The microbial biodegradation of paraquat in soil

The microbial degradation of [¹⁴C]paraquat using cultures from two agricultural soils was investigated. The experiments were carried out in the absence of light, under aerobic conditions. Degradation was rapid, with 50% mineralisation to [¹⁴C]carbon dioxide occurring within three weeks. HPLC, capillary electrophoresis and mass spectroscopy confirmed that the majority (>85%) of the remaining radiochemical in solution was [¹⁴C]oxalic acid, and that no paraquat remained.     

The effect of the herbicide diuron on soil microbial activity

The inhibitory effect of the herbicide diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] on microbial activity in red Latosol soil was followed using microcalorimetry. The activity of the micro-organisms in 1.50 g of soil sample was stimulated by addition of 6.0 mg of glucose and 6.0 mg of ammonium sulfate under 35% controlled humidity at 298.15 (+/- 0.02) K. This activity was determined by power-time curves that were recorded for increasing amounts of diuron, varying from zero to 333.33 micrograms g-1 soil. An increase in the amount of diuron in soil caused a decrease of the original thermal effect, to reach a null value above 333.33 micrograms g-1 of herbicide. The power-time curve showed that the lag-phase period and peak time increased with added herbicide. The decrease of the thermal effect evolved by micro-organisms and the increase of the lag-phase period are associated with the death of microbial populations caused by diuron, which strongly affects soil microbial communities.     

Effects of glyphosate on soil microbial communities and its mineralization in a Mississippi soil

Transgenic glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] has enabled highly effective and economical weed control. The concomitant increased application of glyphosate could lead to shifts in the soil microbial community. The objective of these experiments was to evaluate the effects of glyphosate on soil microbial community structure, function and activity. Field assessments on soil microbial communities were conducted on a silt loam soil near Stoneville, MS, USA. Surface soil was collected at time of planting, before initial glyphosate application and 14 days after two post-emergence glyphosate applications. Microbial community fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were analyzed from these soil samples and soybean rhizospheres. Principal component analysis of the total FAME profile revealed no differentiation between field treatments, although the relative abundance of several individual fatty acids differed significantly. There was no significant herbicide effect in bulk soil or rhizosphere soils. Collectively, these findings indicate that glyphosate caused no meaningful whole microbial community shifts in this time period, even when applied at greater than label rates. Laboratory experiments, including up to threefold label rates of glyphosate, resulted in up to a 19% reduction in soil hydrolytic activity and small, brief (<7 days) changes in the soil microbial community. After incubation for 42 days, 32-37% of the applied glyphosate was mineralized when applied at threefold field rates, with about 9% forming bound residues. These results indicate that glyphosate has only small and transient effects on the soil microbial community, even when applied at greater than field rates.     

Modelling the microbial breakdown of pesticides in soil using a parameter estimation technique

Results of field measurements and laboratory experiments were used to simulate the behaviour of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) in a loamy sand soil. Microbial activity was described using pre-set conditions to compute transformation rates as dependent on compound concentrations and temperature. These kinetics could only be analysed using non-linear transformation rates. To link the development of microbial populations and the consumption of the compound over time, an iterative technique was used to estimate the necessary parameters.     

残留甲拌磷对土壤微生物活性的影响

在实验室控制条件下,向土壤中施入甲拌磷使其质量分数分别为2,8,20 mg/kg,研究了其对土壤微生物数量,微生物量碳、氮及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:施入甲拌磷对土壤中的真菌及放线菌具有轻微的抑制作用,但能很快恢复到对照水平;对细菌有明显的抑制作用,且抑制率随施药浓度的增大而增大,甲拌磷2,8,20 mg/kg 3个处理的平均抑制率分别为17.5% ,35.9%和48.5%。3个浓度处理下,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量平均分别比对照减少了20.8% ,34.8% ,39.2%和19.1% ,28.2% ,36.1%。3个浓度处理对土壤中蔗糖酶活性的平均抑制率分别为28.0% ,23.6%和9.8%,对蛋白酶活性的平均抑制率分别为12.1% ,13.6%和 23.8% ,对碱性磷酸酶活性的平均抑制率分别为13.4% ,16.1%和26.3%。在土壤中施用甲拌磷30 d后,2,8,20 mg/kg处理组土壤微生物商(SMB-C/SOC)分别比对照减少了13.1% ,28.6%和25%。研究表明,土壤中施入甲拌磷改变了土壤微生物的群落结构,降低了土壤微生物的活性。     

蒙古沙冬青根围土壤微生物分布及与土壤因子相关性研究

为了探明蒙古沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus monglicus)根围土壤微生物分布和土壤因子生态作用,2012年6月选取内蒙古磴口、阿拉善左旗和乌拉特后旗3个样地,按0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40、40-50cm5个土层采集根围土壤样品,系统研究了土壤微生物数量和生态分布。结果表明:五大类土壤微生物数量及分布与蒙古沙冬青及样地生态条件有关,不同样地不同土层微生物数量差异显著,垂直动态分布明显。3样地均是细菌>芽孢菌>放线菌>固氮菌>真菌。0-20cm土层显著高于其它土层,最大值均在10-20cm,并随土层加深,数量有减少趋势。同一土层,磴口的土壤细菌、芽孢菌、固氮菌、放线菌显著高于乌拉特后旗和阿拉善左旗;乌拉特后旗的真菌显著高于磴口和阿拉善左旗。相关性分析表明:土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌均与土壤有机C、碱解N和碱性磷酸酶极显著正相关。     

Photolytic versus microbial degradation of clomazone in a flooded California rice field soil

BACKGROUND: Clomazone is a popular herbicide used on California rice fields and exhibits rapid anaerobic microbial degradation (t_1/2 = 7.9 days). To test the potential of direct and indirect photolytic degradation as a cofactor in the overall degradation rate, sacrificial time‐series microcosms were amended with water, non‐sterilized soil + water and sterilized soil + water. Clomazone was added to each microcosm, which was then exposed to natural and artificial sunlight over 35 days. Water and acetonitrile extracts were analyzed for clomazone and metabolites via LC/MS/MS. RESULTS: The calculated pseudo‐first‐order degradation rate constants (k) were k_water = 0–0.005 ± 0.003 day^?1, k_sterile = 0–0.005 ± 0.003 day^?1 and k_non?sterile = 0.010 ± 0.002–0.044 ± 0.007 day^?1, depending on light type. The formation of ring‐open clomazone, a microbial metabolite, correlated with clomazone degradation. Trace amounts of 5‐hydroxyclomazone (m/z = 256 → 125), aromatic hydroxyclomazone (m/z = 256 → 141) and an unknown product (m/z = 268 → 125) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The photolytic degradation rate depends on both light type and the quality of the chromophores that induce indirect photolysis. Microbial degradation was found to be sensitive to temperature fluctuations. Overall, microbes are shown to be more detrimental to the environmental fate of clomazone than photolysis. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

微生物菌肥对熏蒸剂处理后土壤微生态的影响研究进展

土壤熏蒸是防治土传病害的有效手段,但化学熏蒸剂在杀死病原微生物的同时也会对有益微生物群落的组成与活性造成影响。微生物菌肥不仅能够减少农作物的病虫害侵染,而且能够改善农产品的品质与产量。将土壤熏蒸剂与微生物菌肥配合使用将有利于连作土壤修复、土壤-植物微生态环境的改良与重塑。一方面,土壤熏蒸剂用于消灭前茬作物遗留下的土壤病原物,给土壤进行消毒处理;另一方面,施用微生物菌肥给“纯净”的土壤环境输入有益菌群,引导更利于植物生长的土壤微生态环境(土壤理化性质、土壤微生物群落结构)形成。本文简述了土壤熏蒸剂、微生物菌肥以及微生物菌肥介入熏蒸后的土壤对土壤理化性质、土壤酶系及土壤微生物群落变化的研究进展,旨在系统解析微生物菌肥对经熏蒸剂处理后土壤微环境变化的影响,以期为解决连作障碍、防治土传病害、恢复植物根际功能提供相关理论与技术参考。     

Effect of chloroxuron on some microbial activities in soil

The effect of chloroxuron on some soil microbial activities, i.e. carbon dioxide evolution, mineralisation of nitrogen, dehydrogenase activity and on microbial colony counts, was assessed by applying different concentrations of the herbicide to soils incubated under laboratory and glasshouse conditions. Experimental results showed no adverse effects on microbial activities in the soils studied when chloroxuron was applied in concentrations up to 100 ppm. Mineralisation of nitrogen and carbon dioxide production were slightly enhanced by the herbicide.     

三种微生物杀虫油烟剂成烟后菌体活性的测定

本研究通过电子显微镜扫描和菌体活性测定三种微生物杀虫油烟剂成烟后菌体的活性,结果表明:使用烟雾机分别施放白僵菌、苏云金杆菌和松毛虫质型多角体病毒三种微生物杀虫油烟剂,其成烟后,三种菌体能保持原来的形态和活性,白僵菌孢子能正常萌发,苏云金杆菌芽孢在营养琼脂上能形成晶体,松毛虫质型多角体病毒能有效地感染松毛虫,为进一步研究常规和应急防治松毛虫的简单易行、高效的使用方法提供技术依据。     

黄芪根腐病病株和健株根围微生物菌群变化分析

通过分析黄芪根腐病病株和健株根围微生物菌群的变化,探究根腐病的发病机理,寻找预警病害发生的生物指示因子,为土壤微生态的生物调控提供依据。试验通过菌落计数、PCR-DGGE和16S rRNA V3区基因测序的方法,分析不同年限下黄芪根围病/健土中微生物区系、多样性及群落结构的变化。结果表明:细菌作为黄芪根围土中的优势种群,是影响病土中微生物数量升高的关键因子,其多样性降低是影响病害加重的主要原因之一。假单胞菌属Pseudomonas和无色杆菌属Achromobacter为土壤中的优势菌群,健土中的1号和4号特异条带分别为未培养的假单胞菌Uncultured Pseudomonas sp.和荧光假单胞菌P.fluorescens;6号未培养假单胞菌Uncultured Pseudomonas sp.的丰度与根腐病发病率负相关,16号无色杆菌Achromobacter sp.的丰度则在3年生土壤中显著升高,随后急剧下降。上述4个菌可作为潜在的土壤健康或发病指示因子进一步研究。     

复合微生态制剂对黄瓜根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响

[目的]研究施入复合微生态制剂对黄瓜根际土壤的影响.[方法]采用盆栽试验的方法,对不同生育时期施入复合微生态制剂的黄瓜根际土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性进行了测定.[结果]与对照相比,在花期施入复合微生态制剂,可使根际土壤细菌和放线菌的数量分别增加27.9％和20.6％,而真菌和尖孢镰刀菌的数量分别减少64.5％和66.7％;可使土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶活性分别提高130.8％、190.5％、123.5％,差异均显著.黄瓜不同生育时期施入复合微生态制剂对过氧化氢酶作用不明显.[结论]本研究在花期施入复合微生态制剂后,在一定程度上,可提高黄瓜根际土壤细菌和放线菌的数量,减少真菌及尖孢镰刀菌的数量,提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和中性磷酸酶的活性.     

[3H]Muscimol binding to a putative GABA receptor in honey bee brain and its interaction with avermectin B1a

A putative GABA receptor was identified in honey bee brain by virtue of its specific binding of [³H]muscimol and its drug specificity. [³H]Muscimol bound with two affinities (K_d1 of 3 nM and K_d2 of 144 nM), comparable to its affinities for binding to mammalian brain. The high-affinity binding was most sensitive to GABA agonists with the following decreasing order of potencies: muscimol>GABA>imidazole acetic acid>DL-GABOB>Zβ-guanidine propionic acid. However, it was insensitive to the antagonist bicuculline, which is potent on [³H]muscimol binding to the mammalian GABA_A receptor. It was also insensitive to baclofen, which is a potent agonist of mammalian GABA_B receptor, as well as to picrotoxinin, pentobarbital, flunitrazepam, and ethyl-β-carboxylate, which bind to allosteric sites in mammalian GABA receptor. The low-affinity [³H]muscimol binding was inhibited with GABA agonists with the following decreasing order of potencies: imidazole acetic acid = β-guanidine propionic acid>dl-GABOB. The two muscimol binding affinities may represent binding to two sites on the same GABA receptor or to two kinds of GABA receptor. The most potent inhibitor of the high-affinity [³H]muscimol binding to honey bee brain was avermectin B_1a (AVM), whose IC₅₀ was 0.01 nM. AVM also inhibited the low-affinity [³H]muscimol binding with an IC₅₀ of 2 μM.     

河西绿洲区保护性耕作对土壤微生物量C和有机质的影响

试验设20 cm留茬压倒(NPS20)、40 cm留茬压倒(NPS40)、40 cm立秆(NS40)、20 cm立秆(NS20)、6 750 kg/hm2覆盖(NSB40)和3750 kg/hm2覆盖(NSB20)和传统耕作(CT)7个处理,研究了不同秸秆覆盖量、留茬高度和秸秆处理对土壤有机质、土壤微生物量C和作物产量的影响.结果表明:土壤微生物量C含量随季节变化表现为播种前最高,收获后最低;不同时期土壤操作措施对土壤微生物量C的影响不同.从播种期开始,保护性耕作土壤有机质含量大于传统耕作,且保护性耕作各处理土壤有机质随土层深度的增加而递减,而传统耕作各层次之间无差异;保护性耕作提高了春小麦的产量:NPS20、NPS40、NS40、NS20、NSB40和NSB20较CT分别增产53.08%、46.59%、40.81%、19.93%、17.33%和4.34%.     

醋糟、粉煤灰对高粱苗期土壤微生物数量、酶活性及高粱生长的影响

研究了不同醋糟、粉煤灰处理下高粱苗期土壤微生物数量和土壤酶特性的变化特征及对高粱生长的影响,以探讨醋糟、粉煤灰的施用效果及最佳配比,试验设置4个处理,分别是处理1(醋糟100%)、处理2(醋糟∶粉煤灰=1∶1)、处理3(醋糟∶粉煤灰=2∶1)、处理4(醋糟∶粉煤灰=3∶1)和化肥对照。结果表明:施用醋糟、粉煤灰可以有效增加土壤微生物数量和提高土壤酶活性,提高叶片光合速率和高粱产量。处理1～处理4细菌数量分别比对照提高19.66%、31.34%、15.69%、12.54%,放线菌数量分别比对照提高20.99%、32.37%、17.56%、10.43%,真菌数量分别比对照提高22.78%、34.26%、13.54%、9.56%;土壤磷酸酶活性分别比对照提高17.11%、20.85%、12.29%和19.78%;土壤蔗糖酶活性比对照提高了23. 70%、37. 08%、11. 54%和3. 08%,土壤脲酶活性比对照提高了25. 28%、34.77%、19.82%和13.79%;处理2苗期光合速率分别比对照、处理1、处理3和处理4提高13.8%、6.67%、9.98%和13.30%,拔节期提高3.45%、3.22%、3. 21%和4. 05%,抽穗期提高14. 52%、3. 75%、1. 86%和12. 66%,灌浆期提高了13.08%、4.26%、4.08%和9.36%,成熟期提高了3.8%、1.05%、2.12%和2.20%。醋糟含有大量的有机物质和无机物质,可为土壤微生物的生命活动提供能量和养料,进而促进土壤微生物的繁殖和土壤酶活性。     

Studies on the possible formation of polychloroazobenzenes in quintozene treated soil

Treatment of different soils with quintozene at a level of 1000 parts/10⁶ and incubation for 24 days at 30 °C did not result in the formation of polychloroazobenzenes, although pentachloroaniline was formed. This negative finding is in line with previous work, where it was shown that azobenzenes can only be formed from substituted anilines with at least one free ortho position. Soil activity was demonstrated by incubation of 3,4-dichloroaniline under similar conditions yielding the expected 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachloroazobenzene. Mass fragmentography with a quadrupole mass spectrometer was used for the detection of polychloroazobenzenes. Mass spectra for the synthesised reference compounds are presented.     

黄土高原生物结皮形成过程中土壤胞外酶活性及其化学计量变化特征

生物土壤结皮在增强土壤抵抗水蚀风蚀能力、改善土壤养分等方面发挥着重要作用,土壤胞外酶活性可作为土壤生化反应强度的微生物指标,对理解荒漠生态系统微生物参与的养分循环过程具有重要意义.选取黄土高原神木县六道沟小流域5个生物结皮发育阶段(裸沙地、全藻结皮、藻-藓混生结皮、藓-藻混生结皮、全藓结皮)的土壤作为研究对象,研究生物...     

The interdependent effects of solar disinfestation and compost maturity level on soil microbial activity

The combined effects of soil solarization and application of compost of various maturity levels upon soil microbial activity were studied under field conditions during 2010–2012. Eight treatments were divided into solarized and non-solarized treatments, and each was either non-amended or annually amended with compost at 6 kg (DW) m^-2. The composts were mature, partially mature, or immature. In all three tested parameters of microbial activity (respiration rate, heat output, and dehydrogenase activity) the immature compost showed higher activity than the other compost types. Soil samples were collected weekly in order to assess microbial activity, which was evaluated from measurements of soil respiration rate, heat output, and dehydrogenase activity. Significant and year-to-year reproducible differences in all three parameters were observed between soils amended with the three compost types. Some residual (carry-over) effects of previous-year treatments were obtained. Microbial activity decreased in both solarized and non-solarized treatments during the experimental period, probably because of increasing summer temperatures, but the decline was sharper in the solarized treatments probably due to oxygen deficiency under the tarp. Significantly higher activity was found in the treatments amended with the immature compost, both in the solarized and non-solarized treatments. This could be a result of the high level of dissolved organic matter in the immature compost, which enhanced microbial activity.     

不同改良材料对灌漠土微生物量磷及生物有效性的影响

通过培养和盆栽试验,向灌漠土土壤中加入等量磷和不同添加比例的硫磺S(0.05%、0.15%、0.45%)、生物菌肥B(0.25%、0.50%、1.00%)、有机肥OM(0.50%、1.00%、2.00%)和小麦秸秆WS(1.00%、2.00%、4.00%),研究不同改良材料配施磷肥土壤微生物量磷的变化特征,及其与Olsen P、小麦吸磷量之间的关系。结果表明,添加不同改良材料处理的土壤微生物量磷含量均显著高于对照(不添加改良材料),且随着添加比例的增大而增加。在第16天时,各处理土壤微生物量磷含量达到最大值,OM_2.00、B_1.00、WS_4.00和S_0.45处理分别较对照显著增加了34.66%、34.52%、28.19%和23.89%;经过30 d的培养,硫磺、生物菌肥、有机肥和小麦秸秆处理的土壤微生物量磷含量较对照分别增加了19.51%、43.08%、47.92%和41.68%。在一定范围内(Olsen P约90 mg·kg^-1),土壤微生物量磷随土壤Olsen P提高而增加...     

Changes in soil microbial community response to precipitation events in a semi-arid steppe of the Xilin River Basin,China

In the context of climate change, precipitation is predicted to become more intense at the global scale. Such change may alter soil microbial communities and the microbially mediated carbon and nitrogen dynamics. In this study, we experimentally repackaged precipitation patterns during the growing season(from June to September) of 2012 in a semi-arid temperate steppe of the Xilin River Basin in Inner Mongolia of China, based on the 60-year growing season precipitation data. Specifically, a total amount of 240 mm simulated precipitation was assigned to experimental plots by taking the following treatments:(1) P6(6 extreme precipitation events, near the 1~(st) percentile);(2) P10(10 extreme precipitation events, near the 5~(th) percentile);(3) P16(16 moderate precipitation events, near the 50~(th) percentile); and(4) P24(24 events, 60-year average precipitation, near the 50~(th) percentile). At the end of the growing season, we analyzed soil microbial community structure and biomass, bacterial abundance, fungal abundance and bacterial composition, by using phospholipid fatty acid(PLFA), real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR) and 16S rRNA gene clone library methods. The extreme precipitation events did not change soil microbial community structure(represented by the ratio of PLFA concentration in fungi to PLFA concentration in bacteria, and the ratio of PLFA concentration in gram-positive bacterial biomass to PLFA concentration in gram-negative bacterial biomass). However, the extreme precipitation events significantly increased soil microbial activity(represented by soil microbial biomass nitrogen and soil bacterial 16S rRNA gene copy numbers). Soil fungal community showed no significant response to precipitation events. According to the redundancy analysis, both soil microbial biomass nitrogen and soil ammonium nitrogen(NH_4-N) were found to be significant in shaping soil microbial community. Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were the dominant phyla in soil bacterial composition, and responded differently to the extreme precipitation events. Based on the results, we concluded that the extreme precipitation events altered the overall soil microbial activity, but did not impact how the processes would occur, since soil microbial community structure remained unchanged.