野生大豆、半野生大豆和栽培大豆对苗期干旱胁迫的生理反应

以野生、半野生和栽培大豆为材料,在旱棚盆栽条件下进行苗期干旱胁迫试验.对叶绿素含量、光合速率、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率、可溶性糖(WSS)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶( CAT)活性进行测定.结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,叶绿素含量、光合速率、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量及SOD活性表现为野生大豆＞半野生大豆＞栽培大豆;而丙二醛含量、相对电导率、POD活性则表现为野生大豆＜半野生大豆＜栽培大豆.干旱胁迫下不同类型材料各生理指标与正常供水条件相比都发生不同程度的变化,叶绿素含量、光合速率降幅为野生大豆＜半野生大豆＜栽培大豆;脯氨酸含量增幅为野生大豆＞半野生大豆＞栽培大豆;而丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率、SOD活性、POD活性,CAT活性增幅变化顺序为野生大豆＜半野生大豆＜栽培大豆.在干旱胁迫下,野生大豆、半野生大豆和栽培大豆的生理指标发生显著变化,3种类型大豆的变化幅度差异显著.野生大豆在干旱胁迫下生理指标的表现优于半野生大豆和栽培大豆.     

硅对干旱胁迫下野生大豆幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

为探讨外源硅对干旱胁迫下野生大豆生长的影响,以野生大豆为试验材料,研究不同浓度外源硅对干旱胁迫下大豆幼苗的生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫会使野生大豆鲜重、干重、叶绿素含量、根系活力及SOD、CAT、POD活性降低,细胞膜透性、MDA、游离脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量增加。随着硅处理浓度的不断升高,野生大豆鲜重、干重、叶绿素含量、根系活力逐渐增加;低浓度硅胁迫提高了SOD、CAT、POD活性,降低了细胞膜透性、MDA、游离脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量,随着硅胁迫浓度的不断提高,SOD、CAT、POD活性逐渐下降,细胞膜透性、MDA、游离脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量先下降再升高。说明一定浓度的外源硅能有效促进干旱胁迫下野生大豆幼苗的生长,提高抗氧化酶活性,降低细胞膜透性、MDA、游离脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量,能够缓解干旱胁迫对野生大豆幼苗的危害,提高野生大豆抗旱能力。     

水杨酸对低温胁迫下大豆幼苗生长抑制的缓解效应

以中豆-31为材料,采用水培方法,研究了不同浓度的水杨酸(SA)对4℃低温胁迫下大豆幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,低温胁迫下,大豆幼苗叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量、根系活力显著降低,可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著提高(P＜0.01);外施SA显著提高了低温胁迫下幼苗叶片的叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和Pro含量,SOD、POD活性和根系活力,显著降低了膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量(P＜0.01).由此可见,外施SA可以通过提高大豆幼苗可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、Pro含量以及SOD、POD活性来维持细胞膜的稳定性,降低膜脂过氧化伤害程度,从而缓解低温胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制,并以1.5 mmol· L-1外源SA效果最好.     

NaCl胁迫对野生及栽培大豆渗透调节物质含量的影响

采用沙培试验对NaCl胁迫条件下野生及栽培大豆叶片中可溶性糖、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质含量以及地上部及根部Na+、K+含量进行了测定.结果表明:0～200 mmol·L-1浓度范围内,随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加,野生大豆叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量均逐渐增加,可溶性蛋白含量先升高后降低;栽培大豆脯氨酸含量逐渐升高,可溶性糖及蛋...     

马铃薯幼苗在冷驯化期间的生理生化变化

以霜冻敏感的中薯3号和耐冻的野生马铃薯03079-435(Solanum acaule)的幼苗为试材,对其总叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量的变化进行测定。结果表明:冷驯化期间(4℃/2℃,昼/夜),两者的总叶绿素含量都呈先降后升的变化趋势;03079-435叶片的脯氨酸含量先升高后降低,总体呈升高趋势,而中薯3号叶片的脯氨酸含量逐渐降低;两个基因型的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量均有所升高,中薯3号叶片的可溶性蛋白含量增加幅度明显低于03079-435。推断幼苗叶片脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量的增加与冷驯化能力的增强密切相关。     

秋石斛‘三亚阳光’中苗低温胁迫生理响应研究及耐寒指标筛选

对秋石斛’三亚阳光’中苗进行15、10和5℃胁迫处理,测定各处理样品的电导率、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸、丙二醛、叶绿素含量、恢复生长之后的落叶率等耐寒生理指标,分析这些耐寒指标在胁迫下的变化规律,筛选出有效的耐寒评价生理指标。结果表明,电导率及可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和落叶率均随着处理温度的降低和处理时间的延长呈现上升趋势,而叶绿素含量则呈现逐渐下降的趋势。相关性分析发现,可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸、丙二醛、叶绿素含量和落叶率都与半致死温度有极显著的相关性,表明可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸、丙二醛、叶绿素含量和落叶率可作为秋石斛’三亚阳光’耐寒性综合评价的有效评价指标。研究结果可以为秋石斛种质资源的耐寒性评价提供了理论依据和技术方法。     

外源水杨酸对盐胁迫下巴西蕉生理的影响

香蕉是世界进出口贸易中具有重要经济价值的水果,也是非洲国家的粮食作物。盐害是影响香蕉产量和品质的重要因子之一。巴西蕉是我国华南地区的主栽品种。水杨酸在植物生理和代谢中扮演重要角色。盐胁迫下,外源水杨酸处理巴西蕉（Musa AAA Cavendish var. Brazil）幼苗的生理指标的变化未见报道。本研究通过叶面喷施0、0.5、1.0、2.0 mmol/L外源水杨酸,测定70 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下的巴西蕉幼苗叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量等生理指标的变化。结果表明,盐胁迫下巴西蕉幼苗的叶片相对含水量和叶绿素含量与对照相比显著下降,而脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量以及丙二醛含量与对照相比均显著上升。施加0.5、1.0 mmol/L水杨酸处理与盐胁迫相比提高叶片相对含水量和叶绿素含量,提高叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量,并且降低叶片丙二醛含量,而2.0 mmol/L 水杨酸处理的叶片相对含水量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量与盐胁迫处理的差异不显著。因此,施加较低浓度的水杨酸（0.5、1.0 mmol/L）可在一定程度上缓解盐胁迫现象,但是高浓度水杨酸（2.0 mmol/L）缓解效果不明显,其中以1.0 mmol/L水杨酸处理效果最好。     

磷钾对小麦幼苗抗寒性的影响

为了探索低温胁迫下磷钾元素对小麦幼苗抗寒性的影响机理,对不同磷钾处理的小麦幼苗进行低温胁迫,测定和分析了相对电导度、可溶性糖含量、丙二醛含量、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量和SOD酶活性的变化.结果表明,低温胁迫下,磷素和钾素处理与对照相比明显降低了小麦幼苗组织的相对电导度和丙二醛含量,增加了可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量,提高了SOD酶活性;其中多数指标的磷钾配合处理效果更好.说明磷钾处理可以明显地增强低温下小麦幼苗的抗寒性,减缓低温对小麦幼苗的胁迫伤害,尤其是磷钾的配合施用对增强小麦幼苗的抗寒效果更好.     

Effect of La(NO3)3 on the Physiological Indices of Cold Tolerance in Livistona chinensis Seedlings

用0、100、200、300、400、500、600 mg/L硝酸镧溶液喷施蒲葵幼苗叶片作为处理,每天喷施1次,连续3d.在20、5、12和10℃下分别处理24h后测定叶片的丙二醛、可溶性糖和叶绿素含量以及叶绿素a/b的比值.结果表明:硝酸镧溶液处理的幼苗丙二醛含量都比对照低,而且随温度变化幅度小,而可溶性糖和叶绿素含量及叶绿素a/b比值均比对照高.硝酸镧处理可有效改善上述蒲葵幼苗的耐寒性生理指标,其中300 mg/L硝酸镧溶液对提高蒲葵幼苗的耐寒性生理指标具有显著的效应.     

冻害胁迫下水处理对茶树抗寒生理指标的影响

为探究水处理对茶树冻害胁迫的效应,以中茶108为材料,在不同水处理条件下,采用人工气候室模拟冬季冻害的发生,测定茶树叶片中多项生理生化指标的变化规律。结果表明,茶树叶片中过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性,脯氨酸、丙二醛、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量均受低温胁迫诱导,开始降温时,除丙二醛含量下降外,其余均呈上升趋势。“低温—冻害—低温”胁迫过程中,浇水处理的茶树叶片中POD和SOD活性,脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量均高于不浇水处理,丙二醛含量变化趋势则与之相反,不同处理间差异极显著;CAT活性无显著差异。浇水处理有利于茶树多个抗寒生理指标的改变。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。