Enhancement of fungicidal and insecticidal activity by reductive alkylation of chitosan

A series of N-alkyl chitosan (NAC) derivatives were synthesized using a reductive alkylation reaction to examine their fungicidal and insecticidal activity. The chemical structures were characterized by IR and (1)H NMR spectroscopy, and the degree of substitution (DS) ranged from 0.02 to 0.37. Their fungicidal activity was evaluated against the grey mould Botrytis cinerea Pers ex Fr (Leotiales: Sclerotiniaceae) and the rice leaf blast pathogen Pyricularia grisea Sacc [Teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr] by a radial growth bioassay. It was of interest that most of the NAC derivatives were more active against both fungi than chitosan itself. The most active derivative was N-(2,2-diphenylethyl)chitosan with EC50 values of 0.031 and 0.23 g L(-1) against B. cinerea and P. grisea respectively. In addition, some derivatives, at higher concentrations up to 1.0 g L(-1), inhibited the mycelial growth and spore formation of P. grisea. Bioassays against larvae of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with the NAC derivatives at a rate of 5.0 g kg(-1) in artificial diet demonstrated that N-(3-phenylbutyl)chitosan was the most active compound. In addition, N-propylchitosan, N-undecanylchitosan and N-(3-phenylpropyl)chitosan derivatives strongly inhibited larval weight gain in S. littoralis, with respective reductions of 76, 66 and 65% after 4 days of feeding on treated diet.     

Dehydro-alpha-lapachone isolated from Catalpa ovata stems: activity against plant pathogenic fungi

The methanol extract of stems of Catalpa ovata G Don exhibits potent in vivo antifungal activity against Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr (rice blast) on rice plants, Botrytis cinerea Pers ex Fr (tomato grey mould) and Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary (tomato late blight) on tomato plants, Puccinia recondita Rob ex Desm (wheat leaf rust) on wheat plants and Blumeria graminis (DC) Speer f. sp. hordei Marchal (barley powdery mildew) on barley plants. An antifungal substance was isolated and identified as dehydro-alpha-lapachone from mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data. It completely inhibited the mycelial growth of B. cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Simmonds, M. grisea and Pythium ultimum Trow over a range of 0.4-33.3 mg litre(-1). It also controlled the development of rice blast, tomato late blight, wheat leaf rust, barley powdery mildew and red pepper anthracnose (Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr) S Hughes). The chemical was particularly effective in suppressing red pepper anthracnose by 95% at a concentration of 125 mg litre(-1).     

2-甲硫基-1-苯基乙酮苯甲酰腙类化合物的合成和生物活性

为寻找新型结构的农药先导化合物,采用2-甲硫基-1-取代苯基乙酮与取代苯甲酰肼反应合成了11个2-甲硫基-1-苯基乙酮苯甲酰腙类化合物,其化学结构经质谱、1H核磁共振与元素分析确证。生物活性试验结果表明,部分化合物具有杀菌或杀虫活性,如2-甲硫基-1-(4-甲基苯基)乙酮-4-氯苯甲酰腙( Ⅲj )在500 mg/L时对黄瓜灰霉病菌B.cinerea、小麦赤霉病菌G.zeae具有良好的杀菌活性,其抑制率达到95%以上。     

Insecticidal activity of deoxypodophyllotoxin, isolated from Juniperus sabina L, and related lignans against larvae of Pieris rapae L

In the course of screening for naturally occurring insecticides from plants from the northwestern part of China, a petroleum ether extract of Juniperus sabina L was found to show insecticidal activity against fifth-instar larvae of Pieris rapae L. From the extract, an insecticidal compound was isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation. The compound was identified as deoxypodophyllotoxin (1) by comparison of its spectroscopic characteristics with literature data. In bioassays, 1 showed antifeedant activity against fifth-instar larvae of P rapae at 0.05-1.00 g litre(-1) and its AFC50 (concentration for 50% antifeedant activity) values at 12 and 48h were 0.170 and 0.060 g litre(-1), respectively. In that concentration range, all treated insects died within 48 h after treatment and compound 1 showed delayed insecticidal activity. At 0.015-0.100 g litre(-1), 1 showed insecticidal activity, with an LC50 of 0.020 g litre(-1). The related compound deoxypicropodophyllotoxin (2), however, showed lower antifeedant and insecticidal activities than 1 in bioassay. This indicated that the trans-lactone ring is an important moiety for enhancing activity in these compounds. Comparison of the insecticidal activities of 1 and another related compound, podophyllotoxin (3), suggested that varying the substituent at C-4 is an exciting possibility for synthesizing more potent analogues.     

Screening extracts of Achyranthes japonica and Rumex crispus for activity against various plant pathogenic fungi and control of powdery mildew

Methanol extracts of fresh materials of 183 plants were screened for in vivo antifungal activity against Magnaporthe grisea, Corticium sasaki, Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora infestans, Puccinia recondita and Erysiphe graminis f sp hordei. Among them, 33 plant extracts showed disease-control efficacy of more than 90% against at least one of six plant diseases. The methanol extracts of Achyranthes japonica (whole plant) and Rumex crispus (roots) at concentrations greater than 11 g fresh weight of plant tissue per litre of aqueous Tween 20 solution effectively controlled the development of barley powdery mildew caused by E graminis f sp hordei in an in vivo assay using plant seedlings. At a concentration of 300 g fresh weight of plant tissue per litre of Tween 20 solution, the two extracts were as efficient as the fungicide fenarimol (30 mg litre(-1)) and more active than the fungicide polyoxin B (100 and 33 mg litre(-1)) against Sphaerotheca fuliginea on cucumber plants in glasshouse trials.     

2-(溴代吡咯腈-1-基)乙酸衍生物的设计、合成及生物活性

为了发现具有生物活性的新化合物,以溴代吡咯腈为先导化合物,通过亲核取代等反应合成了一系列新型2-(溴代吡咯腈-1-基)乙酸衍生物(5a～5m, 6a～6o),其结构均经核磁共振氢谱(¹H NMR)、碳谱(¹³C NMR)和高分辨质谱(HRMS)确证。杀菌活性测定结果显示：化合物2、3和5m对水稻稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae均表现出良好的杀菌活性,其EC₅₀值分别为0.0532、0.0470和0.0174 mmol/L,优于对照药剂咯菌腈(0.0914 mmol/L),但不及对照药剂嘧菌酯(0.0001 mmol/L);化合物5m表现出一定的杀菌广谱性,其对水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani和小麦根腐病菌Bipolaris sorokiniana的EC₅₀值分别为0.0218和0.0420 mmol/L,但均不及对照药剂咯菌腈(EC₅₀值分别为0.0002和0.0010 mmol/L)。杀虫、杀螨活性测定结果显示,在0.2 mmol/L浓度下,目标化...     

含氟2-氧代环己基磺酰胺的合成及杀菌活性

以环己酮为原料,经磺酰化、碱化后得到2-氧代环己基磺酸钾盐,再经生成酰氯后与胺反应得到9个新的标题化合物,其结构经1H NMR、13C NMR和元素分析确证。初步的生物测定结果表明,部分化合物具有一定的杀菌活性,其中 3e 对棉花立枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani和黄瓜灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea、 3h和3i 对黄瓜灰霉病菌和油菜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum有较好的活性,50 μ g/mL下的抑制率均在90％以上。     

2-酰氨基苯并噻唑-7-甲酸甲酯类化合物的合成及其抗病诱导活性

以3-氨基苯甲酸为原料,经酯化、关环、酰基化等反应合成了22个未见文献报道的2-酰氨基苯并噻唑-7-甲酸甲酯类化合物,其结构经过IR、1H NMR和元素分析确认。初步的生物活性测定结果表明:在1 000mg/L浓度下,部分化合物对黄瓜灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea具有一定的离体抑制活性,抑制率为60%~73%;化合物Ⅲ-4、Ⅲ-13、Ⅲ-19、Ⅲ-20的活体抑菌活性(抑制率)分别为83.0%、65.0%、88.9%和74.8%,均高于相应的离体活性,表现出一定的抗病诱导活性。     

Synthesis and fungicidal activity of ethaboxam against Oomycetes

This study describes the chemical synthesis and intrinsic fungicidal activity of ethaboxam [(RS)-N-(alpha-cyano-2-thenyl)-4-ethyl-2-(ethylamino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide], a new Oomycetes fungicide. In in vitro tests, ethaboxam showed inhibitory activity against isolates of Phytophthora and some Pythium spp, with MIC values ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 mg litre(-1) for nine isolates of Phytophthora infestans (Montagne) de Bary and from 1.0 to 5.0 mg litre(-1) for eight isolates of Phytophthora capsici Leonian. In tests to determine time and concentration for complete inactivation of each pathogen (five isolates of P infestans and five isolates of P capsici), ethaboxam inactivated all isolates of P infestans within 48h at 10 mg litre(-1) and those of P capsici within 96 h at 10 mg litre(-1). Ethaboxam effectively suppressed development of tomato late blight caused by P infestans and pepper Phytophthora blight caused by P capsici in the studies conducted to determine its preventive, curative, persistent and systemic activity. These results show that ethaboxam has desirable fungicidal characteristics as an Oomycetes fungicide.     

Acidic derivatives of the fungicide fenpiclonil: effect of adding a methyl group to the N-substituted chain on systemicity and fungicidal activity

A new acidic derivative of the fungicide fenpiclonil was synthesized containing a methyl group on the alpha-position of the carboxyl function of N-carboxymethyl-3-cyano-4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)pyrrole. The phloem mobility of the resulting N-(1-carboxyethyl)-3-cyano-4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)pyrrole was comparable with that of the former compound, but was higher at external pH 5.0. Unlike the derivatives previously synthesized, it was comparable with fenpiclonil in its fungicidal activity against the pathogenic fungus Eutypa lata.     

N-苯基氨基邻苯二甲酰亚胺衍生物的合成及初步杀虫活性

为寻找新型环境友好型杀虫剂,用取代苯酐与取代苯肼在冰乙酸中缩合,合成了11个未见杀虫活性报道的N-苯基氨基邻苯二甲酰亚胺衍生物,其中7个是新化合物。所有化合物结构均通过核磁共振氢谱及液质联机(LC-MSD)确认,并利用X-ray单晶衍射确认了 A02 的晶体结构。初步的杀虫活性测试结果表明,大部分化合物对小菜蛾具有一定的杀虫活性,其中化合物 A06 在600 g/mL下96 h的致死率达到84％。     

α-甲硫基环十二酮肟醚的合成及杀菌活性

以环十二酮为原料,经α-甲硫基环十二酮制得中间体α-甲硫基环十二酮肟后,经烷基(芳基)化反应合成了10个α-甲硫基环十二酮肟醚,其结构经元素分析、1H NMR、13C NMR和IR的确证。初步生测结果表明,部分化合物对立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani、褐孢霉菌Fulvia fulva(cooke)cifer 、灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea等病原菌具有较好的杀菌活性,其中 F3和 F8 对立枯丝核菌的EC50值为11.22和13.38 μg/mL, 对褐孢霉菌的EC50值为37.12和48.41 μg/mL, F9 对灰霉病菌的EC50值为17.96 μg/mL。     

N-((5-烷硫基-1,3,4-噁二唑)-2-基)甲基溴代吡咯腈的合成及生物活性

为了发现农药活性的新化合物,以溴代吡咯腈为原料,通过亲核取代、肼解和成环等反应,设计合成了一系列N-((5-烷硫基-1,3,4-噁二唑)-2-基)甲基溴代吡咯腈目标化合物( 5a ~ 5t ),所有化合物的结构均得到核磁共振氢谱和高分辨质谱确证。杀菌活性测定结果显示:在浓度为0.20 mmol/L时,大部分目标化合物具有一定的抑菌活性,其中化合物 5h 对水稻稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae的抑制率为60.07%,优于对照药剂咯菌腈(58.21%)。杀虫与杀螨活性测定结果显示:在浓度为0.20 mmol/L时,大部分目标化合物对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura和朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus雌成螨具有一定的杀虫和杀螨活性,但均低于对照药剂虫螨腈(100%)。杀线虫生物测定结果显示:在浓度为0.20 mmol/L时,大部分目标化合物表现出优异的杀线虫活性,其中化合物 5k 、 5r 和 5s 对秀丽隐杆线虫Caenorhabditis elegans的LC₅₀值分别为0.0918、0.0733和0.0810 mmol/L,优于对照药剂噻唑膦(0.2798 mmol/L)。本研究所合成的目标化合物具有一定的杀菌、杀虫、杀螨和杀线虫活性,可为溴代吡咯腈衍生物的设计和合成提供参考。     

N-(4,6-二取代嘧啶-2-基)苯甲酰胺类化合物的合成与杀菌活性

为了寻找高效、安全的杀菌活性化合物,设计并合成了8个N-(4,6-二取代嘧啶-2-基)苯甲酰胺类化合物,其化学结构经1H NMR、IR、LC/MS和元素分析确证。 初步生物活性测定结果表明,该类化合物具有一定的杀菌活性,当浓度为25 mg/L时,化合物 4g 对稻瘟病菌Pyricularia oryzae的抑制率达85.1％,化合物 4f 对小麦赤霉病菌Gibberella zeae的抑制率达92.9％。     

取代苯甲酸酯类化合物的合成与杀菌活性

以取代苯甲酸和异戊醇为原料,合成了14个未见文献报道的取代苯甲酸酯类化合物,其结构均通过红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱和气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）确证。生物活性测定结果表明:14个新化合物对灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea、稻瘟病菌Piricularia oryzae和纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani的活体杀菌活性均好于离体杀菌活性,尤其是化合物3j在500 μg/mL下对黄瓜灰霉病的活体防效达96.4%,3e（500 μg/mL）对水稻稻瘟病的活体防效为96.3%。     

含1,2,4-三唑基和肟醚基的N-甲氧基氨基甲酸酯类化合物的合成及杀菌活性

通过(Z)-1-(取代苯基)-2-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)乙酮肟与N-甲氧基-N-(2-溴甲基苯基)氨基甲酸甲酯反应,合成了11个新的含有三唑基和肟醚基的N-甲氧基氨基甲酸酯类化合物( V1 ~ V11 ),其结构均经1H NMR、IR、LC/MS及元素分析确证。对合成的化合物进行了离体抑菌活性实验,结果表明:在50 mg/L下,所有化合物对小麦赤霉病菌Gibberella zeae (Schw.)Petch、稻瘟病菌Pyricularia oryzae Cav.和黄瓜灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea Pers.都有一定的抑菌活性,其中 V4 、 V11 对稻瘟病菌的抑菌活性分别达96.5%和96.7%,对黄瓜灰霉病菌的抑菌活性分别达到95.9%和90%。     

Synthesis and insecticidal evaluation of novel N-(S-amino)sulfenylated derivatives of diacylhydrazines

A series of new N-(S-amino)sulfenylated derivatives of diacylhydrazines were synthesized by the reaction of S-aminosulfenyl chlorides with N-tert-butyl-N'-benzoyl-N-substituted benzoylhydrazines in the presence of sodium hydride, and evaluated for moulting hormone mimicking activity. In the course of syntheses, N-N bond cleavage in diacylhydrazines was found and the reaction was studied in some detail. The results of bioassay showed that the title compounds exhibit excellent larvicidal activity. Toxicity assays indicated that these compounds can induce a premature, abnormal and lethal larval mount.     

苯甲酰基甲磺酰胺的合成与杀菌活性

以苯乙酮为原料,用三氧化硫·二氧六环进行磺化,经碱中和后制备得到苯甲酰甲磺酸盐;与草酰氯在DMF为催化剂的条件下反应生成磺酰氯,再与胺反应,制备得到14个苯甲酰基甲磺酰胺,其中13个为新化合物。其结构通过1H NMR、IR和元素分析确证。在50 μg/mL浓度时,该系列化合物对番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea、小麦赤霉病菌Gibberlla zeae、水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani、梨黑星病菌Venturia nashicola菌丝生长均具有很好的抑制活性,其中化合物 B-8、B-9、B-10、B-12 对番茄灰霉病菌的EC50值分别为1.0、0.2、1.2、0.4 μg/mL,接近或优于对照药剂嘧霉胺, B-8、B-10、B-11 对小麦赤霉病菌的EC50值分别为0.07、0.2、0.05 μg/mL,优于对照药剂多菌灵。     

昆虫病原线虫共生菌YL001细胞内代谢产物抑菌作用研究初报

以生物活性跟踪法测定了菌株代号为YL001的昆虫病原线虫共生菌Xenorhabdus nematophilus细胞内代谢产物的不同溶剂提取物及其不同馏分的抑菌活性。结果表明,YL001细胞内代谢产物的乙醇提取物和甲醇提取物的抑菌活性均高于石油醚提取物、乙酸乙酯提取物和正丁醇提取物,前两种提取物对番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea和辣椒疫霉病菌Phytophthora capsici的72 h菌丝生长抑制作用最强,在0.4 mol/mL浓度时抑制率均达100％。乙醇提取物经硅胶柱层析分离,洗出液合并后收集得到8个馏分。测定了各馏分对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用,结果表明:馏分F6的抑菌活性最高,在0.5 mol/mL浓度时,96 h的菌丝生长抑制率可达96.09%;提取物的活性段主要集中在馏分F6、F7和F8。活体组织法测定结果表明,其乙醇提取物在10 mg/mL的剂量下对番茄灰霉病的保护效果为64.81%,治疗效果为62.03%。     

N-取代苯基-4-(1-甲基-1H-吡唑-5-基)噻吩-2-甲酰胺的合成、杀菌活性及分子对接

为了寻找结构新颖的琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)类衍生物,在前期发现吡唑联苯甲酰胺基础上,采用骨架跃迁的策略,设计并合成了18个N-取代苯基-4-(1-甲基-1H-吡唑-5-基)噻吩-2-甲酰胺类衍生物(3a～3n,4a～4d),其中17个为新化合物.通过1H NMR、13C NMR和高分辨质谱(HRMS)确证了化合物的结构....