福美双对肉仔鸡肝功能和胫骨软骨发育不良的影响

研究了福美双对肉鸡胫骨软骨发育不良、血清相关酶活性、肝脏SOD、MDA及增重的影响。120只1日龄AA肉仔鸡随机分为3组，对照组、低浓度福美双组（50mg／kg）、高浓度福美双组（100mg／kg）。每组40只鸡，每组4个重复，每个重复10只鸡，试验进行28d。结果表明，饲料中添加福美双可以显著提高肉鸡TD发病率（P〈0．05），升高血清中AST、ALT和ALP的水平和肝脏MDA的含量（P〈0．05），降低肝脏SOD水平和肉鸡的生产性能。福美双可能通过改变肝脏的抗氧化状态，损害肉仔鸡的肝脏功能，影响骨代谢的相关酶活性，导致肉仔鸡胫骨软骨发育不良的发生。     

外源α -淀粉酶对21日龄肉鸡消化器官发育、肠道内源酶活性的影响

选用1日龄AA肉鸡440羽，随机分成4组，每组5个重复，分别饲喂基础日粮（对照组）和在基础日粮中分别添加1000LU／kg（250mg／kg）、3000LU／kg（750mg／kg）、9000LU／kg（2250mg／kg）微生物α-淀粉酶的试验日粮，研究添加不同剂量外源α-淀粉酶对肉鸡消化器官发育和内源酶活。性变化的影响。结果表曝添加淀粉酶不同程度地降低了肉鸡肝脏、肌胃、前肠相对重量和前肠相对长度（P〉0．05）；不同程度地提高了肉鸡前肠内容物淀粉酶、总蛋白酶（P〈0．05）和胰蛋白酶（P〈0．05）活性，但未影响脂肪酶活性，而且高剂量（2250mg／kg）添加组的总蛋白酶（P〈0．05）和淀粉酶活性有下降趋势：肉鸡空肠黏膜DNA、RNA浓度及蔗糖酶、麦芽糖酶活性未受低剂量淀粉酶水平影响，但高剂量降低了蔗糖酶和麦芽糖酶活性（P〈0．05）。     

脂肪乳化剂对肉鸡生长性能和脂肪代谢的影响

试验选用400只哈巴德黄羽肉鸡,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复25只鸡,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组添加250mg／kg蔗糖酯和单甘酯的混合物（混合酯）,试验Ⅱ组添加500mg／kg混合酯,试验Ⅲ组添加500mg／kg大豆卵磷脂。试验结果表明：肉鸡日粮中添加250mg／kg混合酯和500mg／kg大豆磷脂可显著提高肉鸡生长性能（P〈0．05）,添加250mg／kg混合酯能显著提高肉鸡粗脂肪的消化率（P〈0．05）,添加250mg／kg混合酯和500mg／kg大豆磷脂可显著降低肉鸡血清甘油三酯（TG3）含量,提高血清游离脂肪酸（VFA）含量,添加乳化剂对肉鸡血清总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）水平无显著影响。     

大蒜素对肉鸡免疫器官发育及T淋巴细胞阳性率的影响

将240只7日龄AA肉鸡随机分成4组,各组在玉米-豆粕型基础日粮中,分别添加0（对照）、12．5、37．5、62．5mg／kg的大蒜素,饲养期42天。结果表明：各组间肉鸡的免疫器官相对重量相比,添加大蒜素三个处理组35日龄法氏囊均比对照组（0mg／kg）显著增加（P〈0．05）,其中,37．5、62．5mg／kg两处理组21日龄胸腺和62．5mg／kg处理组35日龄脾脏均比对照组显著增加（p〈0．05）;T淋巴细胞阳性率结果显示,37．5mg／kg、62．5mg／kg两处理组明显高于对照组（p〈0．05）。     

酵母铬对热应激肉鸡免疫功能和胴体品质的影响

选用14日龄AA肉仔鸡216只,随机分为6个处理组,每组设3个重复,每重复12只鸡,在基础日粮中分别添加铬0．0（对照）、1．0、2．0、3．0、4．0和5．0mg／kg,试验期4周,测定28d、42d时的免疫器官指数、外周血淋巴细胞转化率以及21d、28d、35d、42d血清新城疫抗体效价和42d胴体品质指标。结果表明：3．0、4．0、5．0mg／kg铬添加水平能够显著提高热应激肉鸡胸腺指数（P〈0．05）;3．0、4．0mg／kg铬添加水平能够显著提高肉鸡血清新城疫抗体效价（P〈0．05）;4．0、5．mg／kg铬添加水平能够显著提高热应激肉鸡28d和42d外周血淋巴细胞转化率（P〈0．05）;日粮添加CrY对热应激肉鸡的屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率均未产生显著影响（P〉0．05）;3．0mg／kg铬添加组腹脂率显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。因此,日粮添加酵母铬可以提高热应激肉鸡免疫器官指数和血清新城疫抗体效价,刺激外周血淋巴细胞的增殖,有改善胴体品质的趋势。     

铜中毒对雏鸡淋巴细胞凋亡的影响

选用1日龄艾维菌肉鸡健雏180只，随机分为3组，分别喂以对照日（Cu 11．97mg／kg）、中毒Ⅰ日（Cu 650mg／kg）和中毒Ⅱ日粮（Cu 850mg／kg），为期6周，以流式细胞术的5r法观察研究了铜中毒对雏鸡免疫器官淋巴细胞凋亡的影响。研究结果表明，铜中毒可诱导淋巴细胞凋亡，2个中毒组免疫器官淋巴细胞凋亡百分率显著高于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。     

谷维素对黄羽肉鸡生产性能和脂肪代谢的影响

试验选用360只岭南黄肉鸡,研究谷维素对生长性能和脂肪代谢的影响,试验鸡分为3个组,每组3个重复。试验分为2个阶段,1。21日龄阶段各组分别饲喂含谷维素0、25和75mg／kg的日粮,22～49日龄阶段各组分别饲喂含谷维素0、30和90mg/kg的日粮。试验结果表明,日粮中添加谷维素对黄羽肉鸡生长性能无显著影响;在0～21日龄阶段,日粮中添加75mg／kg谷维素可使黄羽肉鸡血清中的总胆固醇含量下降20．77％（P〈0．05）,甘油三酯下降27．66％（P〈0．05）;在22。49日龄阶段,日粮中添加60和90mg／kg谷维素可使血清中的高密度脂蛋白分别增加30．45％（P〈0．05）和27．16％（P〈0．05）,添加90rag／rag谷维素使血清中甘油三酯降低33．85％（P〈0．05）。     

山楂叶总黄酮对黄羽肉鸡生长及肉品质的影响

研究选择21日龄快大型岭南黄羽肉鸡为试验动物，以山楂叶总黄酮为饲料添加剂，验证山楂叶总黄酮替代抗生素对黄羽肉鸡生产性能及肉品质的影响。结果表明：（1）日粮中添加山楂叶总黄酮显著提高了黄羽肉鸡4～6周龄的平均日增重（P〈0．05）和采食量（P〈0．05），降低了料重比（P〈0．05）；但对7～9周龄试验鸡的平均日增重、采食量和料重比影响不明显。（2）日粮中添加山楂叶总黄酮，显著提高了胸肌和腿肌的肉色色度百分比（P〈0．05），降低了胸肌的滴水损失（P〉0．05）：其中D组和E组与对照组相比均达到显著性差异（P〈0．05），但对黄羽肉鸡胸肌的剪切力和pH值影响不显著（P〉0．05）。从添加水平对肉鸡生产性能及肉品质的影响看，4～9周肉鸡日粮中以添加20mg／kg效果最佳，而且山楂叶总黄酮各添加水平组与抗生素组相比无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。     

高锌对艾维菌肉鸡血液病理学的系统研究

试验将1日龄艾维菌肉鸡健雏200只随机分为4组,分别喂以基础日粮（Zn 100mg／kg,A组）、高锌日粮Ⅰ（Zn1500mg／kg,B组）、高锌日粮Ⅱ（Zn2000mg／kg,C组）和高锌日粮Ⅲ（Zn2500mg／kg,D组）,试验期为7周。结果表明：B组血清碱性磷酸酶（AKP）活性显著升高（P〈0．05）,D组显著降低（P〈0．05）;血清碱性磷酸酶的同工酶亦受到不同程度的影响;谷丙转氨酶（GPT）、淀粉酶（AMY）活性各试验组显著升高（P〈0．05）;肌酸激酶（CK）活性在试验初期升高,中期不同程度降低（P〈0．05）,试验结束时与对照组无显著差异（P〉0．05）;血清总蛋白（TP）、球蛋白（GLB）含量随锌水平的升高而升高,白蛋白（ALB）含量下降,但均与对照组比较差异不显著（P〉0．05）;血清锌含量随饲料锌水平增高而显著升高（P〈0．05）;血清中钙、磷含量则与饲料锌水平呈负相关。     

不同剂量纳米氧化铜对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响

选180羽1日龄健康AA肉仔鸡，随机分为6组，每组设3个重复。第1、2、4和6组分别以硫酸铜、氧化铜、纳米氧化铜及纳米铜的形式在基础日粮中添加铜8mg／kg，3组和5组以纳米氧化铜形式在基础日粮中分别添加铜4和16mg／kg，试验期42d，研究不同剂量纳米氧化铜对肉鸡生长性能及器官指数的影响。结果表明，与硫酸铜和氧化铜组相比，在饲料中添加纳米氧化铜显著提高肉鸡平均日增质量（P〈0．05），显著降低料重比（P〈0．05），添加纳米铜显著提高1～14d平均日增质量；添加纳米氧化铜和纳米铜对肉鸡病死率无显著影响。     

Effect of diet with thiram on liver antioxidant capacity and tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers

1. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of thiram on liver antioxidant capacity and incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers. 2. One hundred and twenty Avian commercial broilers were allotted at random to three treatments: control group, low thiram group (50 mg/kg) and high thiram group (100 mg/kg). 3. Blood samples were collected to determine the activity of AST (aspartate aminotransferase). At the end of the trial, broilers were killed and liver samples were collected to determine the activity of SOD (superoxide dismutase), GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase) and MDA (malondialdehyde) content, while the right proximal tibiotarsi were dissected in longitudinal section for assessment of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) incidence and TD score. 4. The results showed that thiram increased the incidence of TD and TD scores, increased serum AST activity and MDA content of liver, and decreased the activity of SOD and GSH-Px in the liver. 5. They suggest that thiram causes TD in broilers by reducing liver antioxidation capability and damaging liver function; this may be one of the mechanisms by which thiram causes TD in broilers.     

福美双和铜对肉鸡胫骨软骨发育不良的影响

本试验旨在研究福美双和铜对肉鸡胫骨软骨发育不良、血清相关酶活性和组织铜含量的影响。100羽1日龄AA肉鸡随机分为4组,从8日龄起分别给予基础日粮(对照组),福美双日粮(基础日粮+福美双100 mg/kg),福美双低铜日粮(基础日粮+福美双100 mg/kg+CuSO4.5H2O 50 mg/kg),福美双高铜日粮(基础日粮+福美双100 mg/kg+CuSO4.5H2O 100 mg/kg),试验期至21日龄。结果表明:(1)日粮中添加福美双(100 mg/kg)能显著增加肉鸡TD的发生率;添加铜能降低福美双的这种作用,两者之间存在明显的互作关系;(2)与对照组相比,福美双组和福美双高铜日粮组肉鸡血清钙、磷水平明显升高(P<0.05);血清ALT水平在各组之间无显著差异;血清ALP、AST水平,福美双高铜日粮组与其余各组相比明显升高,差异显著(P<0.05);(3)与对照组相比,其余各组肉鸡胫骨长度均显著下降(P<0.05);(4)日粮中铜添加可提高各组织中铜的沉积;添加福美双能提高肝脏、肾脏、胰腺中铜的沉积,同时降低铜在肾脏中的沉积,而铜的添加能够降低福美双所引起的肾脏铜的增加。提示福美双可能通过损伤肝、肾功能,影响机体组织对铜的生物利用从而诱导肉鸡胫骨软骨发育不良的发生。     

巴戟天多糖对胫骨软骨发育不良的肉鸡生产性能、胫骨指数、胫骨钙磷灰分和血清电解质的影响

目的旨在探究巴戟天多糖（Morinda officinalis How polysaccharides,MOP）对福美双诱导的胫骨软骨发育不良（tibial dyschondroplasia,TD）肉鸡生产性能、胫骨指数、胫骨钙磷灰分和血清电解质的影响。方法选取1日龄健康AA肉仔鸡120只,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复10只肉鸡。对照组（CON组）饲喂基础日粮;福美双诱导TD组（TD组）饲喂基础饲料,在第4天到第7天的饲料中添加100 mg/kg的福美双进行TD模型建立;巴戟天多糖组（MOP组）在接受TD造模处理后,在第7天到第15天的饲料中添加400 mg/kg的巴戟天多糖。结果与CON组相比,从试验开始到试验第7天,TD组肉鸡的平均采食量和平均日增重显著（P<0.05）降低,料肉比增加（P>0.05）;在试验第7天、第11天和第15天时,TD组肉鸡的胫骨生长板宽度和生长板宽度系数显著（P<0.05）增加,胫骨重量和胫骨长度显著（P<0.05）降低,胫骨重量指数降低（P>0.05）,胫骨灰分含量显著（P<0.05）降低,并且血清中电解质紊乱;与TD组相比,在试验第11天和第15天时,MOP组肉鸡的料肉比有降低的趋势（P>0.05）,MOP组肉鸡的生长板宽度和生长板宽度系数显著降低（P<0.05）,胫骨重量、胫骨长度和胫骨重量指数均显著（P<0.05）提高;在试验第11天时,MOP组肉鸡的胫骨灰分含量显著（P<0.05）提高;随着试验时间的延长,MOP组肉鸡的血清电解质含量趋于平衡。结论饲料中添加巴戟天多糖可以有效缓解和改善由福美双诱导的肉鸡TD症状。     

Effects of high dietary vitamin A supplementation on tibial dyschondroplasia, skin pigmentation and growth performance in avian broilers

An experiment was conducted to study high dietary vitamin A on tibial dyschondroplasia, growth performance and skin pigmentation in broilers. One hundred and twenty Avian commercial broilers were randomly allotted to three treatments: group C (control group), in which broilers were fed basic diet containing vitamin A 5512IU/kg diet; group A, in which broilers were fed basic diet with addition vitamin A 35512IU/kg; group B, broilers were fed basic diet with supplement vitamin A 65512IU/kg. The experiment lasted 35d and at the end of the trial, broilers were killed and the right proximal tibiotarsi were dissected in longitudinal section for the assessment of TD incidence and TD index, skin from the same area of breast and tibia in broilers were collected to determine pigmentation. The results showed that a high level vitamin A significantly increased the rate of TD incidence and TD index, but middle level vitamin A did not have a significant effect on that. Both low and high retinoic acid decreased growth performance and skin pigmentation in broilers. It suggests that a high dietary vitamin A cause tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers, decreased growth performance and skin pigmentation. It is likely that the effect of vitamin A on TD is mediated through a depression of vitamin D status.     

福美双诱发肉鸡胫骨软骨发育不良的组织病理学变化

120羽1日龄健康AA肉鸡预饲1周后随机分为2组,对照组饲以基础日粮,试验组饲以基础日粮添加100mg/kg福美双,进行了肉鸡胫骨长度、生长板厚度、肉鸡胫骨软骨发育不良(TD)指数及TD发病率等指标的检测,并进行了形态学和组织病理学观察。结果显示,患病鸡胫骨长度、生长板厚度和TD指数均有显著变化(P<0.01),TD发病率显著上升(P<0.05);病鸡胫骨近端的纵切面有玉白色楔状软骨团块深入干骺端甚至骨髓腔,呈现典型的胫骨软骨发育不良病理学变化。结果提示,100 mg/kg福美双可显著提高AA肉鸡TD发病率,并引起相应的组织病理学变化,为TD分子机理的研究提供了一个理想的实验动物模型。     

磷源对福美双诱导的肉鸡胫骨软骨发育不良及骨骼钙、磷代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究磷酸一二钙(MDCP)和磷酸氢钙(DCP)对福美双诱导的肉鸡胫骨软骨发育不良(TD)及骨骼钙、磷代谢的影响。选取1日龄科宝(Cobb)肉雏鸡120只,试验1～21 d采用2因子设计,按磷源的不同分为2个处理(磷源DCP和MDCP),每个处理60只鸡;试验22～42 d采用2×2因子设计,将每种磷源按福美双的添加水平不同再分为2个处理(福美双水平为0和100 mg/kg),每个处理3个重复,每个重复10只鸡。福美双组在基础饲粮中添加100mg/kg福美双,于22～28 d饲喂,然后换喂对应不含福美双饲粮。结果表明:1)MDCP组肉鸡第35天TD评分相对DCP组有降低的趋势(P=0.09),但磷源对肉鸡第28和42天TD评分影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。福美双显著升高了肉鸡第28、35和42天TD评分(P<0.05)。2)福美双和磷源对肉鸡第35天胫骨灰分、钙和磷含量交互效应显著(P<0.05)。福美双诱导条件下,MDCP组肉鸡第35天胫骨灰分、钙、磷含量显著高于DCP组(P<0.05)。3)DCP组第35天血清甲状旁腺素含量高于MDCP组(P=0.12)。由此可见,相对DCP,MDCP对福美双诱导的TD发生有一定减缓作用,且与肉鸡骨骼钙、磷代谢密切相关。2种磷源对肉鸡最终TD评分影响差异不显著。     

Effects of non-antibiotic feed additives on performance, tibial dyschondroplasia incidence and tibia characteristics of broilers fed low-calcium diets

This experiment was conducted to investigate and compare the efficacy of different feed additives on performance, tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) incidence and tibia characteristics of male broilers fed low-calcium diets. A completely randomized design, with six treatments and five replicates of five chicks per each was used. Experimental treatments were: (i) Basal diet containing recommended level of calcium (0.9%) as control treatment (Ctrl), (ii) low-calcium (0.67%) diet without any additive (LC), (iii) low-calcium diet + probiotic (2 g/kg diet), (iv) low-calcium diet + prebiotic (2 g/kg diet), (v) low-calcium diet + synbiotic [mix of probiotic and prebiotic (each 2 g/kg diet)], (vi) low-calcium diet + organic acid (1.5 g/kg diet). Birds were reared in an open-sided house system under natural tropical condition until 21 days of age. Feeding with low-calcium diet negatively influenced broiler performance (body weight, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio) and tibia characteristics, whereas dietary inclusion of all feed additives had beneficial effects on above-mentioned parameters and helped the birds to overcome problems related to low-calcium diets. Different treatments had no effect on TD incidence.     

Effects of different management factors on broiler performance and incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia

(1) This study was to determine the effects of two lighting programmes (continuous--24L:0D or intermittent--12L:3(1L:3D)), two feeding programmes (continuous--ad libitum or meal Jeeding--3 h feed:3 h deprivation x 4 times per d) and two ascorbic acid (AA) supplementations (0 or 150 mg/l in water) on broiler performance and incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD). (2) One-day-old male commercial (Ross PM3) broiler chicks (1600) were used. The chicks were randomly divided into 8 treatment groups (2 x 2 x 2) and their replicates (2) replicates per treatment). (3) Intermittent lighting increased body weight and improved feed conversion. Body weight of broilers was decreased by meal feeding. AA supplementation had no significant effect on the body weight and feed conversion ratio. There was no lighting x feeding x supplemental AA interaction for body weight, feed conversion ratio, mortality rate and carcase weight. (4) Supplemental AA improved the cortical thickness of tibiotarsus and decreased the incidence of TD. (5) It was concluded that the application of intermittent lighting in combination with supplementation of 150 mg/l AA is a useful method to reduce TD in broilers without loss of performance.