深水抗风浪网箱水动力学特性研究

深水网箱抗风浪能力和耐流特性是深水网箱养殖首要解决的主要问题,也是网箱设计的核心技术问题.深水抗风浪网箱系统水动力特性研究相当关键.文中对深水抗风浪网箱水动力特性研究中物理模型试验和数值模拟方法,包括网衣模型相似准则、网箱整体模型试验、运动特性分析技术、网箱整体模型试验,以及网衣模拟、浮架模拟、整体网箱模拟、网衣周围流...     

基于模型试验准则的重力式圆形网箱水动力比较研究

模型试验准则是水槽模型试验的核心问题,关系到最终推算实物系统结果的准确性。以中国常用的高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)圆形重力式网箱为研究对象,采用田内准则和狄克逊准则为模型试验准则,以大尺度比10∶1、小尺度比2∶1设计制作了网箱模型,在循环动力水槽中分别进行网箱水动力特性模型试验,比较在水流作用下两种准则的试验结果及其差异性。结果显示:网箱整体和网箱箱体的阻力随着流速增加而增加,二者呈幂函数关系;网箱整体阻力系数(C)随着雷诺数(Re)的增加而减小,二者的关系为C=17.587Re~(-0.354)(R~2=0.941);C随着Re的增加而减小,二者的关系为C=30.526 Re~(-0.424)(R~2=0.902);在实际流速30~130 cm/s范围内,田内准则的试验数据比狄克逊准则的试验数据稍小,二者的阻力差约为-5%。由试验结果可知,田内准则和狄克逊准则均可用于网箱模型水流试验。研究结果可为网箱模型实验准则的选择和圆形网箱水动力学计算提供理论依据和基本参数。     

高密度聚乙烯圆形网箱锚绳受力实测研究

选择广东省湛江市深水网箱养殖基地作为实测地点.通过实测试验测量深水网箱在实际海流条件下的锚绳受力状况,给出了单个网箱和组合网箱分别在3种不同网衣方案情况下的锚绳受力结果,旨在为深水网箱的设计及其锚泊系统的优化提供重要参考数据.结果表明,锚绳力随流速的增大而增大,锚绳受力与流速具有一定的正比关系;在3种不同网衣方案条件下,小网目网衣方案(网目40 mm)的锚绳受力最大,单个网箱的锚绳力峰值和锚绳合力分别为3.73 kN和5.01 kN,组合网箱的锚绳力峰值和锚绳合力分别为5.67 kN和20.83 kN;单纯浮架受力在整体网箱的受力中所占比重较小.结论认为,鉴于实际海况下网箱同侧各道锚绳的受力差异较大,在评价锚绳的安全性能时,应取各道锚绳受力峰值中的最大值作为单锚绳的允许受力值.     

水流作用网衣过程的数值模拟

网衣是深水网箱的主要组成部分,也是整个网箱系统中受力最为复杂的部件之一。文章介绍了水动力作用下一种基于集中质量法的网衣数学模型,并引用前人的试验结果对数学模型进行了验证。在此基础上,利用此数学模型在不同配重（CW1=400kg和CW2=800kg）和流速（U=0．3—0．6m·s^-1）条件下分别对网衣所受的水流力、网衣形状和网衣运动位移三者随时间的变化过程进行了数值模拟,给出了网衣达到稳定状态前、后网衣受力变形的计算结果,揭示了网衣在水流作用过程中的动态变化规律,并进一步分析了配重及流速大小对网衣受力、变形及运动特性的影响。     

基于OpenFOAM的全潜式网箱网衣系缚方式研究

本研究针对全潜式网箱的四周刚性柱–网衣系缚方式进行研究。通过模型实验测得柱–网结构模型在水流作用下, 不同流速、不同系缚方式下的网衣系缚点受力, 分析了不同系缚方式对网衣系缚点受力分布特性以及系缚点之间受力均匀性的影响。此外, 为进一步研究网衣系缚方式对周围流场的影响, 本研究基于混合体积法建立了网衣的流固耦合模型, 并在开源 CFD 软件 OpenFOAM 中开发得到了网衣流固耦合求解器, 通过数值模拟与模型实验相结合的方式研究了网衣的阻流效应以及网衣网线的张力分布特征和荷载传递方式。研究结果表明, 四周刚性柱–网结构模型中, 网衣系缚方式对水流作用下网衣的受力特性有着显著的影响, 网衣最大张力一般分布在与系缚点相连的网线上, 而且越靠近中间位置的网线和系缚点的受力也越大, 整体呈现出两端受力小中间受力大的对称现象; 在网衣背流侧, 靠近网衣沿水流方向投影的中心位置处流场受网衣阻流效应的影响会偏大, 流速衰减率也更高, 而且在同种工况下, 随着流速的变大, 网衣对流场流速的衰减效应也越明显。     

水流作用下重力式网箱网衣张力分布

在水流作用下,网箱网衣要承受很大的水流作用力,在网箱实际使用中破网逃鱼现象时常发生。网衣属于柔性结构物,在外部荷载作用下会发生较大的变形和位移,因此其受力和变形特性较为特殊。为了获得水流作用下重力式网箱网衣的张力分布,从而为设计和生产提供理论参考依据,利用集中质量的方法建立了水流作用下网箱网衣受力和变形的数学计算模型。利用此数学模型对重力式网箱网衣在不同配重模式和网目形状下的变形和张力分布进行了数值模拟。通过数值模拟研究发现,网箱网衣张力分布形式和网目形状关系密切,配重形式对其影响较小。相同工况条件下,配置底图时网衣所受最大张力略大于单独沉子配重形式,同时菱形网目网衣所受最大张力略大于正方形网目的受力。     

船型桁架结构网箱单点系泊受力试验研究

安全高效的大型深海养殖网箱是引领深远海养殖发展的重要设施装备.该研究针对一种船型桁架结构的单点系泊深远海网箱开展了模型比尺为1∶40波浪流水池试验,比较分析了正常工况和失效工况2种不同单点系泊方式下网箱的系泊受力.在此基础上,分别围绕网衣、波浪和水流对网箱系泊受力的影响开展了试验研究.结果表明,相较于正常工况,失效工况...     

田内相似准则的雷诺数修正

多年来，田内相似准则一直是日本和中国在进行网具模型试验时，作模型、实物的换算准则。但在拖网的模型试验中，所取得的数据，按田内相似准则换算到实物，与实物网实船测试的数据相差很大。产生这种情况的原因，主要是由于田内相似准则在推导过程中所作的假定条件与实际情况出入较大。     

深水网箱圆台形囊网的设计与制作

深水网箱囊网受水流推动,形状随水阻力大小而变化。囊网形状的变化与养殖容积有关,并直接影响了网箱养殖效果。通过分析认为,圆台形重力式柔性囊网有较好的抗流效果,更适合于深水网箱养殖作业。通过实物试验,报道了圆台形囊网在流速0.45-0.75 m·s-1时的外形设计、配重及制作方法,为强流下的深水网箱囊网制作提供参考。     

规则波作用下养殖网箱水动力特性分析

大型深远海养殖网箱是一种新型的养殖装备，网箱在波浪场作用下的水动力特性是考量其安全性的重要因素。网箱系统结构复杂，其水动力问题采用完全理论解析或数值模拟研究存在困难。本研究通过1∶100的网箱模型，试验研究了网箱的水动力特性。分析了不同波浪参数和吃水对网箱水动力的影响；引入当量直径分析了无量纲力与KC数之间的变化关系；使用网衣孔隙率对有网衣网箱受力结果进行修正，得到了考虑网衣的网箱框架波浪力无量纲经验公式。同时以莫里森(Morison)方程为基础对网箱框架和网衣进行数值计算并与试验结果进行对比。研究表明，网衣对网箱波浪力的影响可以使用网衣孔隙率来模化；该计算方法可以有效地计算网衣和网箱框架的波浪力。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.