龄幼虫的LD50值分别为54.08、22.79和215.5 mg/L,对成虫的LD50值分别为20.06、26.05和1 836 mg/L;吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻嗪酮对微小花蝽成虫的LD50值分别为62.14、8.92和170.9 mg/L。表明3种杀虫剂在温室白粉虱及其两种天敌之间存在显著的选择毒力,并以对噻嗪酮的选择性更高,该选择性在温室白粉虱综合防治中有重要利用价值。     

棉铃虫对溴氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯及其复配剂的抗性趋势与交互抗性

在70％的高选择压下,分别用溴氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯和凯明2号(50％辛硫磷·甲基对硫磷·三氟氯氰乳油,即含三氟氯氰菊酯的复配药剂)对室内饲养了12代未经农药处理的棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(H(?)bner)敏感品系进行了抗性筛选。结果,经连续筛选至第12代的LD_(50)值与筛选前第1代的LD_(50)值比较,抗溴氰菊酯种群对溴氰菊酯的抗性为136.7倍,属高抗水平;抗三氟氯氰菊酯种群对三氟氯氰菊酯的抗性为9.5倍,抗凯明2号种群对凯明2号的抗性为3.4倍,均属低抗水平。用8种常用杀虫剂分别对这3个种群在停止上述杀虫剂筛选2代后进行了交互抗性分析。结果表明,3个种群平均对8种杀虫剂的抗性倍数中,对溴氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、灭多威的抗性极显著高于其余5种杀虫剂;3个种群的平均抗性倍数之间差异极显著,顺序依次为抗溴氰菊酯种群>抗三氟氯氰菊酯种群>抗凯明2号种群;以平均抗性倍数表示的抗性种群与杀虫剂的交互作用有以下几个结果:①高抗溴氰菊酯的种群对氰戊菊酯和灭多威有极显著的交互抗性,但对三氟氯氰菊酯和凯明2号仍反应敏感。②抗三氟氯氰菊酯和抗凯明2号的2个种群对溴氰菊酯有极显著的交互抗性;抗三氟氯氰菊酯种群对灭多威和氰戊菊酯有一定抗性,抗凯明2号种群对硫丹有一定抗性。     

新疆喀什棉铃虫敏感性基因保护研究

从新疆喀什采集棉铃虫（Helicoverpa armigera Huebner)在室内建立实验种群,以点滴法测定了该种群对31种杀虫剂的敏感性毒力数据,对所测得的毒力基线进行了排队分析。结果表明,新疆喀什棉区棉铃虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂、部分有机磷酸酯类杀虫剂如久效磷、丙溴磷、辛硫磷、甲胺磷、蔬果磷和甲基对硫磷等表现敏感;对氨基甲酸酯类的灭多威敏感度接近敏感毒力基线。而对有机磷酸酯类的另一些品种如亚胺硫磷、氧乐果、倍硫磷、敌百虫及其他品种如硫双灭多威、异丙威和硫丹等却表现高度耐性。最后,就新疆棉区棉铃虫对杀虫剂敏感性基因保护进行了讨论。     

甜菜夜蛾抗药性及其机理

采用FAO推荐的点滴法,测定了甜菜夜蛾山东泰安种群对顺式氯氰菊酯等5种药剂的抗性,以及5种增效剂对5种药剂的增效作用。用浸渍法测定了2种渗透剂对药剂的增效作用。结果表明,泰安种群与敏感种群相比,对顺式氯氰菊酯、灭多威、丙溴磷、氟啶脲和硫丹的抗性分别达1536.0,532.1,193.5,25.0及11.9倍,且抗性谱广、发生程度严重。5种增效剂和2种渗透剂与不同药剂混用,均表现不同程度的增效作用,表明该种群为多重抗性。其抗性与多功能氧化酶、水解酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的活性提高有关,也涉及抗击倒基因敏感度和表皮穿透性的改变。     

二斑叶螨对常用杀螨剂的抗药性测定

采用玻片浸渍法 ,测定了二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch山东寿光种群 (R1)和山东烟台种群 (R2 )对常用杀螨杀虫剂的抗性 ,与山东泰安相对敏感种群 (S)相比 ,对哒螨灵、高效氯氟氰菊酯和甲氰菊酯 3种药剂的抗性 ,R1分别达 6.67、6.33和 10.36倍 ,R2分别达 26.56、15.4 5和 31.30倍 ,R1和 R2对上述 3种药剂均产生了较高水平的抗药性。另外,R1、R2种群对其它药剂也均表现出了不同程度的抗性现象。     

室内药剂交替使用对西花蓟马抗药性发展的影响

分别单独使用毒死蜱、多杀菌素和两种农药交替使用连续处理西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)18代,采用浸渍法从第6至第18代每隔2世代测定3个汰选种群对毒死蜱和多杀菌素的敏感性.结果表明,毒死蜱和多杀菌素交替汰选种群比单一药剂连续汰选种群抗性上升趋势缓慢,F18代时交替使用汰选种群对毒死蜱和多杀菌素的抗性倍数分别为10.89倍和17.19倍,而毒死蜱单一汰选种群对毒死蜱的抗性倍数达到24.19倍,多杀菌素单一汰选种群对多杀菌素的抗性倍数达到20.78倍.因此,交替或轮换使用药剂可以延缓西花蓟马抗药性的发展.     

Induction effects of host plants on insecticide susceptibility and detoxification enzymes of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

BACKGROUND: The polyphagous B‐biotype Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) has developed a high resistance to commonly used insecticides in China. To illustrate the induced changes by host plant, bioassay and biochemical research on five different host populations were investigated. RESULTS: Except for bifenthrin, all tested insecticides showed lower toxicity to the B. tabaci poinsettia population compared with other host populations. Moreover, four insecticides, the exceptions being abamectin and fipronil, showed highest toxicity towards the tomato population. The LC₅₀ values of the poinsettia population, particularly towards acetamiprid, were 14.8‐, 10.3‐ and 7.29‐fold higher than those of tomato, cucumber and cabbage respectively. The CarE activities of B. tabaci cabbage and cucumber populations were all significantly higher than those of poinsettia, cotton and tomato populations. The ratio of the cabbage population was 1.97‐, 1.79‐ and 1.30‐fold higher than that of poinsettia, cotton and tomato respectively. The frequency profiles for this activity also have obvious differences. The GST and P450 activities of the cucumber population were the lowest in the five host populations. CONCLUSION: Long‐term induction of host plants for B‐biotype B. tabaci could influence their susceptibilities to several insecticides. Rational selection and usage of insecticides for particular hosts will be helpful for resistance management and control of this species. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Comparison of dose responses and resistance ratios in four populations of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), to 20 insecticides

BACKGROUND: Chemical control is a major strategy for suppressing the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker). Owing to their high toxicity and increasing resistance development in the target insect, many insecticides will be phased out entirely in 2007 in China. Alternatives with relatively low toxicity are urgently needed to replace traditional chemicals for rice stem borer control. In this study, the authors examined four field populations of C. suppressalis for their toxicological responses to more than 20 insecticides, including a few low-toxicity organophosphates and many novel pesticides. Interpopulation resistance levels to 12 conventional insecticides were also compared. RESULTS: Based on LD(50) values, the rice stem borer was most sensitive to avermectins and fipronil (LD(50) < 1 ng larva(-1)). The stem borers exhibited the least sensitivity to endosulfan (LD(50) > 100 ng larva(-1)) and monosultap (LD(50) > 1000 ng larva(-1)). Insect growth regulators and chitin synthase inhibitors showed great efficacy against C. suppressalis, especially against populations that had developed resistance to conventional insecticides. Four field populations showed variable tolerance levels to many insecticides. LYG05 was the most susceptible population, only with a low level of resistance to monosultap (RR = 6.6). NC05 and GL05 populations exhibited intermediate tolerance levels with RR values up to 20.4 and 52.8 respectively. RA05 was the most resistant population to many insecticides, with resistance ratios up to 76.2. CONCLUSION: The results from this study provide valuable information for selection and adoption of new alternative insecticides and for resistance management of the rice stem borer.     

杀虫剂对转Bt水稻靶标害虫二化螟和非靶标害虫稻飞虱种群数量的影响

为明确杀虫剂对转Bt水稻品种华恢1号(Huahui 1,HH1)靶标害虫二化螟Chilo suppressalis及其非靶标害虫白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera和褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens种群数量的影响,于2014—2015年在江西省南昌市南昌县莲塘镇的广福试验基地进行田间试验,种植转Bt水稻和对照亲本水稻,分别对其进行施用杀虫剂和未施用杀虫剂处理,然后对经2种处理后转Bt水稻和对照亲本水稻田中靶标害虫二化螟幼虫数量及非靶标害虫白背飞虱、褐飞虱的若虫数量、成虫数量、总虫量(若虫数量和成虫数量之和)进行调查,并对这3种害虫田间种群数量的年份、水稻品种、杀虫剂影响因子进行方差分析。结果显示,转Bt水稻种植对二化螟幼虫数量影响显著,而施用杀虫剂处理未显著影响二化螟幼虫数量。转Bt水稻种植对白背飞虱和褐飞虱的若虫数量、成虫数量和总虫量无显著影响;而施用杀虫剂处理显著降低转Bt水稻及其对照亲本水稻稻田内白背飞虱和褐飞虱的若虫数量及总虫量,并显著降低白背飞虱成虫数量。2014年和2015年,施用杀虫剂和未施用杀虫剂转Bt水稻田内二化螟幼虫数量极低或未调查到;未施用杀虫剂转Bt水稻上二化螟幼虫数量仅在2014年显著低于未施用杀虫剂对照亲本水稻。2014年,未施用杀虫剂转Bt水稻和对照亲本水稻上白背飞虱总虫量最大值分别为1 037、1 376头/百丛,施用杀虫剂后分别降低至233、253头/百丛;未施用杀虫剂转Bt水稻上和对照亲本水稻上褐飞虱总虫量最大值分别为4 120、2 413头/百丛,施用杀虫剂后降低至367、410头/百丛;2015年白背飞虱和褐飞虱的发生规律与2014年相同。表明转Bt水稻可显著降低二化螟幼虫数量,但褐飞虱及白背飞虱数量没有降低,而施用杀虫剂可有效降低褐飞虱及白背飞虱数量。     

Cross-resistance, genetics and stability of resistance to deltamethrin in a population of Chrysoperla carnea from Multan, Pakistan

Broad-spectrum insecticides are still widely being used. Chrysoperla carnea has been shown to develop resistance to the insecticides in the field. Knowledge of the evolution and genetics of resistance to insecticides in natural enemies could enable to explain how effectively natural enemies can be implemented in different IPM systems. To examine this, a population of C. carnea from Multan Pakistan was collected and was subjected to deltamethrin selection in the laboratory. Bioassays at generation G₁ gave resistance ratios of 47, 86, 137, 76 and 110 for deltamethrin, alphamethrin lambdacyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos and profenofos respectively compared with susceptible Lab-PK. Bioassays at G₄ with a deltamethrin-selected population (Delta-SEL) showed that selection gave resistance ratios of 896 and 30 for deltamethrin compared with the Lab-PK and UNSEL, respectively. Cross-resistance to other insecticides tested was observed in the selected population. A notable feature of the Delta-SEL strain was that resistance to deltamethrin, alphamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos and profenofos did not decline over the course of four generations. Synergism tests with microsomal oxidase (MO) and esterase-specific inhibitors indicated that the deltamethrin resistance was associated with MO and, possibly, esterase activity. Reciprocal crosses between the Delta-SEL and Lab-PK strains indicated that resistance was autosomal and incompletely dominant. A direct test of monogenic inheritance suggested that resistance to deltamethrin was controlled by more than one locus. The broad spectrum of resistance, cross resistance, incompletely dominant mode of inheritance and stability of resistance to insecticides suggest that Delta-SEL population of C. carnea could be compatible with most spray programs.     

桃蚜对5种新烟碱类杀虫剂及氟啶虫胺腈抗性的快速检测方法

采用玻璃管药膜法,建立了以吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、烯啶虫胺5种新烟碱类杀虫剂及氟啶虫胺腈对桃蚜室内敏感品系(SN)的LC90值作为区分剂量,测定桃蚜对6种杀虫剂敏感性变化的方法,并与浸叶法测得的抗性水平进行了相关性分析,验证了利用区分剂量快速测定桃蚜田间种群对6种杀虫剂抗性水平的准确性。结果表明:6种杀虫剂对桃蚜室内敏感品系的LC90值分别为150.01、1 170.81、54.19、951.34、245.98及133.60 ng/cm2。在此区分剂量下,河南省驻马店地区桃蚜种群(ZM)的死亡率在82%~96%之间;河北省玉田地区甘蓝桃蚜种群(GL)的死亡率在35%~82%之间,桃树桃蚜种群(TS)死亡率在3%~30%之间。分析表明,在选定的区分剂量下,桃蚜田间种群的死亡率与其对杀虫剂的抗性水平呈负相关,相关系数在0.818 8~0.999 9之间。同时,通过相关性方程计算得到的江苏省南京地区桃蚜种群(NJ)对6种杀虫剂的理论抗性水平与实际检测所得抗性水平结果接近。因此,以玻璃管药膜法确定的吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、烯啶虫胺及氟啶虫胺腈对桃蚜室内敏感品系的LC90值作为区分剂量,通过测定桃蚜田间种群的死亡率,可以快速表征田间种群对6种杀虫剂的敏感性变化,从而对其抗性水平进行初步评估。