三系杂交水稻新组合鄂籼杂1号的选育与应用

鄂籼杂１号系用新恢复系０９２－８－８与珍汕９７Ａ配组育成的三系杂交水稻新组合。全有高产、稳产、米质好、耐肥耐寒、抗倒伏、再生能力强、适应性广等优点。１９９３－１９９６年在湖北省已累计示范种植７．４万ｈｍ＾２，平均单产７．５ｔ／ｈｍ以上。     

橡胶树优良无性系热研8—79选育初报

初级系比１８和高级系比１１年的试验初步表明,热开８－７９是一个干胶含量较高且产量谪的橡胶树优良新品种。在高级系比区,１－３割年平均年产干胶１８３９ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,为对照ＲＲＩＭ６００的２０６．７％。     

鄂棉22油后移栽高产高效栽培技术研究

采用四因素三水平正交试验设计方法,对影响鄂棉２２油后移栽棉花产量形成的密度、施纯氮量、化控量（喷ＤＰＣ）及打顶时期等四项关键性的栽培措施进行研究。结果表明,鄂棉２２油后移栽高产高效的综合栽培措施为：密度２．７万～３．７５万株·ｈｍ－２,施纯氮２２５～３００ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２,喷ＤＰＣ不超过９０ｇ·ｈｍ－２,８月７日至８月１５日打顶。     

晚稻两系粳杂70优04大面积单产超7.5t／hm^2栽培技术总结

晚稻两系粳杂７０优０４大面积单产超７．５ｔ／ｈｍ２栽培技术总结Ｔｈｅｃｕｌｔｉｖａｔｉｏｎｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｆｏｒｙｉｅｌｄｉｎｇｏｖｅｒ７．５ｔ／ｈｍ２ｏｎａｌａｒｇｅｓｃａｌｅｏｆｔｗｏ－ｌｉｎｅｊａｐｏｎｉｃａｈｙｂｒｉｄｒｉｃｅ７０Ｙｏｕ０４...     

21%福灵丹乳油防治棉铃虫药效试验

用２１％福灵丹乳油６００～１０５０ｍｌ·ｈｍ－２防治棉铃虫效果良好。药后７天防效达９５８～１００％,保蕾效果８１７～９６９％,优于来福灵４５０ｍｌ·ｈｍ－２、久效磷２２５０ｍｌ·ｈｍ－２,与硫丹１５００ｍｌ·ｈｍ－２相当。该药剂是防治抗性棉铃虫的优良杀虫剂。建议生产上应用以２１％福灵丹乳油６００～７００ｍｌ·ｈｍ－２为宜。     

N肥增效剂在玉米示范田的应用效果

通过Ｎ肥增效剂“肥隆”与尿素按比例配合施用的试验示范,明确了增效作用和施用方法,玉米增产７２６．０－１３９２．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２增产幅度为７．２％－１９．８％。     

Ⅰ优200大面积制种单产5.57 t/hm-2技术

介绍了Ⅰ优２００在１９９８年７．８ｈｍ＾２春制中平均单产５．５７ｔ／ｈｍ＾２、创大面积高产纪录的制种技术。     

杂交晚稻威优198单产9.0t／hm^2栽培技术探讨

：１９９６～１９９７年在国家水稻工程醴陵基点，对杂交晚稻新组合威优１９８进行了连晚高产栽培技术和有关生理生态研究，创造了２ａ产量平均８．８ｔ／ｈｍ２的７．２ｈｍ２高产样方和９．５ｔ／ｈｍ２的高产丘。分析了威优１９８高产的主要原因，提出了大面积单产９．０ｔ／ｈｍ２的高产栽培技术要点。     

牧草蔗新品系94—42的施肥试验研究（初报）

牧草蔗新品系９４－４２的三种施肥模式试验结果表明，模式Ｃ（１８１．８公斤／ｈｍ＾２尿素，６０．６公斤／ｈｍ＾２氯化钾，６０．６公斤／ｈｍ＾２钙镁磷肥）较模式Ａ（３０３公斤／ｈｍ＾２尿素）节约化肥投入１４．３％的基础上，增产效果显著，增产幅度达１６．６４％，粗蛋白增加０．８３％，是提高本品系产量及品质的一种较佳施肥模式。     

高产优质花生冀花2号的选育研究

冀花２ 号系用７８５１－ ２４（开农８ 号×阳土固大花生）作母本,７１０１－ ４３（徐州４０２×开农７号）作父本进行有性杂交,通过民间协作,异地系谱＋ 混合选择、鉴定培育而成的花生新品种。１９９１～１９９７ 年分别参加品比、省区域试验、多点鉴定与示范,一般春播３７５０～７０５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ ２,麦套种植３７５０～６０００ｋｇ／ｈｍ ２,冀中南夏直播３３７５～４２７５ｋｇ／ｈｍ ２,目前地膜最高７８９０ｋｇ／ｈｍ ２。试验与示范证明,冀花２ 号产量与品质兼优,抗病抗逆耐瘠薄,适应性广,１９９８ 年３ 月通过河北省品种审定委员会审定,并准予推广应用。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).