聚合氯化铝净水剂

聚合氯化铝是一种絮凝剂，在国内外已被广泛地用来净化生活用水、工业用水以及处理工业废水。我单位研制的新聚合氯化铝是用一种新型的生产工艺──“铝矿石硫酸法”，并引入Ａ、Ｂ两种物质，对聚合氯化铝的结构加以改型而成。 该产品与其它絮凝剂相比，具有沉降速度快、絮凝性能好、适应性强、投加剂量少、净水成本低等优点，尤其对高浊度和低温、低浊度水处理效果更显著。产品质量达到国内外同类产品先进水平。该产品可取代硫酸铝净水剂，用于自来水厂，也可替代明矾用于家家户户，同时可用于工业用水、处理工业废水和生活污水，还可用于…     

基于近红外光谱的油茶种子含油量定标模型构建

利用瑞典波通DA7200型固定光栅连续光谱近红外分析仪,对来自不同产地的150份油茶种子样品进行含油量测定.依据其吸收光谱与化学特征分析数据,建立2个种仁含油率模型,并对模型的准确性进行预测评价.结果表明:用整颗油茶种仁建立的模型与常规方法测量结果之间的相关系数为0.88,预测标准偏差为0.91,该模型可用于测定准度要求相对不高而比较珍贵和量少的样品.而用粉碎油茶种仁建立的模型测定效果最好,与常规方法测量结果之间的相关系数为0.98,预测标准偏差为0.33,因此该模型可代替常规测试方法使用.检验结果表明定标模型预测精度高、稳定性较好.近红外光谱技术可用于快速测定油茶种仁含油量,具有很好的应用前景.     

饮用水净水工艺自动控制工艺流程中关键部分设计探讨

原始水处理工艺过程一般都是由人工进行调节和控制的,这种情况下,由于操作人员的经验程度不同的影响,至使水处理过程中,某些因素不同程度地偏离合理的区域,造成处理后水的指标达不到要求或净化成本过高。为降低水处理成本和稳定出水质量,采用自动化控制净水工艺流程是一项克服以上问题的有效措施。下面将整个控制过程中几个关键部分的设计实现思想简要介绍一下。(由于篇幅所限,各部分控制流程图均省略) 一、净水剂投加自动控制部分 投加净水剂是对源水进行净化的第一步工作,这部分采用的是开环数学模型给定和沉淀池出水浊度反馈相     

文冠果

文冠果是我省一种重要的木本油料树。它具有适应性强、用途广、经济价值高等特点,大力发展文冠果,对于贯彻“备战、备荒、为人民”的战略方针,促进工农业生产的发展,壮大集体经济和改善群众生活,都有很重要的意义。一、经济价值文冠果的经济价值很高,被群众称为“一年种,百年收的铁杆庄稼”。其种子含油率为30.8%,种仁含油率52—66%,土法榨油出油率达25%。文冠果油呈橙黄色,似芝麻油,是一种很好的食用油,还可作为高级润滑油、增塑剂、油漆和肥皂等工业用油。油渣含有丰富的蛋白质(种仁含蛋白质26—29.7%)和淀粉(种仁含     

锯末蔗渣不同配比栽培基质对辣木产量的影响

以多油辣木改良品种PKM1为试验材料,以锯末和蔗渣不同配比的7种栽培基质进行大棚辣木栽培试验,结果表明:7种栽培基质的辣木生物产量均高于园土栽培的对照,锯末∶蔗渣=1∶1处理的辣木产量最高,极显著高于对照,显著和极显著高于其它处理,可推荐作为辣木大棚栽培基质。     

湿地松、马尾松幼林化学除草技术的研究

为了改变松类幼林的抚育方式 ,1999年起我们选用了国内、外生产的新型林用除草剂 ,如 74.7%农民乐可溶性粒剂、70 %森草净可湿性粉剂、10 %草灌净水悬剂、6 .8%林草净水剂、75 %金锄可湿性粉剂等 6种 8个剂型 ,在湿地松、马尾松幼林中进行化学除草试验 ,优选出74.7%农民乐可溶性粒剂 ,每公顷商品量3 0 0 0～ 3 75 0g于杂草、灌木生长旺盛期作茎、叶处理 ,除草效果达 90 %以上 ,且对松类幼林安全 ,经济效益和社会效益显著     

不同施肥方式对设施红地球葡萄生长及品质的影响

在设施红地球葡萄施入油渣、钙肥、绿肥和氮磷钾混合肥等4种肥料后,测定了其生长进程和果实品质.结果表明:尿素15 g+磷酸二铵20 g+硫酸钾15 g的氮磷钾混合肥配方能最大幅度促进果粒生长,最高可提升9.83个百分点;施绿肥,最大可提升果粒增长83％;施入过多氮磷钾混合肥与油渣,会导致营养生长过旺而抑制了生殖生长,不利于葡萄果粒的膨大;不同施肥方式中,钙肥对葡萄果粒的硬度提升较其他施肥方式有显著差异;绿肥和油渣对葡萄含糖量的提升较其他施肥方式有显著差异,但不能施入过多,以5.0kg/株和0.5kg/株为宜,较不施肥状态下葡萄含糖量可增加36.9％.     

湿地松、马尾松幼林化学除草技术的研究

为了改变松类幼林的抚育方式,１９９９年起我们选用了国际、外生产的新型林用除草剂,如７４．７％农民乐可溶性粒剂、７０％森草净可湿性粉剂、１０％草灌净水悬剂、６．８％林草净水剂、７５％金锄可湿性粉剂等６种８个剂型,在湿地松、马尾松幼林中进行化学除草试验,优选出７４．７％农民乐可溶性粒线公顷商品量３０００～３７５０ｇ于杂草、灌木生长旺盛期作茎、叶处理,除草效果达９０％以上,且对松类幼林安全,经济效益和效益显著。     

核磁共振法测定高州油茶种仁含油率试验

探讨了种仁含水量、颗粒大小和样品量对核磁共振法测定高州油茶种仁含油率结果的影响,并与索氏抽提法进行比较,同时讨论了核磁共振法的测定精密度和稳定性.试验结果表明:种仁含水量、颗粒大小和样品量对高州油茶种仁含油率测定有一定影响,测定时样品需烘至质量恒定,如无特殊要求,样品不需粉碎,样品量范围为6～11 g;同一样品,核磁共振法测定高于索氏抽提法,但两种方法间的绝对偏差小于2％;核磁共振法的测定精密度和稳定性好,可用于高州油茶种仁含油率的快速测定.     

辣木叶粉片剂制备工艺研究

以辣木叶粉为主要原料,采用湿法制粒压片法制备片剂,通过预实验、单因素和正交试验,确定了辣木叶粉片剂主料和辅料用量分别为辣木叶粉96.3%,木糖醇2%、硬脂酸镁0.56%、微粉硅胶0.14%,再加入主料总重50%的浓度为2%PVP水溶液,此条件下可制得呈天然淡绿色,表面光洁,色泽均匀一致,有辣木清香味的片剂。经对辣木叶粉片剂进行质量检查,辣木叶粉片剂制备工艺稳定,质量可控。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.