Carbon: A New Crystalline Phase

The electrical resistance of single crystal graphite shows a very sharp increase at above 150 kilobars, accompanied by a drifting upward with time. The behavior is typical of a first-order phase transition, and is irreversible. X-rays on the material after removal from the cell show lines of a new material with a structure which can be indexed as a cubic lattice with a unit cell edge of 5.545 angstroms. The density of the new phase is estimated at 2.80 grams per cubic centimeter.     

金属表面化学吸附系统结构相变的平均场近似模型

本文利用平均场近似模型,推导了描述热平衡时金属表面吸附层结构相变的方程,给出了金属表面原子因吸附原子的作用发生位移的几率与温度和吸附原子复盖度之间的关系.     

Oxygen Isotope Effect and Structural Phase Transitions in La2CuO4-Based Superconductors

The oxygen isotope effect on the superconducting transition temperature (alpha(o)) varies as a function of x in La2-xSrxCuO(4) and La2-xBaxCuO(4), with the maximum alpha(o) values (alpha(o) >/= 0.5) found for x near 0.12. This unusual x dependence implies that the isotope effect is influenced by proximity to the Abma --> P4(2)/ncm structural phase transition in these systems. Synchrotron x-ray difaction measurements reveal little change in lattice parameters or orthorhombicity due to isotope exchange in strontium-doped materials where alpha(o) > 0.5, eliminating static structural distortion as a cause of the large isotope effects. The anomalous behavior of alpha(o) in both strontium- and barium-doped materials, in combination with the previously discovered Abma --> P4(2)/ncm structural phase-transition in La(1.88)B(0.12)CuO(4), suggests that an electronic contribution to the lattice instability is present and maximizes at approximately 1/8 hole per copper atom. These observations indicate a dose connection between hole doping of the Cu-O sheets, tilting instabilities of the CuO(6) octahedra, and superconductivity in La(2)CuO(4)-based superconductors.     

Compressibility, Phase Transitions, and Oxygen Migration in Zirconium Tungstate, ZrW2O8

In situ neutron diffraction experiments show that at pressures above 2 kilobars, cubic zirconium tungstate (ZrW2O8) undergoes a quenchable phase transition to an orthorhombic phase, the structure of which has been solved from powder diffraction data. This phase transition can be reversed by heating at 393 kelvin and 1 atmosphere and involves the migration of oxygen atoms in the lattice. The high-pressure phase shows negative thermal expansion from 20 to 300 kelvin. The relative thermal expansion and compressibilities of the cubic and orthorhombic forms can be explained in terms of the "cross-bracing" between polyhedra that occurs as a result of the phase transition.     

Phase Transitions Between beta and ggr (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 in the Earth's Mantle: Mechanisms and Rheological Implications

The mechanisms of the phase transformations between the spinel (gamma) and modified spinel (beta) polymorphs of Mg(2)SiO(4) have been studied experimentally between 15 and 20 gigapascals and 800 degrees to 950 degrees C. The gamma to beta transformation occurs by a shear mechanism, whereas the beta to gamma transformation involves grain-boundary nucleation and interface-controlled growth. These contrasting mechanisms are a consequence of the number of independent slip systems that are available in the respective crystal structures. This result leads to the prediction that in subduction zones and perhaps also rising plumes in the Earth's mantle, the gamma to beta transformation should be accompanied by a transient reduction in strength.     

Crystalline ordering in silica and germania glasses

The diffraction patterns of both silica and germania glasses are consistent with a structure in which nearly all of the atoms belong to tridymite-like regions of up to about 20 angstroms or more that are bonded efficiently together in a manner analogous to that found in twinned crystals.     

Crystalline cholera toxin and toxoid

The exo-enterotoxin of Vibrio cholerae has been obtained in crystalline form. A solution of the crystalline protein was equal in potency to the parent pure toxin in both choleragenicity and skin reactivity. Crystals of the natural toxoid, choleragenoid, resemble those of the toxin in appearance. A solution of crystalline choleragenoid was equivalent to the parent preparation in the flocculation test.     

Transitions to asexuality result in excess amino acid substitutions

Theory predicts that linkage between genetic loci reduces the efficiency of purifying selection. Because of the permanent linkage of all heritable genetic material, asexual lineages may be exceptionally prone to deleterious-mutation accumulation in both nuclear and organelle genes. Here, we show that the ratio of the rate of amino acid to silent substitution (Ka/Ks) in mitochondrial protein-coding genes is higher in obligately asexual lineages than in sexual lineages of the microcrustacean Daphnia pulex. Using a phylogeny-based approach to quantify the frequency of mutational-effect classes, we estimate that mitochondrial protein-coding genes in asexual lineages accumulate deleterious amino acid substitutions at four times the rate in sexual lineages. These results support the hypothesis that sexual reproduction plays a prominent role in reducing the mutational burden in populations.     

Transitions between blocked and zonal flows in a rotating annulus with topography

The mid-latitude atmosphere is dominated by westerly, nearly zonal flow. Occasionally, this flow is deflected poleward by blocking anticyclones that persist for 10 days or longer. Experiments in a rotating annulus used radial pumping to generate a zonal jet under the action of the Coriolis force. In the presence of two symmetric ridges at the bottom of the annulus, the resulting flows were nearly zonal at high forcing or blocked at low forcing. Intermittent switching between blocked and zonal patterns occurs because of the jet's interaction with the topography. These results shed further light on previous atmospheric observations and numerical simulations.     

Preliminary Identification of Crystalline Phases in a Transparent Stalactite

A phenotypic male of Mollienesia formosa, a gynogenetic fish, has been collected at Brownsville, Texas. The male and female fish are essentially similar, and their morphology supports a hypothesis that the species is of hybrid origin.     

Crystalline todorokite associated with biogenic debris in manganese nodules

Platy intergrowths of crystalline todorokite are associated with biogenic debris in the cores of manganese nodules from a site in the Pacific Ocean. Analyses by electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy demonstrate that this material is composed of tunnels of chains of linked MnO(6) octahedra. The chemical composition, morphology, and stability of the todorokite differ from those of nickel-and copper-rich manganese oxides in nodules that have been identified as todorokite or buserite in earlier investigations.     

Crystalline fraction I protein: preparation in large yield

Abolut 1 milligram of twice-recrystallized fraction I protein of constant specific ribulose diphosphate carboxylase activity per gram of leaves (fresh weight) has been obtained from each of seven different species of Nicotiana and 14 reciprocal, interspecific F(1) hybrids. Crystals are produced from honmogenates that have only been centrifuged to remove particulate matter.     

饱和链烷技术测定绵羊食性食量精确性研究

【目的】验证饱和链烷技术测定家畜食性和食量的精确性，确定绵羊粪便中链烷的回收率。【方法】于2004年秋季在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站用不同放牧演替阶段的优势植物羊草（Leymus chinensis）、糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa）和冷蒿（Artemisia frigida）按一定比例混合组成日粮，饲喂9只2岁羯羊，每只羊投喂一粒QSM胶囊，试验期内每天记录绵羊实际牧草采食量、采食成分和排粪量，利用气相色谱分析牧草和粪样的链烷含量，应用链烷技术测定绵羊的排粪量、不同牧草采食比例和总干物质采食量，并与实际值进行比较。【结果】3种牧草链烷模式存在种间差异；绵羊粪便中链烷的回收率随链烷长度的增加而线性增加；绵羊排粪量测定值与实际值存在极显著的正相关（P < 0.01，r = 0.9994）；绵羊采食羊草、糙隐子草和冷蒿比例的测定值与实际值存在极显著(P < 0.01)正相关，相关系数分别为0.9913、0.9864和0.9999；绵羊干物质采食量用C33∶C32和C31∶C32比值测定的值分别比实际值低4％(±1.3％)和7％(±1.3％)，但差异不显著(P > 0.05)。【结论】饱和链烷技术可以精确测定典型草原绵羊的排粪量、食物组成和采食量。     

Petri网系统中变迁的分级活性判定

活性(liveness)是Petri网的基本性质之一。从Petri网系统的有效(受控)可重复向量出发,给出一般Petri网系统中变迁为2级活或是3级活的判定依据。对于一个变迁t而言,t是二级活的,当且仅当存在一个有效(受控)可重复向量X,X有一个分量大于零;t是三级活的,当且仅当存在一个有效可重复向量X,X有一个分量大于零。最后,用实例说明判断方法的可使用性。     

黄淮海地区土地利用转型与粮食产量耦合关系研究

土地利用转型包含显性形态和隐性形态的变化,而土地利用强度是土地利用隐性形态的重要指征,既可以反映出人类对土地的干预程度,又可以呈现出特定时期社会经济发展状态。本文以土地利用强度的定量测度为抓手,基于分县统计数据及遥感解译的土地利用数据计算了区域土地利用隐性形态的变化,探讨了区域土地利用转型与粮食产量的耦合关系。研究表明：（1）1990-2010年,黄淮海地区耕地利用强度不断增加,而村庄建设用地利用强度快速减少,且区域时空格局差异明显;（2）耕地利用强度-村庄建设用地利用强度-粮食产量耦合类型时空演化特征明显,“低-低-低”类型主要分布在环渤海湾地区,而“高-高-高”类型主要集聚于冀鲁豫交界地区;（3）土地利用转型推动粮食生产格局不断演化,二者耦合关系模式将呈现出由“拮抗”到“协调”的转化过程。综上所述,土地利用转型过程中,科学优化土地利用转型与粮食生产的耦合关系,对保障区域粮食安全有重要作用。