氯化胆碱和乙醇胺对假丝酵母发酵棉籽饼脱毒、产酶和生物量的影响

通过测定棉籽饼发酵底物游离棉酚含量、蛋白酶活性和生物量的方法研究氯化胆碱和乙醇胺对棉籽饼发酵效果的影响。试验结果表明,发酵热处理底物时,氯化胆碱、乙醇胺均不能促进发酵脱毒,但可极显著提高底物中性蛋白酶、酸性蛋白酶活性以及底物生物量,其中氯化胆碱效果较好。发酵非热处理底物时,乙醇胺显著降低发酵脱毒效率、底物生物量,氯化胆碱有促进发酵脱毒的趋势、极显著提高底物生物量;两处理因素均可极显著提高底物碱性蛋白酶活性,降低酸性蛋白酶活性。氯化胆碱对棉籽饼底物发酵脱毒和底物营养价值有重要的意义。     

脱毒剂处理棉籽饼饲喂鸡猪的试验研究

本试验用加入脱毒剂的含棉籽饼的饲料喂鸡、猪，结果表明，脱毒试验组未表现棉籽饼中毒症状，剖检无明显病变。试验组动物肝中游离棉酚含量均小于对照组，粪便中，棉酚含量大于对照组，这说明脱毒剂在减少棉酚吸收和增加吸排泄方面有明显作用，试验用猪饲料中含棉籽饼25％，完全代替豆饼，每公斤饲料降低成本0.12元，试验期80天中，每头猪饲料成本平均下降18.9元，经济效益显著。脱毒剂对棉籽饼的脱毒率为70.5％，对含棉籽饼的饲料的批毒率为56．0％。     

产朊假丝酵母菌发酵降解棉酚的效果

棉粕经高温高压处理后,利用产阮假丝酵母对棉粕进行固体发酵脱毒,通过对生物量的测定,获得最适发酵脱毒条件,然后进行发酵降解棉酚实验,通过测定发酵终点和起始点棉酚的含量,获得产朊假丝酵母对棉酚的降解率。结果显示最适发酵条件为:发酵底物含水量为37%,发酵时间48h,发酵温度30℃,接种量为5%。对发酵前和发酵48h后的样品按照国家标准测定方法进行棉酚含量的测定,结果显示棉粕在发酵前后,棉酚去除率在85.7%左右。     

一株高效降解棉籽饼粕中棉酚的酵母菌株

棉籽饼粕中富含蛋白质（２８％～４０％）,但因其中含有一定毒性的游离棉酚,致使棉籽饼粕蛋白的利用受到限制。酵母菌株ＪＭ—３对棉籽饼粕中棉酚的脱毒率达８５％左右;发酵技术简便易操作;菌种生长势旺盛,是一株理想的高效降解棉籽饼粕中棉酚的酵母菌株,为棉籽饼粕在养殖业领域开拓了广泛的应用前景。１．发酵流程首先将获得的试管菌ＪＭ—３（菌种编号）在无菌条件下接入种子培养基（麦芽汁糖度１０Ｂｘ,琼脂２．０％,ｐＨＳ．２,０．１４Ｍｐａ灭菌２０ｍｉｎ）于２５℃～３０℃条件下振荡培养４８ｈ,将种子菌种按１：２００（…     

游离棉酚在棉粕高速粉碎过程中的机械力化学效应

研究未脱毒棉粕在高速粉碎过程中含水量、粉碎时间及添加硫酸亚铁对游离棉酚的影响。结果发现，游离棉酚在机械力作用下发生了机械力化学反应，添加硫酸亚铁和棉粕，含水率及粉碎时间对游离棉酚含量均影响显著。得出最佳棉粕脱毒的工艺条件含水率为9．5％，粉碎时间为50min，硫酸亚铁添加比例2：1。     

复合发酵对棉籽饼混合底物中FG和BG含量的影响

试验通过测定棉籽饼混合底物在微生物固体发酵过程中棉酚含量的变化,以研究复合发酵对棉籽饼混合底物中棉酚含量的影响。试验采用添加不同比例的ZD-3与ZD-5和ZD-3与ZD-8对棉籽饼混合底物进行二元复合发酵,然后测定发酵产物中TG、FG、BG含量。试验结果表明:棉籽饼混合底物经复合发酵处理后,均可极显著降低发酵底物中TGF、G和BG含量(P<0.01),并且FG和BG的减少部分均被降解消除;同时发现,ZD-3与ZD-5的复合发酵效果优于ZD-3与ZD-8的发酵效果,并且菌种比例对发酵结果有显著影响。当ZD-3与ZD-5的比例为3:1时,脱毒效果最好,脱毒率可达90.82%。     

棉籽饼粕饲料中游离棉酚测定方法的研究

棉籽饼粕是一种富含营养物质的蛋白质饲料,含蛋白质40％以上、赖氨酸1．59％、蛋氨酸0．52％,可作为一种蛋白质资源用于动物饲料中,在一定程度上弥补了蛋白资源的不足。但是由于棉籽饼粕中含棉酚,对动物具有毒性,如果未经脱毒长期饲喂畜禽,则很易引起中毒甚至死亡。因此,游离棉酚常常是饲料生产中一项重要的监测指标。本文对棉籽饼粕饲料进行自然浸提,建立了游离棉酚含量的测定方法,并与国标法进行了比较。结果表明：此法操作简便,结果准确、可靠,可应用于基层单位大批量样品的检测。     

高效液相色谱法测定高压灭菌及低温烘干对棉粕中棉酚含量的影响

棉粕富含丰富的蛋白质．但因其含有抗营养因子游离棉酚而使其使用量受到极大的限制。本研究采用HPLC法检测高压灭菌及烘干对棉粕中游离棉酚含量的影响。将棉粕按料水比1：1．2混匀．121℃高压灭菌30min．然后45℃烘干24h．检测其游离棉酚的含量变化。结果表明：棉粕原料中游离棉酚检测含量为1300．31μg/g;经高温灭菌后,其含量为77．29μg/g,降解率达94％;对灭菌样品进行烘干后。游离棉酚含量达到极低,未检测到峰．其降解率大于98％,但高温后生成何物质有待进一步研究。     

畜禽棉酚中毒的治疗

1 病因 棉籽和棉叶含有有毒的棉酚，当长期大量地用棉籽、饼、皮作饲料时，可引起畜禽棉酚中毒。 棉酚的中毒量与日粮中蛋白质的含量有密切关系，当蛋白质含量高时，可增强对棉酚的耐受性。家禽如缺乏维生素A、B和钙、铁则棉酚中毒的的可能性会增大。 棉籽饼含毒量与气候、土壤、耕作情况有关。榨油工艺不同，其饼中含毒量也不同，如经过高温处理、机榨的棉籽饼含棉酚量很低（约0．2％～0．4％），而土榨的棉籽饼中的游离棉酚含量则较高（为0．7％～0．8％左右）。2 症状 畜禽中毒后呈慢性经过，病程一般为3～15d。病畜中毒后精神沉郁，行…     

发酵处理棉籽饼粕的研究进展

针对微生物菌种、固态发酵工艺对游离棉酚的脱毒效果及营养成分的影响,以及发酵棉籽饼粕在畜禽饲料中的应用作一综述。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。