短花针茅荒漠草原物种数空间变化特点及其与取样方法的关系

以短花针茅荒漠草原物种数为研究对象,采用样线法和样地法两种取样方法,对短花针茅荒漠草原物种数空间分布特点及其与不同取样方法的关系进行初步探讨,结果表明：短花针茅荒漠草原物种数在不同样方间的变化为4-17种/m^2。样线法取样时平均物种数为9-10种/m^2,空间变化的结构比随样线长度的增加整体呈减小的变化趋势,分形维数在样线长度为1500m时最小,采用样线法取样时样线长度应该在1500m-2000m比较适宜。样地法取样时平均物种数为11-12种/m2,样地法取样时结构比随样地面积的增加呈先增加后稳定的变化趋势,分形维数随样地面积的增加而逐渐增大,样地取样面积在6400m^2-8100m^2比较适宜。样地法取样会在两个方向上同时获得荒漠草原物种数空间分布信息,更能够全面地反映荒漠草原物种数空间分布特点。     

照片样线法测量人工草地覆盖度精度分析

草地覆盖度是评估植被情况的客观指标和重要的生态学参数。理想的草地覆盖度测量方法应该耗时短,工具简单,结果准确。将传统实地样线法的思路应用于样方照片分析,提出了草地覆盖度测量的照片样线法,通过实地拍摄样方照片,使用电脑中的虚拟刻度尺作为样线,进行覆盖度测量。以结缕草(Zoysia japonica)、白三叶(Trifolium repens)和雀稗(Paspalum thunbergii)3 种人工草地为研究对象,以照相法测量值为参考,对比实地目估法、照片目估法和实地样线法,分析了照片样线法的测量精度和适用性。结果表明：实地目估法、照片目估法和实地样线法测量误差分别为 5. 6%、14. 6% 和 2. 7%;每个 50 cm × 50 cm 草地样方采用实地样线法,野外测量时间约 3. 5 min。照片样线法测量误差平均为 3. 3%,每个 50 cm × 50 cm 样方需要消耗约 3. 7 min 室内测量时间。样线数量从 2 条(合计 1. 4 m)增加到 4 条(合计 2. 4 m)时,误差仅降低 0. 1%,增加样线数量不能明显提高测量精度,但耗时增加近 1 倍(3. 5 min)。因此,推荐用 2 条样线的照片样线法作为类似草地覆盖度测量方法,测量耗时短且精度较高。     

华北驼绒藜生物量测定的方法

在研究调查的基础上,参考相关文献,比较了当前灌木生物量研究中较为常用的样方法、评分数量化方法与目测法、利用数码照片估算等方法,对华北驼绒藜生物量测定方法进行了综合对比,结果表明,利用样方法、样线法和1/4取样法适合于华北驼绒藜生物量的测定,能够得到比较客观精确的数据,以期为在荒漠草原干旱半干旱地区大力推广种植华北驼绒藜和改良天然驼绒藜草地提供技术支撑.     

华北驼绒藜生物量测定的方法

在研究调查的基础上,参考相关文献,比较了当前灌木生物量研究中较为常用的样方法、评分数量化方法与目测法、利用数码照片估算等方法,对华北驼绒藜生物量测定方法进行了综合对比,结果表明,利用样方法、样线法和1／4取样法适合于华北驼绒藜生物量的测定,能够得到比较客观精确的数据．以期为在荒漠草原干旱半干旱地区大力推广种植华北驼绒藜和改良天然驼绒藜草地提供技术支撑。     

东祁连山高寒草原柳灌丛—草地群落结构研究

以东祁连山高寒地区柳灌丛群落为研究对象,在海拔3 050～3 450 m内设2样线,每样线沿海拔梯度每50 m设1个16 m×16 m调查样地,采用记名记数法取样调查,对柳灌丛群落的结构、组成进行了系统研究.结果表明,东祁连山高寒柳灌丛群落主要由30种植物构成,其中,灌木植物13种,草本植物17种,立面上该群落由高位芽植物层片、地面芽植物层片和地下芽植物层片组成.     

贺兰山马麝(Moschus sifanicus)夏季生境选择研究

2014-2015年夏季,在贺兰山使用样线法和样方法对濒危野生动物马麝(Moschus sifanicus)的生境进行调查.拟合优度卡方检验和Bonferroni不等式对非数值型生境因子进行分析,结果表明:贺兰山马麝夏季对植被类型、优势乔木、坡向以及坡位这4种生境因子有偏好性,喜欢在青海云杉(Picea crassif...     

羊草草原植被监测方法的比较研究

在草原长期生态监测和研究过程中,观测方法的一致性和可比性是保证数据质量及其控制的关键环节,预防观测误差比纠正误差要容易得多。因此,选择什么样的取样方法,在现代标准化和网络化的监测和研究活动中至关重要。通过对两种样线法、巢式样方法和1m×1m样方法等4种方法监测羊草草原植物物种丰富度和生产力的比较研究发现,在草原植被监测,尤其是长期监测过程中,宜将物种丰富度的监测与生产力的监测分离开来。在以物种丰富度为监测目的时,样线法为宜,最小样线长度为400m;在以监测羊草草原群落地上生物量为目的时,1m×1m样方法为宜,最少样方数为10。这样既可以缩小长期固定监测样地的面积,又可以节省人力、物力和财力。     

草原蝗虫不同调查取样方法的对比研究

草原蝗虫生长发育情况调查一般采用扫网取样法和样框取样法,笔者在实际调查中发现对于植被盖度较低的草原通过随机踏查调查可达到监测目标,且比较便捷,随对这3种取样方法调查结果等进行综合对比和分析。     

红花尔基樟子松林国家级自然保护区松鼠的生境选择特征

采用样线法以巢址为指标在红花尔基樟子松林国家级自然保护区对松鼠的生境保护选择进行了定量研究。使用样线法进行调查,共获取147个巢样方和160个对照样方,对每个样方分别测定了8个环境参数。主成分分析结果表明,影响松鼠巢址选择的诸因素重要性依次为：林型、生境的郁闭程度、生境所处坡向坡位。松鼠显著倾向于在利用苔草樟子松林,随机利用其他类型樟子松林,而对杨桦林等则倾向回避。松鼠巢树周围的树木密度和多样性显著高于对照样方。巢址生境多位于南向的中、下坡位。     

内蒙古典型草原物种多样性的空间尺度效应及其分形分析

为研究空间尺度对物种多样性的影响,以内蒙古典型草原为对象,采用样线调查法分析Shannon指数和Patrick 丰富度指数2种α多样性指数随取样尺度的变化特征,结合分形理论和方法,得出2种α多样性指数的分形维数D。结果表明:随着取样尺度的逐渐增加,Shannon指数呈先迅速增加后降低的规律,而Patrick 丰富度指数达到最大值后则保持不变;5 m²(1 m×5 m)是该区域α多样性研究的最佳尺度;在5 m范围内,2种α多样性指数与取样尺度在双对数坐标上均呈极显著线性相关(P<0.01),相关系数(R)都在0.99以上,5 m后未表现出明显的线性规律;D值表明该区域物种组成简单。因此,在植物群落多样性研究中,采用较小的单个或多个样方要格外谨慎,应根据研究目的和多样性指标反应的特征来综合考虑取样尺度。     

Influence of protein supplementation frequency on cows consuming low-quality forage: performance, grazing behavior, and variation in supplement intake

The objectives of this research were to determine the influence of protein supplementation frequency on cow performance, grazing time, distance traveled, maximum distance from water, cow distribution, DMI, DM digestibility, harvest efficiency, percentage of supplementation events frequented, and CV for supplement intake for cows grazing low-quality forage. One hundred twenty pregnant (60 +/- 45 d) Angus x Hereford cows (467 +/- 4 kg BW) were used in a 3 x 3 Latin square design for one 84-d period in each of three consecutive years. Cows were stratified by age, BCS, and BW and assigned randomly to one of three 810-ha pastures. Treatments included an unsupplemented control (CON) and supplementation every day (D; 0.91 kg, DM basis) or once every 6 d (6D; 5.46 kg, DM basis) with cottonseed meal (CSM; 43% CP, DM basis). Four cows from each treatment (each year) were fitted with global positioning system collars to estimate grazing time, distance traveled, maximum distance from water, cow distribution, and percentage of supplementation events frequented. Collared cows were dosed with intraruminal n-alkane controlled-release devices on d 28 for estimation of DMI, DM digestibility, and harvest efficiency. Additionally, Cr2O3 was incorporated into CSM on d 36 at 3% of DM for use as a digesta flow marker to estimate the CV for supplement intake. Cow BW and BCS change were greater (P < or = 0.03) for supplemented treatments compared with CON. No BW or BCS differences (P > or = 0.14) were noted between D and 6D. Grazing time was greater (P = 0.04) for CON compared with supplemented treatments, with no difference (P = 0.26) due to supplementation frequency. Distance traveled, maximum distance from water, cow distribution, DMI, DM digestibility, and harvest efficiency were not affected (P > or = 0.16) by protein supplementation or supplementation frequency. The percentage of supplementation events frequented and the CV for supplement intake were not affected (P > or = 0.58) by supplementation frequency. Results suggest that providing protein daily or once every 6 d to cows grazing low-quality forage increases BW and BCS gain, while decreasing grazing time. Additionally, protein supplementation and supplementation frequency may have little to no effect on cow distribution, DMI, and harvest efficiency in the northern Great Basin.     

高寒混播草地牦牛优化放牧强度的研究 Ⅰ以牦牛增重为目标研究牧草生长季的最佳放牧强度

垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans—星星草Puccinellia tenuiflora混播草地3个放牧季的牦牛放牧试验结果表明:相同放牧区每公顷草地牦牛总增重之间的差异不显著(P>0.05),同一放牧季各放牧区牦牛总增重之间的差异极显著(P<0.01),且各放牧季牦牛的个体增重与放牧强度均呈显著的线性回归关系;2003年单位面积草地牦牛增重随放牧强度的增加而增加,2004和2005年单位面积草地牦牛增重与放牧强度呈二次回归关系;通过二次回归方程计算得到:牧草生长季牦牛最佳放牧强度为7.23头/hm2。     

温性荒漠草原土壤酶与肥力的关系

为揭示放牧扰动下土壤养分供给水平的变化,对温性荒漠草原冬春季牧场不同放牧强度下土壤酶活性与肥力因子的关系进行了研究.结果表明:放牧区土壤呈弱碱性;随放牧强度的增加,土壤容重增大;除对照区外,各层土壤含水量、全氮、速效氮、有机质和速效磷均随放牧强度的增加而下降,且随土层深度的加深含量有递减趋势;除重牧区20～30cm土层外,各放牧区各土层土壤脲酶含量差异不显著;土壤碱性磷酸酶各放牧区极显著高于对照区(P＜0.01);过氧化氢酶除0～10cm土层随放牧强度的增加有增加趋势外,其他各层均表现LG＞ MG＞CK＞ HG的变化.相关分析表明,3种酶与土壤主要肥力因子间相关显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01),说明土壤酶可以用来表征土壤肥力状况;主成分分析同样得出土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性与土壤肥力之间具有良好的相关性,可以用来指示草原退化与恢复状况.     

放牧强度和放牧时间对牦牛干物质采食量及其表观消化率的影响

垂穗披碱草/星星草混播草地3个放牧季节的牦牛放牧试验结果表明:放牧强度和放牧时间对牦牛采食量均有极显著的影响(P<0.01),在放牧期内,牦牛干物质的采食量随放牧强度的增加而减小,而且随放牧时间的延续,各放牧区牦牛的干物质采食量均在8月5-20日达到最大;放牧强度对牦牛粪干物质的影响极显著(P<0.01),而放牧时间(季节变化)对它的影响不显著(P>0.05);极轻度和轻度放牧区牦牛干物质的消化率均在7月20日-8月5日达到最大,而中度和重度放牧区均在8月20日-9月5日达到最大。     

不同放牧强度对矮嵩草草甸群落返青的影响

对青海省海北地区矮嵩草草甸植物群落不同放牧强度下返青时的特征进行了调查。结果表明，不同放牧强度对群落返青时的植物种类组成影响明显，种丰富度随放牧强度的增大而减少，莎草科植物类群的重要值增加，禾本科与杂类草的重要值无明显变化，细叶亚菊、棘豆等杂毒草的重要值减少，同时各类群内植物密度、频度、盖度、地上生物量以及重要值等数量指标随放牧的变化比较复杂，与群落处于季节稳定状态时（7－8月份）的特征并不完全相同，说明尚不能简单地对该群落不同时期的特征进行了相互推证。     

紫花苜蓿混播草地分区位置和放牧阶段对绵羊采食行为的影响

在紫花苜蓿混播草地放牧利用过程中,由于家畜行为对分区位置和放牧阶段的适应机制尚不清晰,制约了混播草地的科学利用和高效转化。本文研究了苜蓿混播草地分区位置和放牧阶段对绵羊活动距离和活动时间的影响。结果表明：放牧分区位置距离饮水点和休息区的距离每增加100 m,绵羊的活动距离增加2.42 km·d^-1,活动时间增加46.74 min·d^-1。不同放牧阶段草地质量差异明显,绵羊的活动距离和活动时间随着放牧阶段,即进入放牧分区后的天数增加而显著增加。绵羊通过改变活动距离和活动时间适应放牧分区位置和放牧阶段草地质量的变化,增加活动速率来适应草地质量的降低。苜蓿混播草地集约化放牧育肥时,饮水点和休息区距离放牧分区最远端的距离不宜超过198 m,每个分区放牧时间不宜超过4 d。研究结果可为苜蓿混播草地肉羊高效放牧育肥提供技术支撑。     

Offstream water and trace mineral salt as management strategies for improved cattle distribution

The objective of this study was to test the combined effect of offstream water and trace mineral salt on cattle distribution in a riparian meadow and its adjacent uplands. From July 15 to August 26, 1996 and 1997, three treatments were each randomly assigned to one pasture in each of three blocks. Sixty cow/calf pairs were then randomly allotted to the grazed pastures. The treatments included 1) stream access and access to offstream water and trace-mineral salt (off-stream), 2) stream access and no access to offstream water or trace-mineral salt (no-offstream), and 3) ungrazed control. The response of cattle was measured through visual observations of cattle distribution, grazing activity and travel distance, cow/calf performance, and fecal deposit distribution. Distribution patterns of the cattle, measured as the distance of cattle from the stream, was characterized by a time of day x treatment x time in grazing period x year interaction (P < 0.05). No-offstream cattle began the day further from the stream than offstream cattle but consistently moved closer to the stream after the morning grazing period (0600 to 0900). Differences in distribution patterns between the two treatments were more pronounced early in the grazing period than late in the grazing period. Grazing activity, fecal deposit distribution, and travel distance of cattle were not affected by the presence of offstream water and trace-mineral salt. Cows and calves with offstream water and trace-mineral salt gained 11.5 kg and 0.14 kg/d more, respectively, than no-offstream cows and calves averaged across years (P < 0.05). Overall, cattle distribution patterns and cow/calf performance were influenced by the presence of offstream water and trace-mineral salt. Changes in distribution were most pronounced early in the grazing season.     

大赖草对不同放牧方式的适应策略

研究不同放牧方式下大赖草对放牧的适应策略。结果表明．大赖草的植株高度、分蘖节节间距地面距离在全天放牧方式下最高,夜间放牧方式下株高和蘖位最低;放牧结束时叶表皮细胞面积、叶肉细胞密度在夜间放牧方式下最大。不同放牧方式下大赖草的叶片内部形态变化规律有所差异,但随着放牧时间的推移,叶表皮角质层厚度、叶肉细胞宽度均呈增加趋势,远轴面叶表皮细胞面积均呈减小趋势。     

高寒混播草地放牧生态系统中牦牛生产和植被变化特征的研究

垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）/星星草（Puccinellia tenuflora）混播草地三个放牧季的牦牛放牧试验结果表明：①经过连续三个放牧季的放牧,放牧强度与物种丰富度、多样性指数H′、多样性指数D（除了2003年）和均匀度指数J′（除了2004年）均呈显著或极显著的二次回归;②随放牧强度的增加,各处理组地上生物量呈降低趋势,且草生长季节地上平均生物量与放牧强度之间呈极显著的线性回归关系,0~30 cm的地下生物量（包括活根和死根）与放牧强度之间呈二次回归关系;③牧草生长季牦牛最佳放牧强度为7.23头/hm2。     

Are Droppings,Distance From Pastoralist Camps,and Pika Burrows Good Proxies for Local Grazing Pressure?

Grazing is regarded as one of the most important factors influencing rangeland ecosystems. Many previous studies have used indirect measures (proxies) of grazing intensity, such as the distance from congregation areas and the number of herbivore excreta, to estimate effects of grazing on vegetation parameters in rangeland ecosystems. However, little is known about how such proxies reflect the true grazing intensity, and if their suitability is consistent across landscape conditions. We measured grazing intensity based on the amount of plant ramets being grazed in 75 plots positioned across a rangeland landscape in central Tibet. Several grazing intensity proxies (distance from pastoral camp sites, number of yak dung patches (old and fresh), sheep and goat dropping piles, and pika (Ochotona curzoniae) burrows (active and abandoned)) were also measured in each plot. Regression models were used to examine the suitability of these proxies in predicting our measure of real grazing intensity. None of the examined proxies satisfactorily predicted real grazing intensity in our study system. The distance from camp sites was the best proxy for grazing intensity (P<0.001), but it explained only 30% of its variation. Fresh yak dung and active pika burrows explained only 10% and 3% of the variation in grazing intensity, respectively. The suitability of using proxies for grazing intensity did not significantly differ along landscape parameters (elevation, aspect directions, and slope angle) (P>0.05), except that the number of animal excreta and pika burrows functioned better as proxies at low, compared to high, elevation (P<0.05). Our results should be of concern since many studies use proxies to estimate effects of grazing on vegetation dynamics and ecosystem properties. We recommend awareness of potential limitations and suitability of proxies, when real grazing intensity is not measured.