半干旱黄土区土壤水分垂直分布规律的研究——以甘肃省兰州市孙家岔流域为例

以甘肃省兰州市孙家岔流域为研究对象,使用1982~1983年、2011年实测土壤水分资料,利用地统计法分析了该流域土壤水分的垂向变异特征。结果表明,球状模型对丰水年不同土地利用（梯田、荒坡、坡耕地、乔木林地）土壤水分的垂向分布拟合为极显著。在平水年球状模型仅对梯田、乔木林地的实验变异函数拟合较好,而对坡面地区的坡耕地和荒坡的拟合并不显著。枯水年梯田和林地的空间变异对模型仍然有一定的吻合,而坡耕地和荒坡土壤水分空间分布变异中有较大的随机性,即使在雨季时空间自相关也很弱。不同水文年下不同土地利用的土壤水分垂向变化表现出明显的季节变化趋势,变程为1.687～3.404 m,在该自相似范围内测得土壤特性的变异程度基本一致。     

半干旱黄土区土壤水分垂直分布规律的研究——以甘肃省兰州市孙家岔流域为例

以甘肃省兰州市孙家岔流域为研究对象,使用1981-1983年、2011年实测土壤水分资料,利用地统计法分析了该流域土壤水分的垂向变异特征.结果表明,球状模型对丰水年不同土地利用(梯田、荒坡、坡耕地、乔木林地)土壤水分的垂向分布拟合为极显著.在平水年球状模型仅对梯田、乔木林地的实验变异函数拟合较好,而对坡面地区的坡耕地和荒坡的拟合并不显著.枯水年梯田和林地的空间变异对模型仍然有一定的吻合,而坡耕地和荒坡土壤水分空间分布变异中有较大的随机性,即使在雨季时空间自相关也很弱.不同水文年下不同土地利用的土壤水分垂向变化表现出明显的季节变化趋势,变程为1.687 ～3.404 m,在该自相似范围内测得土壤特性的变异程度基本一致.     

干热河谷不同土地利用类型坡面土壤水分时空变异

为探究干热河谷区不同土地利用类型坡面土壤水分的时空变化规律,以元谋干热河谷老城小流域水土保持综合治理示范区内的银合欢人工林地、扭黄茅草丛地和坡耕地为研究对象,采用经典统计学和地统计学克里格插值相结合的分析方法,对3种土地类型坡面土壤水分的时间和空间异质性进行研究。结果表明:元谋干热河谷区土壤含水量较低(林地旱季7.56%,雨季12.80%;草地旱季8.05%,雨季12.66%;坡耕地旱季19.37%,雨季22.95%),雨季显著大于旱季。旱、雨季均表现为坡耕地草地林地,呈中等至强度变异(0.14~0.72之间);不同土地利用类型下各层土壤水分的自相关系数均由正向负转化的相同趋势,但拐点有所不同,且雨季大于旱季;不同土地利用类型下旱、雨季土壤水分的最佳拟合模型林地与草地相同(林地与草地旱雨季均为球状模型,坡耕地旱雨季为指数模型),均呈中等或强等空间相关性(0.05~0.39之间),且旱季大于雨季;同一土地类型下旱、雨季不同土层的土壤水分空间分布相似,不同土地利用类型下相同土层分布格局则不同。     

Carbon stocks, soil respiration and microbial biomass in fire-prone tropical grassland, woodland and forest ecosystems

A thorough understanding of the role of microbes in C cycling in relation to fire is important for estimation of C emissions and for development of guidelines for sustainable management of dry ecosystems. We investigated the seasonal changes and spatial distribution of soil total, dissolved organic C (DOC) and microbial biomass C during 18 months, quantified the soil CO₂ emission in the beginning of the rainy season, and related these variables to the fire frequency in important dry vegetation types grassland, woodland and dry forest in Ethiopia. The soil C isotope ratios (δ¹³C) reflected the 15-fold decrease in the grass biomass along the vegetation gradient and the 12-fold increase in woody biomass in the opposite direction. Changes in δ¹³C down the soil profiles also suggested that in two of the grass-dominated sites woody plants were more frequent in the past. The soil C stock ranged from being 2.5 (dry forest) to 48 times (grassland) higher than the C stock in the aboveground plant biomass. The influence of fire in frequently burnt wooded grassland was evident as an unchanged or increasing total C content down the soil profile. DOC and microbial biomass measured with the fumigation-extraction method (C_mic) reflected the vertical distribution of soil organic matter (SOM). However, although SOM was stable throughout the year, seasonal fluctuations in C_mic and substrate-induced respiration (SIR) were large. In woodland and woodland-wooded grassland C_mic and SIR increased in the dry season, and gradually decreased during the following rainy season, confirming previous suggestions that microbes may play an important role in nutrient retention in the dry season. However, in dry forest and two wooded grasslands C_mic and SIR was stable throughout the rainy season, or even increased in this period, which could lead to enhanced competition with plants for nutrients. Both the range and the seasonal changes in soil microbial biomass C in dry tropical ecosystems may be wider than previously assumed. Neither SIR nor C_mic were good predictors of in situ soil respiration. The soil respiration was relatively high in infrequently burnt forest and woodland, while frequently burnt grasslands had lower rates, presumably because most C is released through dry season burning and not through decomposition in fire-prone systems. Shifts in the relative importance of the two pathways for C release from organic matter may have strong implications for C and nutrient cycling in seasonally dry tropical ecosystems.     

不同时间尺度反坡台阶红壤坡耕地土壤水分动态变化规律

为研究反坡台阶对红壤坡耕地土壤水分不同时间尺度变化以及土壤干湿变化的影响,在2016—2017年对布设反坡台阶坡耕地和原状坡耕地0～100 cm深度土壤水分状况进行了持续监测,计算了土壤相对含水率和增墒率。结果表明,反坡台阶对土壤水分的增加作用在枯水年更为显著(P0.05)。坡耕地旱季各土层土壤含水率变化相对不明显,基本上呈现出随着土层深度逐渐增加的规律;7月、9月和11月则呈现出明显的S状的规律;坡耕地布设反坡台阶后,各个时段各个土层土壤含水率均有了明显的提高,尤其是在5月土壤补水期和11月土壤失水期对土壤水分的增加效果更加明显。坡耕地土壤逐日含水率变异程度随着土层深度增加而逐渐减小;反坡台阶处理坡耕地和原状坡耕地5、20和40cm处土壤逐日含水率与降雨量呈现极显著的相关关系(P0.01),60cm处土壤逐日含水率与降雨量达显著相关(P0.05),而80、100 cm深度土壤逐日含水率与降雨量之间相关关系不显著。反坡台阶对坡耕地5、20、40、60、80、100 cm处土壤平均增墒率分别达到15.22%、15.25%、16.91%、15.60%、16.50%和16.17%,而其对不同深度土壤增墒率在年内均呈现出不同的变化规律。坡耕地布设反坡台阶,显著增加了土壤含水率,增加了土壤湿润期的持续时间,并且能显著提高坡耕地降雨利用率,这对于解决坡耕地的生态水文型干旱问题,提高山区坡耕地农业生产力具有重要意义。     

不同水稻、小麦品种对N2O排放的影响

Plant species of cropping systems may affect nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. A field experiment was conducted to investigate dynamics of N2O emissions from rice-wheat fields from December 2006 to June 2007 and the relationship between soil and plant parameters with N2O emissions. The results indicated that N2O emissions from different wheat varieties ranged from 12 to 291 μg N2O-N m-2 h-1 and seasonal N2O emissions ranged from 312 to 385 mg N2O-N m-2. In the rice season, it was from 11 to 154 μg N2O-N m-2 h-1 with seasonal N2O emission of 190--216 mg N2O-N m-2. The seasonal integrated flux of N2O differed significantly among wheat and rice varieties. The wheat variety HUW 234 and rice variety Joymoti showed higher seasonal N2O emissions. In the wheat season, N2O emissions correlated with soil organic carbon (SOC), soil NO3--N, soil temperature, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight. Among the variables assessed, soil temperature followed by SOC and soil NO3--N were considered as the important variables influencing N2O emission. N2O emission in the rice season was significantly correlated with SOC, soil NO3--N, soil temperature, leaf area, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight. The main driving forces influencing N2O emission in the rice season were soil NO3--N, leaf area, and SOC.     

降水年型对黑土区土壤水分动态变化的影响

利用长期定位试验,研究了黑土区不同降水年型下荒地、裸地和农田土壤水分的变化特征.结果表明,降水年型能够影响不同植被类型下土壤水分的季节性动态变化和垂直变化.丰水年不同植被类型土壤含水量均呈"v"型曲线变化,最低值出现在7月份,观测期内裸地较高;平水年呈"W"型曲线变化,分别在6月份和8月份出现两个低值,不同植被类型表现为裸地>荒地>农田;枯水年除裸地在观测后期土壤含水量略有增加外,荒地和农田均持续下降.降水年型对土壤水分变异系数的影响表现为枯水年>平水年>丰水年.其中荒地土壤水分变化最为剧烈,表现在枯水年出现了速变层,而在丰水分内次活跃层也较农田向土壤深层延伸,其次为农田和裸地.     

Effect of land management and soil texture on seasonal variations in soil microbial biomass in dry tropical agroecosystems in Tanzania

Soil microbes are an essential component of most terrestrial ecosystems; as decomposers they are responsible for regulating nutrient dynamics, and they also serve as a highly labile nutrient pool. Here, we evaluated seasonal variations in microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) as well as microbial activity (as qCO₂) for 16 months with respect to several factors relating to soil moisture and nutrients under different land management practices (plant residue application, fertilizer application) in both clayey (38% clay) and sandy (4% clay) croplands in Tanzania. We observed that MBC and MBN tended to decrease during the rainy season whereas they tended to increase and remain at high levels during the dry season in all treatment plots at both of our test sites, although soil moisture did not correlate with MBC or MBN. qCO₂ correlated with soil moisture in all treatment plots at both sites, and hence soil microbes act as decomposers mainly during the rainy season. Although the effect of seasonal variation of soil moisture on the dynamics of MBC, MBN, and qCO₂ was certainly greater than that attributable to plant residue application, fertilizer application, or soil texture, plant residue application early in the rainy season clearly increased MBC and MBN in both clayey and sandy soils. This suggests that plant residue application can help to not only counter the N loss caused by leaching but also synchronize crop N uptake and N release from soil microbes by utilizing these microbes as an ephemeral nutrient pool during the early crop growth period. We also found substantially large seasonal variations in MBC and MBN, continuously high qCO₂, and rapid turnover of soil microbes in sandy soil compared to clayey soil. Taken together, our results indicate that soil microbes, acting as both a nutrient pool and decomposers, have a more substantial impact on tropical sandy soil than on clayey soil.     

松花坝水源区水窖对坡耕地地表径流及N、P输出的控制效果

通过3年的野外定点监测,研究昆明松花坝水源区微区域集水系统对坡耕地地表径流集蓄及径流面源污染物输出的控制效果,结果表明:一座容量为20 m3的水窖可集蓄坡度5°～25°、水平面积128～556 m2的产流量,集水区面积随坡度增大或作物覆盖度减小而相应减小;雨季,水窖每蓄水1 m3可同时蓄积总氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、总磷、磷酸盐分别达到0.38～1.60、0.26～0.92、0.03～0.31、0.04～0.13、0.02～0.06 g,有效减少了N、P随径流的输出量;旱季,随着水窖蓄水量减少,总氮、硝态氮、铵态氮浓度增大,而到次年雨季,其浓度值又会急剧降低。     

等高反坡阶措施对滇中红壤坡耕地土壤贮水量的影响

为探讨布设等高反坡阶后土壤水分驱动特征,揭示其水源涵养能力,以滇中昆明市北郊松华坝迤者小流域为研究区,采用野外监测与室内测试分析相结合的方法,分析了2017年5月1日-2018年4月30日期间不同土层深度（0-100 cm）土壤贮水量时空变化特征及其与其他物理性质的关系。结果表明:（1）试验期间雨季和旱季降雨量分别为528.5,41.5 mm,占试验年降雨量的92.7%,7.3%,I₃₀（最大30分钟雨强）与降雨量的整体变化趋势一致;（2）布设等高反坡阶后,各土层平均土壤贮水量较原状坡耕地在雨季和旱季分别增加9.6%~13.5%,10.0%~23.9%;（3）布设等高反坡阶后坡耕地土壤贮水量变异系数明显减小（p<0.05）,各土层深度下土壤贮水量变异系数的大小为:20 cm > 40 cm > 60 cm > 80 cm > 100 cm;（4）土壤贮水量随土层深度的增加明显减弱,布设等高反坡阶对坡耕地土壤贮水量的影响表现为40 cm > 20 cm > 60 cm > 80 cm > 100 cm;（5）等高反坡阶处理和不同土层深度交互作用对土壤贮水量的影响显著,修正模型平方和达到48 149.124。综上,等高反坡阶处理对坡耕地土壤的贮水能力具有明显的提高作用,对坡耕地地表径流拦蓄、增加水分入渗和减少土壤流失改善作用显著。