黑龙江省马铃薯生产现状及发展对策

黑龙江省马铃薯由于单产水平不高,耕作栽培管理原始粗放,导致马铃薯生产发展停滞不前。因此,加大力度普及优质种薯,鼓励高品质种薯的大面积种植,加强科技培训和技术指导,真正实现马铃薯种植的现代化,可以进一步提高黑龙江省马铃薯产业的竞争力,快速推动黑龙江省马铃薯生产的发展。     

马铃薯种植中钾肥的应用研究现状和展望

本文分析了中国尤其是云南省马铃薯种植中钾肥不足的原因,并介绍了价格低廉且含钾量较高的氯化钾在马铃薯种植中的应用方面的研究。依据美国等国在马铃薯种植中普遍应用氯化钾的情况及国内外目前的相关研究,提出应加强这方面的研究,以确定能否在中国的马铃薯种植中广泛施用氯化钾,从而达到改变目前马铃薯的种植中钾肥用量偏少这一现状的目的。     

A Robust Potato Model: LINTUL-POTATO-DSS

In 1994, LINTUL-POTATO was published, a comprehensive model of potato development and growth. The mechanistic model simulated early crop processes (emergence and leaf expansion) and light interception until extinction, through leaf layers. Photosynthesis and respiration in a previous crop growth model—SUCROS—were substituted by a temperature-dependent light use efficiency. Leaf senescence at initial crop stages was simulated by allowing a longevity per daily leaf class formed, and crop senescence started when all daily dry matter production was allocated to the tubers, leaving none for the foliage. The model performed well in, e.g., ideotyping studies. For other studies such as benchmarking production environments, agro-ecological zoning, climatic hazards, climate change, and yield gap analysis, the need was felt to develop from the original LINTUL-POTATO, a derivative LINTUL-POTATO-DSS with fewer equations—reducing the potential sources of error in calculations—and fewer parameters. This reduces the number of input parameters as well as the amount of data required that for many reasons are not available or not reliable. In LINTUL-POTATO-DSS calculating potential yields, initial crop development depends on a fixed temperature sum for ground cover development from 0% at emergence to 100%. Light use efficiency is temperature dependent. Dry matter distribution to the tubers starts at tuber initiation and linearly increases up to a fixed harvest index which is reached at crop end. Crop end is input of the model: it is assumed that the crop cycle determined by maturity matches the length of the available frost-free and or heat-free cropping season. LINTUL-POTATO-DSS includes novel calculations to explore tuber quality characteristics such as tuber size distribution and dry matter concentration depending on crop environment and management.     

冬种马铃薯稻草包芯应用研究

龙海市是福建省重要的冬种马铃薯区。在传统栽培条件下,因气候、土壤、栽培等因素的影响而导致产量和效益的波动,成为了制约马铃薯产业发展的瓶颈。本项目针对龙海主体栽培模式——稻草包芯技术,探索、分析影响马铃薯产量效益的主因,寻找最佳栽培方法,以挖掘马铃薯的高产潜力。试验结果表明:冬种春收马铃薯采用稻草包芯+菇渣(土杂肥)+培土栽培技术可创造通透性好的土壤环境,有利于块茎和根系生长,促进马铃薯多结薯、结大薯,提高产量、品质与商品率。     

西南山区马铃薯病虫害状况分析

西南山区由于其立体气候的多样性而使马铃薯发生多种病虫害,造成产量的不稳定性。通过一系列的问卷调查和大田观察取样以及实验室病理检测,结果说明晚疫病、病毒病和青枯病是本地区最重要的病害。晚疫病常年造成１０％～３０％的产量损失,且每隔数年有一次大流行而造成更大的产量损失。种薯因病毒和其它病菌感染而不同程度地影响到产量的发挥。青枯病的发病规律较为复杂且较难预测控制。这几种病害的发生程度与作物生长季节、海拔、种薯年龄、品种、农艺措施等等密切相关。现有品种间发现有抗晚疫病和青枯病的差异。土样根系样中发现有各种寄生性线虫存在,但其危害性特别是与青枯病的关系有待进一步研究明确。２８星瓢虫是本地区危害最重的害虫。本文还列举讨论了各种病虫害防治措施。     

钦州市马铃薯生产现状及发展对策

马铃薯是钦州市重要的兼用作物之一,其产业发展呈现逐步扩大趋势。通过分析钦州市马铃薯生产的发展现状,包括适宜冬种的气候条件、栽培面积和产量、主推品种和技术方面,阐明了马铃薯产业发展中存在的主要问题,并提出了钦州市马铃薯产业进一步健康发展的对策和建议。     

Yield prediction using the SUBSTOR-potato model under Argentinian conditions

Summary The use of crop simulation models to predict yield, associated with decision support systems such as Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT), are useful tools to test different management strategies. The potato growth model included in DSSAT is SUBSTOR-potato. To evaluate its performance in Argentina it was calibrated and validated using experimental results from different sites and years. Cultivar-specific coefficients were obtained during calibration. Validation based on several independent sets of field data, including cvs Huinkul, Kennebec, Mailén and Spunta showed good agreement (R²=0.915; n=24) between observed and simulated values in normal ranges of tuber yields. However, when the input parameter maturity date was not taken into account, tuber yields were overvalued due to an overestimation of LAI values during maturation. To solve this problem, a genetic coefficient for the duration of tuber filling needs to be included in the model.     

Comparative Analysis of Irish Potato (<Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Solanum tuberosum</Emphasis> L.) Production in the Farming Sectors that Emerged from Zimbabwe’s Radical Land Reform of 2000

Irish potato production in Zimbabwe can be traced back to the early 1900s. Large-scale commercial farmers dominated production until the early 2000s. Potato is the most important horticultural crop and has been declared a strategic national food security crop in 2012. In 2000, the Fast Track Land Reform Programme completely restructured commercial agriculture and potato farming. A product of the agrarian reforms, the A2 and A1 resettlement growers, started growing potato. The A1 resettlement model has individually owned cropping land and shared grazing, while A2 resettlement comprises of self-contained farm units. A survey was conducted to characterise potato growers, mainly to understand the current potato production systems and to assess the impact of the landmark reform programme on potato farming. Four production systems, large-scale commercial, communal area, A2 resettlement and A1 resettlement, were identified, and two main growing agro-ecological zones, the Highveld and Eastern Nyanga Highlands. In 1961–2013, significant positive trends for annual planted area, average yield and total production were observed. In terms of yield, Zimbabwe is fourth in southern Africa with an average yield of 17 t ha^?1 in the 2009–2013 period. Large-scale commercial and A2 resettlement systems were well-mechanised, and growers owned large land holdings ranging from an average of 165–1600 and 31–390 ha across the different areas, respectively, with average potato areas of 11 and 8 ha, respectively. A1 resettlement and communal area growers owned an average of 4 and 3 ha cropping area, respectively, with average potato areas of 0.4 and 1.1 ha, respectively. Input use was significantly different among the production systems. High synthetic fertiliser and biocide use was observed.     

晋北丘陵山区马铃薯高产高效生产关键技术

晋北地区是山西马铃薯的主要产区,约占全省马铃薯种植面积的50%,但大部分丘陵山区由于生产条件差,生产方式粗放,生产力水平提升缓慢,单产低而不稳的问题一直没有得到很好的解决。本文简要分析了晋北地区马铃薯生产的优势与问题,从选择品种、水肥管理、种薯处理、规范化生产、病虫害防治及收获,提出了该地区马铃薯高产的关键技术措施,以达到指导生产,提高农民经济效益的目的。     

The potato genetic resources held in trust by the International Potato Center (CIP) in Peru

Summary Potatoes account for about half of the world's annual output of all roots and tubers, and since the early 1960s, the increase in area planted in developing countries has been higher than for any other major food crop. Annual world production currently totals 274 million tons on 18 million hectares, with China and India accounting for 22 percent of this total. In less than a generation, most of the world's potatoes will be harvested in Asia. Africa, or Latin America, where the potato is becoming an increasingly important source of food and its cultivation provides rural employment and income for the growing population. The rapid emergence of processing facilities for the fast food industry, and the indirect influence of improved rice and wheat irrigation systems have also contributed to the expansion of potato production in Asia. The demand is strongest for processing quality potatoes that supply the fast food chains in large urban concentrations where processed potato products fetch top prices. Such increasing demand is putting strong pressure on national and international breeding institutions to produce high quality processing varieties well adapted to the wide array of agro-ecological conditions, in South East Asia in particular. The lack of adequate seed systems in this region is the single most important impediment to the expansion of the cultivation of the crop. Unfavourable agro-ecological conditions interfere with the production of high quality seed in most Asian potato growing areas, and the availability of high quality seed of the right quantity at the right time remains the most consequential bottleneck to efficient potato production. The seed issue is also the principal problem of potato cultivation in the traditional potato growing areas of Central and Eastern Europe. A review of “the development of integrated systems for large scale propagation of elite plants using in vitro techniques” with specific focus on “potato seed production by tissue culture” is therefore very timely. It provides a platform for analysis and discussion of solutions for some of the most common seed problems facing the potato industry in many parts of the word. All efforts to improve the potato crop and to solve the associated seed problems begin with the right choice and use of the available genetic resources. Resistance to certain pests and diseases has a direct bearing on the success of a seed program. Multiple virus resistance, in particular, would ensure a halt to seed degeneration caused by an accumulation of viruses and thus greatly prolong the ability of seed producers and ware potato growing farmers to grow their crops at great economic benefit. This paper will therefore deal with the current status of the World Potato Collection held in trust by the International Potato Center (CIP) in Peru by presenting up-to-date information on its classification, phytosanitary status and availability of the genetic material and its evaluation data to the breeders worldwide.     

基于均匀设计研究氮、磷、钾肥对马铃薯产量的影响

运用均匀设计法研究不同氮、磷、钾配施对马铃薯产量的影响。以马铃薯品种尤金为供试材料,在田间条件下以氮、磷、钾施用量和配比作为变量,马铃薯产量为目标函数建立方程。结果表明:氮、磷、钾需求量,钾肥>氮肥>磷肥,符合马铃薯需肥规律。通过对氮、磷、钾肥与产量的施肥模型进行频次分析得出,黑龙江省哈尔滨地区马铃薯田施肥量:纯N为157.95～162.61 kg/hm2,P2O5为30.59～34.08 kg/hm2,K2O为191.30～204.28 kg/hm2。     

黑龙江垦区马铃薯大垄双行密植高产栽培技术

黑龙江西部垦区土质肥沃,气候冷凉,是黑龙江垦区重要的马铃薯生产基地。该地区种植的马铃薯主要是为淀粉加工企业提供充足的原料。为了提高种植者的经济效益及技术交流,总结了黑龙江西部垦区马铃薯大垄双行密植高产栽培技术模式,包括选地整地、品种及种薯、双行播种技术、施肥技术、田间管理、病虫草害防治及机械化收获。     

科学规划,发挥优势,湖北省马铃薯产业健康发展

湖北省是我国重要的马铃薯产区,通过自然生态优势、区位优势和产业潜力优势的结合,形成了四个优势产业区,马铃薯种植面积和生产效益近年来快速增长。种薯生产体系建设为产业发展奠定了基础,高产高效栽培模式的示范推广使产量和效益得到显著提升,产业链延伸和多元化的市场开拓使产业具有强劲的持续发展潜力,政府支持有力引导促进了产业的快速发展。马铃薯产业正成为湖北省农业和农村经济发展的重要支柱产业。     

马铃薯膜下滴灌节水及生产效率的初步研究

为了探索膜下滴灌在马铃薯生产中应用的可行性,于内蒙古达茂旗进行了膜下滴灌试验。结果表明:膜下滴灌比露地滴灌平均增产26%,水分利用效率提高28.5%,灌水的平均生产效率提高26%,因此,膜下滴灌应该成为内蒙古西部地区马铃薯生产中有效的增产节水措施。一带双行滴灌模式下马铃薯平均产量显著高于一带一行处理,这种滴灌模式不仅节约管道设备,而且进一步提高了水分利用效率和灌水生产效率,值得在生产中广泛推广。尽管露地滴灌条件下马铃薯产量与滴灌带的密度有关,一带一行灌溉方式下产量高于一带双行,但总体而言,露地滴灌在水分利用效率上显著低于膜下滴灌,因此在水分不足的内蒙古西部马铃薯产区,不建议广泛推广露地滴灌。     

晋西南山区马铃薯品种比较试验

为了适应晋西南山区马铃薯产业发展中不同区域、不同种植模式对种薯的不同要求,2010年对引进的12个马铃薯品种进行品种比较试验。从各参试品种的生育期、农艺性状、丰产性、抗病性等方面进行分析比较,筛选出了中熟品种中薯9号,早熟品种费乌瑞它、中薯5号3个优良品种在该区域推广。     

The effectiveness of using a minituber crop for selection of agronomic characters in potato breeding programmes

Summary Performance of 20 potato genotypes was studied for seven agronomic characters in crops raised from minitubers and normal seed tubers. Correlation coefficients were computed between minituber crop and normal seed crop in order to study the selection efficiency at minituber crop level. The performance of normal seed crop was significantly better than the minituber crop for various characters including tuber yield and its components. Correlation coefficients between minituber and normal seed crop were significant for various characters except number of stems and number of tubers. Highest correlation coefficient (r=0.86) was for tuber yield followed by average tuber weight (r=0.67) and number of nodes (r=0.63). The results suggest that selection for tuber yield can be practised at the minituber crop level in potato breeding programmes     

不同滴灌量对马铃薯产量及品质的影响

滴灌技术在农业生产中对于抗旱具有重要的作用。本文研究了不同滴灌量对马铃薯产量和质量的影响,结果表明,300m·3hm-2处理可显著地提高产量、大中薯率及经济效益,块茎还原糖、Vc和淀粉含量均没有明显变化。该研究为在马铃薯生产上合理应用滴灌技术提供了理论依据。     

辽宁省马铃薯高效复种栽培技术

经过多年试验示范,针对辽宁省气候特点,总结出马铃薯高效复种栽培模式,筛选出各主产区的适宜品种和相应种植密度,为辽宁省马铃薯科学种植提供依据。马铃薯的三膜覆盖极早熟栽培技术比较适合葫芦岛地区和大连地区应用,下茬复种小西瓜等经济效益较高的作物。马铃薯双膜覆盖栽培技术可克服前期低温的不利影响,缓解晚霜冻害,比常规地膜覆盖提前收获15 d以上,其鲜薯价格高,效益可观,为下茬复种粮食和油料作物高产创造条件,比较适合在辽西和辽南的大部分地区应用。马铃薯单膜覆盖栽培技术适用于辽宁大部分地区,下茬可复种蔬菜、粘(甜)玉米等作物。     

黑龙江省东部地区马铃薯高产限制因素的探讨

随着黑龙江省西部地区马铃薯的病害发生日趋严重,马铃薯种植面积逐渐向黑龙江省东部地区转移。黑龙江省东部地区气候冷凉,非常适合马铃薯的种植。但是因为种种因素的限制,马铃薯的产量并没有提升上去。笔者总结了限制产量提高的若干因素,以期为黑龙江省东部地区马铃薯的高产提供借鉴。     

早熟菜用马铃薯栽培模式与产量产值的关系

为了探索出既高产、商品薯率又高的早熟鲜食菜用马铃薯的适宜栽培模式,特在甘谷县渭河川道高水肥、高产栽培区设置栽培模式与产量产值的关系试验。在株距均为0.3 m的条件下,比较不同垄距的单垄单行种植(0.7、0.6、0.5 m)与常规单垄(垄距0.93 m)双行种植对早熟鲜食菜用马铃薯的经济性状和产量产值的影响。结果表明:单垄单行栽培,可减少种薯用量,节约成本,商品薯率、单位面积产值均有不同程度提高,其中以垄距0.7 m模式增值明显。