Grafting Enhances Copper Tolerance of Cucumber Through Regulating Nutrient Uptake and Antioxidative System

An experiment was carried out to determine plant growth, mineral uptake, lipid peroxidation, antioxidative enzymes, and antioxidant of cucumber plants （Cucumis sativus L. cv. Xintaimici） under copper stress, either ungrafted or grafted onto the rootstock （Cucurbitaficifolia）. Excess Cu inhibited growth, photosynthesis, and pigment synthesis of grafted and ungrafted cucumber seedlings and significantly increased accumulation of Cu in roots besides reducing mineral uptake. Cu concentration in roots of grafted cucumber plants was significantly higher than that of ungrafted plants and obviously lower in leaves. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species （ROS） significantly increased in cucumber leaves under Cu stress and resulted in lipid peroxidation, and the levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation were greatly decreased by grafting. Activities of protective enzymes （superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; catalase, CAT; ascorbate peroxidase, APX; dehydroascorbate reductase, DHAR; glutathione reductase, GR） and the contents of ascorbate and glutathione in leaves of grafted plants were significantly higher than those of ungrafted plants under Cu stress. Better performance of grafted cucumber plants were attributed to the higher ability of Cu accumulation in their roots, better nutrient status, and the effective scavenging system of ROS.     

Grafting Increases the Copper Tolerance of Cucumber Seedlings by Improvement of Polyamine Contents and Enhancement of Antioxidant Enzymes Activity

The aim of the study is to determine whether grafting could improve antioxidant enzyme activities and polyamine contents in leaves of cucumber plants（Cucumis sativus L.cv.Xintaimici） under copper stress.Grafted（using Cucurbita ficifolia as rootstock） and ungrafted cucumber seedlings were cultured in deep flow technique（DFT） with the Cu2＋ concentration of 40 μmol L-1.The results showed that on the 9th day of copper stress treatment,the contents of malondialdehyde（MDA） and hydrogen peroxide（H2O2）,superoxide radical（） producing rate,and electrolyte leakage percentage were significantly lower in grafted seedlings in comparison to those of the ungrafted seedlings,whereas the activities of antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase（SOD,EC 1.15.1.1）,peroxidase（POD,EC 1.11.1.7）,ascorbate peroxidase（APX,EC 1.11.1.11）,catalase（CAT,EC 1.11.1.6）,glutathione reductase（GR,EC 1.6.4.2）,and monodehydroascorbate reductase（MDHAR,EC 1.6.5.4） of grafted seedlings were also significantly higher than that of ungrafted seedlings,and the contents of free proline and soluble protein of grafted seedlings were significantly higher than that of ungrafted seedlings.Cu2＋ treatment increased the putrescine（Put） level and lowered the spermidine（Spd） and spermine（Spm） levels,thereby reducing the Put/（Spd ＋ Spm） ratio in leaves of grafted and ungrafted seedlings.Grafting markedly reversed these Cu-induced effects for all three PAs and partially restored the Put/（Spd ＋ Spm） ratio in leaves.These results suggest that grafting can enhance the tolerance of cucumber seedlings to Cu2＋ stress by increasing the activities of antioxidants and the levels of endogenous Spd and Spm,decreasing the Put/（Spd ＋ Spm） ratio and the levels of ROS,promoting free proline and soluble protein synthesis in cucumber seedling leaves.     

Effects of 24-Epibrassinolide on Antioxidant System in Cucumber Seedling Roots Under Hypoxia Stress

This article aims to study the effects of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) on the changes in ROS, activities of antioxidative enzymes and antioxidants in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedling roots under hypoxia stress. Seedlings of a hypoxianormoxic or hypoxic nutrient solutions that were added or not added with 10-3 mg L-1 EBR. Under hypoxia stress, the ROS levels and the lipid peroxidation were significantly increased in the roots upon exposure to hypoxia stress, which were inhibited by EBR application. The EBR treatment significantly increased the seedlings growth and SOD, APX, GR activities, and contents of AsA and GSH under hypoxia stress. From the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that oxidative damage on seedling roots by hypoxia stress can be considerably alleviated and the tolerance of plants was elevated.     

Combined Effects of Excess Mn and Low pH on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Enzymes in Cucumber Roots

The effects of excess Mn on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes in cucumber roots under different pH （pH 4.5 and 6.5） were studied. The results indicated that lipid peroxidation was increasingly serious with the increased concentration of Mn, especially under low pH. As a result, the growth of cucumber roots and shoots was significantly inhibited. Excess Mn led to an elevation in activities of Mn-SOD and Fe-SOD, which played an important role in removing O2^-. CAT was sensitive to excess Mn, and its activity significantly decreased under excess Mn and low pH, while activities of GPX, APX, DHAR and GR increased under low pH and to some extent under excess Mn, which indicated their important roles in scavenging reactive oxygen in tolerance to low pH and excess Mn of cucumber roots.     

铅胁迫与黄瓜幼苗生长及内源激素关系的研究

通过试验利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)对黄瓜幼苗内源激素进行了测定探索,并研究了铅胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长及内源激素的影响.结果表明(1)HPLC法测定黄瓜幼苗内源激素的最佳条件为以甲醇、水和2%醋酸为流动相,采用浓度梯度洗脱;(2)低于200mg·L-1铅处理促进黄瓜幼苗生长;300～900 mg·L-1铅处理抑制黄瓜幼苗生长,其抑制作用随铅质量浓度增加而强化,高质量浓度铅处理能诱导不定根形成;(3)根中的脱落酸含量随铅质量浓度的增加而增加,叶和根中玉米素含量随铅质量浓度增加而下降;(4)生长素脱落酸(IAA/ABA)比值高于对照值对幼苗生长具有激活效应,IAA/ABA比值低于对照值则抑制幼苗生长,表现为毒害效应,此比值可以作为抗重金属毒害的指标之一.     

Effects of Grafting on Root Exudates of Cucumber and Rhizosphere Environment under Copper Stress

[Objective] This study to aimed to investigate the effects of Cu stress on root exudates and microbial activities in rhizosphere of grafted and ungrafted cucum-ber seedlings, and therefore to elucidate the microbial mechanism of grafting for in-creasing cucumber plants tolerance to Cu stress [Method] Four treatments： （1） un-grafted seedlings ＋ test soil （U0）; （2） ungrafted seedlings ＋ test soil ＋ CuSO4·5H2O （U1）; （3） grafted seedlings ＋ test soil （G0）; （4） grafted seedlings ＋ test soil ＋ Cu-SO4·5H2O （G1） were set in the pot culture experiment. The contents of free amino acids, organic acids, phenolic acid and sugars, microbial population and enzyme ac-tivity in the four treatment were measured, respectively. [Result] The secretion of amino acids and organic acids were increased under Cu stress. The amino acids secretions of grafted seedlings roots were obviously higher than ungrafted seedlings except for Phe and Val. At the same time, the secretion of oxalic acid, malic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, cinnamic acid, ρ-hydroxybenzoic acid and benzoic acid of grafted seedlings were significantly higher than ungrafted seedlings as wel . There-fore, more Cu2＋ were restricted in soil by chelating, complexing and precipitation with root exudates, and its toxicity was decreased. The soil microbial biomass C and N in grafted cucumber rhizosphere were significantly higher than those in ungrafted cu-cumber rhizosphere, whereas basal respiration and metabolic quotient were signifi-cantly lower. Under Cu stress, the numbers of actinomyces and nitrogen fixing bac-teria decreased and the number of fungi increased significantly, whereas there was no significant difference in amounts of bacteria. The numbers of bacteria, actino-myces, and nitrogen fixing bacteria in grafted cucumber rhizosphere were significant-ly higher than those in ungrafted cucumber rhizosphere, but the number of fungi was opposite. The activities of soil urease, phosphatase, sucrase and catalase in grafted cucumber rhizosphere were significantly higher than those in ungrafted cu-cumber rhizosphere. [Conclusion] These indicated that the soil microbial environment and soil enzymes activities were improved by grafting under Cu stress, and as a re-sult, the adaptability of cucumber to Cu stress was improved.     

NaCl胁迫对两个黄瓜品种种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响

针对不同浓度NaCl胁迫对两个黄瓜品种种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响进行了研究,试验结果表明：随着NaCl浓度的增大,黄瓜种子的发芽率逐渐下降;NaCl溶液浓度低于0．5％时,对黄瓜种子的发芽率影响较小,而浓度高于1．0％时,对黄瓜种子发芽有明显的抑制作用;盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗各项生理指标有明显的变化。低浓度的盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长影响不大,但高浓度的盐胁迫严重抑制了其萌发和幼苗生长。     

钙对低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗根系碳水化合物代谢的影响

以对低氧敏感的中农8号黄瓜品种为材料,研究了钙对低氧胁迫下幼苗根系淀粉、蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖含量及蔗糖合酶(SS)、蔗糖转化酶(INV)、磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)和葡萄糖激酶(GK)活性的影响。结果表明:与通气对照相比,低氧胁迫处理后幼苗根系淀粉含量降低,蔗糖和果糖含量增加,SS和GK活性增加,INV活性降低,胁迫初期SPS活性增加,后期降低;低氧胁迫下营养液加钙处理缓解了低氧胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制作用,根系SS、SPS、INV和GK活性增加,蔗糖和果糖含量显著高于单纯低氧胁迫处理,葡萄糖含量低于单纯低氧胁迫处理;而低氧胁迫下营养液缺钙处理加重了低氧胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的伤害。表明在低氧胁迫下,钙参与了调节黄瓜幼苗根系碳水化合物代谢,对提高幼苗低氧胁迫的适应性起着重要的作用。     

Ca~(2+)对NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗耐盐性的影响

研究了NaCl和CaCl2共同胁迫对3个黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)品种幼苗期的生长指标、游离脯氨酸及可溶性蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,新津春的耐盐性强于津优1号及蔬春。在相同浓度的Na+胁迫下,Ca2+加剧了Na+对黄瓜幼苗生长的抑制作用,且随着Ca2+浓度的升高,抑制作用越来越大;而Ca2+的加入对干物质的积累、游离脯氨酸含量的影响不大,叶片可溶性蛋白质含量反而显著升高。这表明Ca2+的加入通过抑制生长、减少消耗、增加可溶性固形物含量等途径降低了盐胁迫对植株的危害,增强了黄瓜对逆境的适应性。     

Changes of Antioxidative Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation in Leaves and Roots of Waterlogging-Tolerant and Waterlogging-Sensitive Maize Genotypes at Seedling Stage

To better understand the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of waterlogging tolerance, waterlogging effects on lipid peroxidation and the activity of antioxidative enzymes were investigated in leaves and roots of two maize genotypes, HZ32 （waterlogging-tolerant） and K12 （waterlogging-sensitive）. Potted maize plants were waterlogged at the second leaf stage under glasshouse conditions. Leaves and roots were harvested 1 d before and 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 d after the start of waterlogging treatment. Through comparing the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, ascorbate peroxidase （APX）, glutathione reductase （GR）, catalase （CAT） and guaiacol peroxidase （POD） between waterlogging-tolerant and waterloggingsensitive genotype, we deduced that CAT was the most important H2O2 scavenging enzyme in leaves, while APX seemed to play a key role in roots. POD, APX, GR and CAT activities in conjunction with SOD seem to play an essential protective role in the O2^- and H2O2 scavenging process. Lipid peroxidation was enhanced significantly only in K12 （P 〈 0.001） and there was no difference （P 〉 0.05） in HZ32 up to 6 d after waterlogging stress. These results indicated that oxidative stress may play an important role in waterlogging-stressed maize plants and that the greater protection of HZ32 leaves and roots from waterlogging-induced oxidative damage results, at least in part, through the maintenance of increased antioxidant enzyme activity.     

苯丙烯酸胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长和抗氧化代谢特性的影响

采用营养钵土培的方法,研究了外源苯丙烯酸对津美1号、绿衣天使、C90和翠龙等不同黄瓜品种幼苗生长和叶片抗氧化酶活性及活性氧代谢的影响.结果表明,外源苯丙烯酸胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长具有很强的抑制作用,并随着胁迫浓度的增大受抑制的程度加强.在苯丙烯酸胁迫下,黄瓜叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氧酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性表现为低浓度升高,高浓度下降的趋势;超氧阴离子(O2-·)产生速率、过氧化氢(H2O2)含量、膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量及渗透调节物质脯氨酸(Pro)含量、可溶性糖含量随着苯丙烯酸浓度的升高而显著增加.不同黄瓜品种对苯丙烯酸胁迫的响应存在着品种间差异.     

外源一氧化氮对苯丙烯酸胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长及活性氧代谢的影响

【目的】苯丙烯酸是黄瓜根系分泌的毒性较大的酚酸类物质之一,与黄瓜的连作障碍有密切关系。研究外源一氧化氮对苯丙烯酸胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长及活性氧代谢的缓解作用,初步探讨NO缓解黄瓜幼苗苯丙烯酸胁迫的生理机制。【方法】采用营养钵土培的方法,研究外源一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)对200μmol·L-1苯丙烯酸胁迫下黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)幼苗生长、抗氧化酶系统和活性氧代谢的影响。【结果】100μmol·L-1NO供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)能显著缓解苯丙烯酸胁迫对黄瓜植株造成的伤害,可明显提高幼苗的生长量,增强叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性,提高叶片叶绿素和脯氨酸(Pro)含量,降低了叶片丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H2O2)含量和超氧阴离子(产生速率。与100μmol·L-1SNP处理相比,50、200和400μmol·L-1SNP处理促进黄瓜幼苗生长、缓解叶片氧化损伤和提高抗氧化酶的活性的作用明显降低。【结论】外源NO能明显促进了苯丙烯酸胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的生长,提高了抗氧化酶活性,降低了活性氧代谢,其中以100μmol·L-1SNP缓解效果最好。因此认为,外源NO的确能缓解苯丙烯酸胁迫对黄瓜植株的伤害,提高黄瓜幼苗对苯丙烯酸胁迫的耐性,减缓因自毒作用引起的连作障碍。     

CU2+胁迫对苘麻抗氧化酶系及根尖细胞超微结构的影响

研究Cu2 胁迫对苘麻(Abutilon theophrasti)抗氧化酶系及根尖细胞超微结构的影响。通过室内盆栽试验,测定苘麻在不同浓度Cu2 胁迫下抗氧化酶活性的变化,并采用透射电镜观察对苘麻根尖细胞超微结构的影响。结果表明:随Cu2 胁迫浓度的增加,苘麻根、茎、叶中超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈上升趋势,Cu2 胁迫导致根尖细胞超微结构破坏严重。Cu2 胁迫可增加苘麻抗氧化酶活性并严重破坏根尖细胞的超微结构。     

黄瓜对不同温度逆境的抗性研究

研究和比较了黄瓜幼苗对温度逆境的抗性。耐低温能力较强的自交系耐高温能力亦较强;而耐低温能力较差的自交系耐高温能力也较差,说明部分品种的黄瓜幼苗对不同温度逆境抗性之间存在一定的相关性。高温和低温对黄瓜种子的发芽能力影响不同,低温对发芽率的影响不大,仅延缓了发芽的速度;高温显著降低抗性较弱品系的发芽率。温度逆境胁迫使叶绿素含量明显降低,而且以叶绿素a下降为主。温度逆境胁迫后,Gs下降,但Ls显著降低,AQE和CE降低,Ci上升,说明叶片的光合机制遭到了明显破坏,非气孔因素是Pn降低的主要原因。结果表明,黄瓜幼苗对不同温度逆境在某些抗性方面存在一定的相关性,其机理尚待进一步探讨。     

Na2SO4和CaCl2胁迫对黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗影响的研究初报

以“津绿3号”、“白玉春”、“绿岛1号”3个设施栽培黄瓜品种为试材,以不同浓度的Na2SO4和CaCl2处理黄瓜种子,研究3个品种在复盐胁迫下的发芽、根系生长、子叶电解质相对渗出率、叶绿素含量和幼苗鲜重的变化。结果表明：随复盐浓度的升高,“津绿3号”和“白玉春”的发芽率、发芽势逐渐降低,但绿岛1号发芽率均在96．6％以上;3个品种的侧根数、主根长逐渐下降,高于200mmol/L时下降较明显;幼苗子叶电解质渗出率逐渐升高;叶绿素含量在0～100mmol/L时升高,后逐渐下降;复盐浓度0～150mmol/L植株鲜重略有升高。     

Effect of Maturity Stage on the Gene Expression of Antioxidative Enzymes in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Fruits Under Chilling Stress

The gene expression patterns of antioxidative enzymes in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruits at four different maturity stages, immature (3-8 d after anthesis (DAA), mature (9-16 DAA), breaker (17-22 DAA), and yellow (35-40 DAA), were determined before and after cold storage at 2°C for 9 d and after subsequent rewarming at 20°C for 2 d. The electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content in cucumber fruits were increased after cold storage and subsequent rewarming. Increased expressions of peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and monodehydroascorbate reductase after cold storage played an important role in cucumber fruits to cope with chilling injury. The elevated cyt-superoxide dismutase, catalase, APX and dehydroascorbate reductase after subsequent rewarming in cucumber fruits facilitated the recovery from chilling stress. The highest expression levels of all the seven antioxidative enzyme genes in yellow fruits might be responsible for the enhanced chilling tolerance. Cucumber fruits at earlier developmental stages was more susceptible to chilling stress than those at later stages. The relative higher gene expressions of antioxidative enzymes genes at earlier developmental stages may be the responses to the sever oxidative stress caused by chilling injury.     

丛枝菌根真菌对Cu、Pb处理下旱稻氧化胁迫的影响(英文)

[目的]研究丛枝菌根真菌对Cu、Pb处理下旱稻氧化胁迫的影响。[方法]采用盆栽实验的方法,以旱稻为研究材料,研究了丛枝菌根真菌对不同土壤Cu浓度(0、100、200 mg/kg)、Pb浓度(0、300、600 mg/kg)处理下旱稻地上部分生理抗性影响。[结果]与未接种处理相比,接种处理抑制100 mg/kg Cu、300 mg/kg Pb处理下POD、CAT以及SOD活性,但是显著提高可溶性蛋白含量。200 mg/kg Cu处理下,接种处理抑制SOD活性却提高POD、CAT活性和可溶性蛋白含量。600 mg/kg Pb处理接种处理下SOD、POD活性与未接种处理无显著区别,但是显著抑制CAT活性以及降低可溶性蛋白含量。以上结果说明,在不同的Cu、Pb浓度处理下,丛枝菌根真菌对旱稻体内的酶活性以及可溶性蛋白影响不同,因而对于重金属引起的旱稻地上部分氧化胁迫的影响程度不同。[结论]该研究可为土壤重金属污染的生物修复提供理论参考。     

黄瓜幼苗对硝酸钙胁迫耐受性研究

为了保证设施黄瓜栽培中肥料的合理利用,降低土壤的盐胁迫,研究了营养液中硝酸钙胁迫处理对黄瓜幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明,硝酸钙胁迫严重影响了黄瓜的生长发育。与正常营养液处理相比,不同浓度硝酸钙处理下黄瓜幼苗的株高、茎粗、根长及幼苗鲜重、干重均显著降低。在相同处理时间,供试黄瓜幼苗的脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、MDA含量及相对电导率均高于对照;浓度为75、100mmol·L-1的硝酸钙处理下各项指标的变化显示出黄瓜幼苗受到严重伤害,已无法维持正常生长。     

低温对水稻幼苗根细胞质膜、液泡膜Mg2+ -ATP酶活性的影响

水稻幼苗经冷处理 ( 1℃ ,1 50 μmol/(m2 ·s) ,2d)后 ,根质膜、液泡膜Mg2 -ATP酶活性均明显下降 ,而经低温锻炼 ( 1 4℃ ,75μmol/(m2 ·s) ,3d)的幼苗根质膜、液泡膜Mg2 -ATP酶活性升高 ,锻炼后的幼苗再经冷处理 ,其质膜、液泡膜Mg2 -ATP酶活性均与冷害前相近。