西双版纳几种人工林土壤通透性能研究

本研究从土壤容重、土壤总孔穴度、土壤毛管孔穴度、土壤非毛管孔穴度等项目入手，研究了西双版纳定植５～７年的山桂花、西南桦、马尖相思、高阿丁枫、西南桦×山桂花、西南桦×马尖相思、西南桦×肉桂、高阿丁枫×马尖相思、高阿丁枫×西南桦９种人工林土壤的通透性能。经连续５～９年定点观测，结果表明，山桂花等９种人工林的土壤通透性能，与天然林相近。山桂花、西南桦、马尖相思、高阿丁枫４种人工纯林０ｃｍ～３０ｃｍ土层的土壤通透性能的变化规律大致是定植初期变化平稳，进入生长旺期（定植后３～７年）通透性能普遍变差，以后又逐渐得以改善。因此，定植年限较长的人工林的土壤通透性能一般比定植年限较短的人工林的土壤通透性能较好。     

西双版纳几种人工林土壤通过透性能研究

本研究从土壤容重，土壤总孔穴度，土壤毛管孔穴度，土壤非毛管孔穴度等项目入，研究了西双版纳定植５－７年的山桂花，西南桦，马尖相思，高阿丁枫，西南桦＊山桂花，西南桦 ＊马尖相思、西南桦＊肉桂，高阿丁枫＊马尖相思、高阿丁枫＊西南桦９个人工林土壤的通透性能。     

西双版纳几种人工幼林土壤pH值和交换性能的研究

监测结果表明，营造山桂花，西南桦，马尖相思，高阿丁枫四树种的人工纯林及其混交林数年后，对土壤ｐＨ值和交换性能等，一般无不良影响，与天然林相近甚至略优，其中，效果较好的林分类型有：西南桦×马尖相思，西南桦×肉桂等。效果最差的是高阿丁枫×西南桦。     

云南热区4种乡土阔叶树种人工林营建技术研究

选择西南桦、山桂花、高阿丁枫、马占相思等4种云南热区乡土阔叶树种,在云南思茅市的江城、翠云、孟连等试验点上,开展了不同整地方式、不同种植带水平宽度、造林地施用不同肥种、混交林营造和造林地间作等人工林营建技术的试验研究。试验结果表明,采用火烧清理 带垦的整地方式是营造西南桦人工林一项不可忽视的技术措施,可促进西南桦人工林早期的生长;西南桦造林种植带宽度的最佳处理为8 m(带间距为2m,下同),其次为4 m。造林地施用不同的肥料种类,对山桂花幼林的径、高、材积生长影响非常显著,其排序为:N>NP>NPK>NK>P>K>KP>CK(不施肥);由于试验时间短,西南桦与马占相思、西南桦与高阿丁枫、马占相思与山桂花、高阿丁枫与马占相思4种混交林的营造效果尚未充分显现,需作持续的观测研究;而林地间作经营可以显著提高山桂花幼林的生长量。     

西双版纳人工林生态系统土壤肥力的定量排序与评价

为了解不同人工林分的土壤肥力差异，应用主分量方法分析了西双版纳人工林土壤的肥力状况，给出了定量评价指标，对参试人工林的肥力状况进行了评分，结果为：阿丁枫×马尖相思＞ 西南桦×山桂花＞ 阿丁枫（１９９２）＞ 西南桦×马尖相思＞ 山桂花（１９８９）＞ 次生林＞ 西南桦＞山桂花（１９８７）＞ 马尖相思＞ 阿丁枫×西南桦＞ 阿丁枫（１９８９）＞ 短刺栲（天然林）＞ 西南桦×肉桂＞ 红木荷（天然林）。     

西双版纳山地阔叶人工林林下植物多样性特征比较

通过样地法比较了高阿丁枫(Altingiaexcelsa)、马占相思(Acaciamangium)、马占相思 西南桦(Betulaalnoides)三种人工林的物种多样性特征 ,结果发现 :三种类型均是灌木层的物种数最多 ,均具有较发达的藤本植物 ,灌木层马占相思 西南桦混交林种类数最多 ,马占相思纯林最少 ;草本层植物种类相差无。所有植物shannon-Wiener指数H′以高阿丁枫纯林最高为4.19,最小的为马占相思纯林 ;均匀度J所有植物最大是阿丁枫纯林为90.68% ,最小为马占相思为87.89 %。灌木层Shannon -Wiener指数H′以西南桦 马占相思最大为3.97;最小的是马占相思林 ,三者为西南桦 马占相思>高阿丁枫林>马占相思林。而灌林层的均匀度J值几乎一样。草木层Shannon -Wiener指数H′则以高阿丁枫林最大 ,马占相思林最小 ,均匀度值也是如此     

云南热区11种人工林林地土壤肥力变化状态的研究

对生长于云南西双版纳普文热区的11种人工林及分布于当地的山地雨林、季风常绿阔叶林、次生林3种天然林(作为对照)林地土壤所进行的连续3年监测结果表明,不同林分类型林地土壤的养分含量、土壤交换性能、土壤物理性状、土壤温度动态变化均有显著差异,其中马尖相思人工纯林林地土壤的有机质、全氮、有效氮含量均高于天然林,而高阿丁枫与马尖相思人工混交林、高阿丁枫与西南桦人工混交林,高阿丁枫人工纯林则低于天然林.表明前者可明显提高林地土壤的肥力,而后者则导致林地土壤的肥力下降.另外,营建山桂花人工纯林、西南桦与山桂花人工混交林可明显增加林地土壤的交换性盐基总量,提高盐基饱和度,降低水解性总酸度、提高土壤pH(H2O)值,而高阿丁枫与西南桦人工混交林、高阿丁枫纯林则相反,表明后者有导致土壤酸化的趋势.林地土壤物理性状较理想的人工林系山桂花人工纯林、西南桦与山桂花人工混交林、高阿丁枫与马尖相思人工混交林、西南桦与马尖相思人工混交林.揭示出,为防止林地土壤的肥力退化,在11种人工林中除高阿丁枫纯林、高阿丁枫与马尖相思及与西南桦混交林3种外,其余的人工林类型都较适宜于在云南热区经营.     

西南桦与高阿丁枫混交幼林生长及其混交匹配性分析

通过对普洱江城苦丁茶场及西双版纳普文试验林场西南桦与高阿丁枫不同混交模式的生长量指标进行调查分析,结果表明,(1)10年生前,西南桦的胸径较高阿丁枫速生,林木的平均胸径西南桦大于高阿丁枫;11年生后,林木的平均胸径高阿丁枫大于西南桦;(2)10年生时,普文林场混交林的西南桦和高阿丁枫胸径生长一致(11.7 cm),西南桦树高超出高阿丁枫树高3.0 m。说明混交林中西南桦为早期速生树种;幼林阶段,西南桦和高阿丁枫胸径于不同的时期呈现错峰生长。同时,西南桦和高阿丁枫的地理分布、立地的生态适宜条件和林学特征等分析结果表明这2个树种在适宜的混交模式下属混交匹配的树种。建议采用非均匀密度控制混交,以实现2个树种的良好生长和长期混交。     

西双版纳几种人工幼林的生物量研究

经对西双版纳几种7年生人工幼林的生物量研究结果表明：人工林的乔木层生物量以马尖相思纯林最大，为92.49t/hm^2，干材生物量以高阿丁枫纯林最大，达到56.068t/hm^2，混交林以西南桦和高阿丁枫混交的最大；各类型人工林的干材生物量均大于10年生的热带次生林；灌木层生物量最大的是西南桦＋山桂花，为16.51t/hm^2，远高于其他类型，为最小的高阿丁枫纯林的11倍。天然的山地雨林和季风常绿阔叶林的灌木层生物量远大于人工林。草本层生物量中西南桦＋高阿丁枫混交林的最大，达6.9t/hm^2；草本层生物量在总生物量中所占比例较小，平均为1．69％。马尖相思纯林的枯落物量最大，为14．26t/hm^2。     

马尖相思人工混交林试验初报

根据在普文试验林场开展的马尖相思与高阿丁枫，马尖相思与西南桦行状混交试验，４、５年时的阶段效果，从混交林的林分结构，生长状况，林分的土壤主要理化性状及其年度变化情况方面，论述了两种混交林与纯林的差异，以及不同行状混交方式间的差异。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.