世行贷款造林项目工程质量和技术管理探析

我国已经实施的一系列世行贷款营林项目,在建设过程中逐步建立和健全了一系列的工程质量和技术管理规范,主要涉及造林技术可行性研究、种苗选择和造林技术规范设计、项目的质量监测体系构建、适用科研成果的推广应用、项目执行者的技术培训等方面,并将其在实践中加以应用,取得了良好的效果,从而使“科学技术是第一生产力”这一论断在世行项目实施中得到真实的体现。     

碳汇林业—兼论山东省碳汇造林

对碳汇林业的背景、相关概念、碳汇造林国内外现状、CDM造林再造林项目运行程序及设计书内容、造林再造林碳汇项目涉及的几个技术问题进行了综述,建议:山东具有碳汇造林的条件、积极争取碳汇造林项目、强化农用林和经济林的碳汇作用、加强干瘠山地、盐碱地及沿海防护林碳汇造林、加强中幼林的可持续经营管理、加紧实施山东森林碳汇储量与潜力研究、科学研究、人才培养及技术培训等。     

我国林业碳汇项目的发展现状研究

在气候变化日益严重的情况下,世界各国纷纷探索应对策略,其中CDM是目前运用较为广泛的机制之一。作为CDM的子项目造林与再造林项目,以及未正式注册或批准的林业碳汇项目,不仅可以起到抑制全球变暖的作用,同时还可改善区域生态环境。文中通过对我国造林再造林项目的分析与研究,总结其在项目中解决困难与问题的对策以及项目管理与技术方面的成功经验,以及开展过程中存在的不足。进而初步掌握我国实施林业碳汇项目的可行性与潜力,为碳汇政策在全国更大范围推广提供有益借鉴,为促进我国林业碳汇项目更好实施给予重要的启示作用。     

Behavioral intentions toward afforestation and carbon reduction by the Taiwanese public

Global warming has become a worldwide environmental issue in recent years. With implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, reducing emissions of carbon dioxide is the common goal of everyone. Afforestation and carbon reduction have become important forestry policies of the Taiwanese government. Attitudes and behavioral intentions of the domestic public towards afforestation and carbon reduction will play important roles in the effectiveness of forestry policies. In this study, the theory of planned behavior was applied to better understand the relationships among domestic public attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral controls, and behavioral intentions. Data were obtained by a mail survey. The domestic public's behavioral intention model was verified by a structural equation model. This study found that older people not only had a positive attitude towards the concept of afforestation for carbon reduction but were also willing to participate in related activities. Significant reference groups also had greater influence on these people, but for the question of whether a person had better means to participate in afforestation activities for carbon reduction, the level of monthly income emerged as the factor of main consideration. It shows that even though an overall positive attitude towards afforestation activities for carbon reduction increases people's willingness to participate, actual participation is still determined by the level of the participant's ability to control difficulties during the related activities. The policy implication of this study is that when setting into action the carbon reduction policies or programs, the Taiwanese government should take into account the claim from significant reference groups, and enhance the visibility of those groups' positive points of view towards the policies. In addition, the government should enhance the promotion of the high-income and the older people's participation in carbon reduction programs, because our results show their high intention to participate.     

昭阳区德援造林项目综合评价

中德合作云南造林项目自1995年实施以来,在昭阳区造林4735.2 hm2,保存率达95.8%.文章分析了造林后取得的生态效益、经济效益和巨大的社会效益.引入了新的理念,引进了环境治理的新模式,提高了林业项目的管理水平.目前在项目已经验收的情况下,缺乏后续管理经费,为此提出了今后搞好经营管理的建议.     

浅述木麻黄沿海防护林造林技术

利用木麻黄营造沿海沙地防护林,不仅符合适地适树的造林原则,而且也是保护和恢复全省海防林带生态工程的有效途径之一.因此持续性发展木麻黄沿海防护林、苗木品种和造林技术至关重要.文章介绍了木麻黄沿海防护林造林技术,并对以后的造林工作提出了一些建议.     

江苏仪征低丘岗地营林开发模式优化选择研究

总结江苏省仪征低丘岗地开发的经济林、用材林等7种营林模式和5种纯板栗与农作物间作模式，评估其生产和经济效益，优化选择出了板栗与茶复合林模式、纯梨园、纯茶园、纯桃园等4种开发营林模式；板栗与山芋 雪菜、板栗与芝麻 胡罗卜、板栗与花生 苕子等3种板栗与农作物间模式。其中板栗与茶，并期板栗与山芋 雪菜等间作模式，可形成高效复合经营开发模式。文内还提出了该市低丘岗地综合治理与开发试点试区的建设原则，发展模式及应实施的集约组装技术。     

银叶树造林试验研究

通过对半红树植物银叶树在4种不同立地的造林试验,初步掌握银叶树的造林技术.结果表明:银叶树不适合盐碱地和滨海沙地人工造林;在泥地保存率为86.0％,造林2年胸径可达3.1cm,高可达2.9m.     

湖南省世行贷款“国家造林项目”造林成效调查分析

湖南省１９９１的开展纪行贷款“国家造林项目”造林，到１９９４年完成造林１０８６７１ｈｍ＾２。从１９９３－１９９６年先后对满三年的幼林进行了成效调查、分析、评价。，其面积核实率９９．８％，造林平均保存率９５．７％，幼林高生长达标率９４．１％，造林成效显著。     

GPS在"德援"造林检查中的应用初探

选择二期“德援”造林工程区的禄劝、牟定、武定3个县作为试验区,介绍了GPS在造林检查中的应用方法,具体操作步骤、数据处理,进行了传统方法与GPS方法间的误差分析,并对存在问题提出了相应措施。     

中国大规模造林减少大气碳积累的潜力及其成本效益分析

在对中国森林实行永续轮伐的假定下，计算了通过大规模造林来减少大气中ＣＯ２积累的潜力，并进行相应的成本－效益分析。首先把中国分成５个区，在每个区中选择４种造林或森林经营的方式，总计２０种造林或森林经营的方式，根据现有可用于造林的土地面积的资料，对这些造成林或森林经营的方式进行计算。     

群策群力办林业的丰硕成果 --纪念江西省实施荒山造林绿化规划十周年

回顾江西省制定和实施荒山造林绿化规划所走过的10年，全省上下群策群力办好林业、扭转了森林资源连续下降的局面，取得了生态、经济双丰收的明显效益，是江西林业发展过程中一个重要的转折点。     

平原绿化技术措施探讨

平原绿化主要有农田林网模式、林农间作模式、公路绿化模式、河道绿化模式、园林化乡镇绿化模式和村屯绿化模式。本文对各模式的主要技术措施进行探讨,并提出各模式适宜区。     

Integration of albedo effects caused by land use change into the climate balance: Should we still account in greenhouse gas units?

Due to impacts of albedo on climate change, benefits of afforestation/reforestation regimes are under debate. In this paper we investigate how to incorporate albedo changes in a carbon accounting tool to show the net effect of land use change on the climate. Using a study area in southern Europe, albedo and carbon sequestration modelling results are linked to determine the combined radiative forcing balance. The results show that under specific circumstances afforestation/reforestation measures may not automatically have positive impacts in a global warming context because the cooling effect of most of the carbon sequestered is neutralized by the warming effect of albedo changes. However, sensitivity analyses lead to the conclusion that improved albedo data from satellite images (MODIS) could influence and enhance outputs significantly. The paper points out that accounting based exclusively on GHG units does not, in the case of land use change, reflect the entire picture. It is highly recommended that in future global warming impacts of land use systems and biogenic products (e.g. solid biomass, liquid biofuels) should be studied using life cycle assessments (LCA) and should include these additional—non-GHG effects—on climate change.     

曲靖市城市道路绿化调查与分析

点、线、面的调查方式并结合植物出现频率进行调查。结果表明:曲靖市道路绿化植物共83种,其中乔木35种,灌木30种,地被植物12种,草本宿根花卉有6种;道路绿化设计能充分结合具体环境,每条道路绿化均有其自身的特点,且新建道路绿化率高;同时也存在植物种类单一,重栽轻养等问题。针对问题提出了增加管道灌溉、引进彩叶植物等对策。       

What is the impact of afforestation on the carbon stocks of Irish mineral soils?

Ireland has implemented a large afforestation program in recent decades, with much of this taking place since the mid 1980s. This presents Ireland with the opportunity to offset carbon emissions through carbon sequestration in forests, as the latter are known to sequester a large amount of carbon into the tree biomass. However, the effects of afforestation on soil organic carbon in the Irish humid temperate climate are not well understood. In this study we use the paired site methodology to assess the impact of afforestation on the soil organic carbon density (SOCD) of 21 * 2 sites across Ireland. We found that afforestation of Irish soils (0-30 cm depth) resulted in no significant change in SOCD. However, the low number of sites within the study is a source of uncertainty and more work must be done to assess SOCD change before any firm conclusions can be made. This work provides baseline data and future work estimating soil C changes due to land use or management changes should use the equivalent soil mass (ESM) correction method instead of the volume based method. The latter can over- or underestimate SOCD change due to variability in soil bulk density after afforestation. The large afforestation programmes to be implemented in Ireland in the next decade provides an opportunity to greatly improve estimates of Irish SOCD change. We suggest implementing a large number of resampling studies, measuring the change in SOCD following afforestation for a number of factors for a number of years.     

辽西半干旱地区矸石废弃地造林树种筛选

对辽西半干旱地区矸石废弃地以排矸年龄为界限,划分为4个类型,在不同类型上进行人工造林试验,通过对比试验筛选适生造林树种。结果表明:Ⅰ类矸石废弃地适宜的造林树种排序为紫穗槐>锦鸡儿>白榆>沙棘>沙枣;在Ⅱ类矸石废弃地上适宜造林树种排序为紫穗槐>锦鸡儿>火炬树>臭椿>白榆>刺槐;Ⅲ类矸石废弃地适宜的造林树种排序为火炬树>臭椿>刺槐>白榆>杨树>侧柏>樟子松;Ⅳ类地区矸石废弃地适宜的造林树种排序为火炬树>臭椿>刺槐>杨树>旱柳>白榆>侧柏>樟子松。     

广元市朝天区退耕还林核桃造林嫁接技术及效益评估

本文从退耕还林造林方式、林种的选择和设计、整地方法、栽植和嫁接技术等方面,详细地总结了广元市朝天区退耕还林核桃种植经验。同时,对退耕还林种植核桃的社会效益、经济效益和碳汇效益进行了评估。对该区下一步的核桃造林规划和林业发展规划具有一定的指导和促进作用。     

基于全球气候变化谈判的森林碳汇研究

为进一步了解森林生态系统的碳汇功能和国际气候谈判,通过查阅资料,对全球气候变化以及CO2的温室效应、气候谈判的现状、实质以及主要发达国家温室气体的减排动态进行了简单的总结.就森林生态系统的碳汇潜力,碳汇作用的非持久性问题进行了探讨.综述了不同时期森林生态系统碳汇研究的成果以及国际森林碳汇项目的动态.分析了森林碳汇项目实施过程中存在的主要问题,并提出我国在国际气候谈判、温室气体减排和造林、再造林等林业碳汇项目中应采取积极立场和应对措施.     

中德合作（陕西延安）造林项目造林技术

中德合作陕西延安造林项目造林技术,通过在造林实践中的反复验证,取的了很好的效果,在陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区造林实践中有较高的应用价值。