宁夏马铃薯氮、 磷、 钾养分的吸收累积特征

【目的】马铃薯氮、 磷、 钾养分吸收累积特点国内外已有不少报道,但在宁夏地区的生产条件下尚缺乏系统研究,马铃薯配方施肥技术推广中也缺少施肥参数,难以确定合理的施肥量。因此,针对宁夏地区马铃薯种植基地的土壤条件,系统分析马铃薯干物质累积和氮、 磷、 钾养分含量,探明其对氮、 磷、 钾养分吸收累积特点,以期为马铃薯的精准施肥提供科学依据。【方法】采用田间试验和室内测定相结合的方法。于2012年分别在宁夏西吉县、 原州区、 红寺堡和同心县马铃薯种植基地进行肥料田间试验,按照当地推荐的施肥量统一施肥量和施肥方法(农家肥、 70%氮肥、 全部磷、 钾肥基施,30%氮肥在现蕾期追施),在马铃薯不同生育期采集植株样品,测定不同器官干重和氮、 磷、 钾含量,分析不同生育期马铃薯干物质累积量、 氮、 磷、 钾含量及其吸收累积量的变化特点。【结果】1)从不同种植基地来看,红寺堡区马铃薯干物质累积量最高,其次是原州区和西吉县,同心县最低;马铃薯干物质累积量随生育期的推进而增加,符合Logistic曲线,幼苗期、 块茎形成期、 块茎膨大期和淀粉累积期的干物质累积量分别占总累积量的5%、 20%、 40%和35%。2)马铃薯植株氮含量随生育期而降低,其变异系数较大; 磷、 钾含量随生育期呈先增后减的变化态势,但变异系数较小; 氮、 磷含量叶片高于其他器官,钾含量茎秆中较高。3)马铃薯氮、 磷、 钾吸收累积量在红寺堡区最高,原州区和西吉县居中,同心县最低;苗期氮、 磷、 钾的吸收量分别占全生育期总吸收量的11%、 6%、 8%,块茎形成期占28%、 23%、 31%,块茎膨大期占36%、 39%、 41%,淀粉积累期占25%、 31%、 20%;成熟期块茎中氮和磷的累积量分别占各自总累积量的60%以上,钾的累积量占50%。【结论】供试土壤条件下,马铃薯干物质累积量及养分吸收量因种植基地、 生育期和器官不同而异。从不同种植基地来看,红寺堡区马铃薯的干物质及氮、 磷、 钾累积量较高,原州区和西吉县居中,同心县最低;干物质及氮、 磷、 钾累积量随生育期的变化符合Logistic曲线,具有明显的阶段性特点,块茎膨大期累积最多,块茎形成期和淀粉积累期次之;马铃薯根、 茎和叶中吸收累积的氮、 磷、 钾占同期总累积量的比例随生育期而降低,但块茎则相反,氮、 磷、 钾吸收累积量随生育期而增加,成熟期块茎中吸收累积的养分量占全株的一半以上。     

氮肥形态对马铃薯氮素积累与分配的影响

采用田间试验的方法,研究了不同氮肥形态对氮素在马铃薯不同器官中的吸收和运转分配及产量的影响。试验结果表明:铵态氮肥对马铃薯地上干物质积累量的增加作用最明显,施氮处理马铃薯块茎干物质积累量比对照增加50.37%～71.38%;马铃薯各器官中含氮量随生育期推进逐渐下降,其中,茎和叶下降幅度较大;马铃薯各器官中氮含量生育前期表现为叶片>地上茎>根,进入块茎形成期以后,则叶片>根>地上茎>块茎。施氮在马铃薯生育前期有利于茎对氮素的吸收和储存,后期又可以促进茎中的氮素向叶片和块茎转移。施氮各处理产量较对照增加19.28%～63.86%,NH4+-N处理对氮的吸收、积累与分配影响最大,且产量最高,达到39 410.2 kg.hm-2。     

不同时期施钾对甘薯光合产物运转动力的调控

【目的】通过甘薯不同时期施用钾肥的大田试验,探讨不同时期施用钾肥对甘薯光合产物运转动力的调控效应。【方法】选用典型的食用型甘薯品种"北京553",以硫酸钾(K2SO4)为供试肥料,于2011 2012年2个生长季在山东农业大学农学试验站进行大田试验。试验处理为:不施用钾肥(CK)、全部钾肥基施(JS)、全部钾肥封垄期追施(FS)和全部钾肥高峰期追施(GS)。分析不同时期施用钾肥对功能叶光合产物的输出能力、运输茎的农艺特性、源-库间光合产物运输的渗透动力(茎顶-基部间碳水化合物、氨基酸和K+浓度梯度)及块根中光合产物积累特性的影响。【结果】施用钾肥可显著提高块根鲜薯产量和干重,提高块根膨大速率,其中,基施和封垄期追施钾肥处理增幅较大。基施钾肥显著降低生长前期(栽秧后50 d左右)功能叶碳水化合物含量和蔗糖/淀粉比值,提高生长中后期(栽秧后110 d、170 d左右)功能叶中蔗糖和蔗糖/淀粉比值,增幅分别为10.01%和27.14%(2011),16.16%和61.57%(2012),提高该时期功能叶蔗糖的输出能力。基施还提高生长前期基部茎粗,两年增幅均在20%以上,增大光合产物运输的横截面积;基施和封垄期追施钾肥处理提高生长中后期分枝数,基施处理两年增幅的均值为36.53%和48.44%,封垄期追施的为19.60%和46.17%;同时,降低生长中后期源-库距离,提高有效距离(51—200 cm)所占比例。茎顶部到基部间氨基酸和K+浓度逐渐降低,施用钾肥能提高该浓度梯度的降幅,提高渗透动力,以基施和封垄期追施效果较好,其中,氨基酸浓度两处理的平均增幅分别为87.58%和39.56%,K+浓度的平均增幅分别为272.81%和75.58%。基施钾肥显著降低生长前中期茎基部蔗糖和淀粉含量,基施和封垄期追施钾肥可显著降低生长后期茎顶部和基部蔗糖含量,同时降低淀粉含量。【结论】施用钾肥可减少生长前期功能叶中淀粉的合成,保证块根中光合产物的充足供应,扩大运输通道的横截面积,提高茎部运输的渗透动力促进茎基部光合产物的卸载,及时形成较强的库,提高生长中后期功能叶蔗糖含量和可运输态(蔗糖)的比例,增加光合产物运输通道数量,降低运输距离,提高运输有效性,并提高茎部运输的渗透动力,促进茎基部光合产物卸载,促进块根的膨大,形成高产。在本试验条件下,基施钾肥处理最优。     

Einfluß des Calcium-Angebotes auf Wachstumsrate und Calcium-Gehalt von Kartoffelknollen

Effect of calcium supply on growth rate and calcium content of potato tubers. . Using potato plants in water culture with a constant calcium supply to the roots, a study was made of the influence of additional supply of calcium to the tuber surface on growth rate and calcium content of the tubers. Under conditions of high relative humidity around the tubers the calcium nutrition of the tubers was exclusively dependent on the calcium supplied to the tuber surface (?exogenous calcium”?). With a high level of exogenous Ca the growth rate of the tubers was high and the rate of uptake of Ca was proportional to the tuber growth. With a low level of exogenous Ca the growth rate declined to a lower but constant value. In absence of exogenous supply of Ca the growth rate of the tubers declined gradually until growth ceased. Cessation of tuber growth occurred when the Ca content decreased below 0,36 mg Ca per g dry matter for smaller tubers and below 0,14 mg Ca per g dry matter for larger tubers. Severe Ca deficiency in potato tubers causes necrosis at the tuber apex.     

Effects of different nitrogen forms on potato growth and development

The objective of this study was to test if the effects of different nitrogen forms on potato growth depend on the plant growth stage. Plants from different potato cultivars were treated with different forms of nitrogen before tuber initiation and after tuber formation. A nitrification inhibitor was used to prevent the transformation of ammonium (NH₄⁺) to nitrate (NO₃^?). Plant growth, tuber formation, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content, and tuber yield were assessed. The results obtained over 2 years indicate that plants treated with NO₃-nitrogen (N) before or at tuber initiation produced more tubers per plant than those treated with NH₄-N. However, plants treated with NH₄-N develop tubers earlier. Additionally, after tuber formation, plants treated with NH₄-N had better shoot growth than plants treated with NO₃-N. A larger leaf area with higher leaf chlorophyll content resulted in greater dry matter accumulation and higher tuber yield at harvest for plants treated with NH₄-N.     

干旱胁迫下钾素对甘薯碳水化合物及内源激素含量的影响

【目的】研究干旱胁迫下施钾量对不同生长时期甘薯碳水化合物及内源激素含量的影响,为甘薯的抗旱高产栽培提供理论依据。【方法】选用食用型甘薯品种‘泰中6号’为材料,以硫酸钾（K₂SO₄）为供试肥料,水分处理设土壤最大持水量的60%～70%和30%～40%,依次代表正常供水（W1）和干旱胁迫（W0）;钾肥设K0、K1、K2、K3四个水平,K₂O用量分别为0、120、240和360 kg/hm2。分析了不同生长时期甘薯干物质含量、淀粉和可溶性糖含量、内源激素含量及收获期块根产量。【结果】干旱胁迫下甘薯植株干物质含量、块根和淀粉产量显著降低,施钾有利于甘薯植株干物质含量的提高、块根的膨大和淀粉的生成和积累,甘薯植株和块根干物质含量、块根淀粉含量和积累量最大均为K2处理,较K0提高幅度最大分别达到31.7%、43.6%、10.6%和50.6%。相同钾用量条件下,干旱胁迫下块根单薯重显著高于正常灌水,单株结薯数显著低于正常灌水。正常灌水条件下施钾后甘薯叶片可溶性糖含量降低,而块根可溶性糖含量升高,干旱胁迫下施钾使甘薯叶片和块根可溶性糖含量增大,较K0提高幅度最高分别达到31.4%和36.0%。干旱胁迫下施钾后甘薯叶片和块根IAA、ABA、ZR和GA含量显著增大,较K0提高幅度最高分别达到12.7%、15.7%、12.0%、10.4%和21.4%、15.6%、65.7%、13.0%,促进了甘薯植株碳水化合物含量和干重的提高,块根淀粉积累速率增大。【结论】干旱胁迫下施钾促进了干物质向块根的分配,提高了甘薯块根单薯重,从而增加了单位面积甘薯块根产量。干旱胁迫下钾素提高甘薯块根和叶片内源激素（ABA、IAA、ZR、GA）含量,块根内源激素含量的增加促进了块根淀粉的合成和积累,叶片内源激素含量的增加促进了地上部茎叶生长、茎叶干物质积累和叶片可溶性糖含量的增加,增强了甘薯的抗旱性。     

Critical potassium concentration and potassium/ calcium plus magnesium ratio in potato petioles associated with maximum tuber yields

In order to establish critical potassium (K) concentration levels and K/calcium (Ca) plus magnesium (Mg) [K/Ca+Mg] ratios in potato petioles associated to maximum total tuber yields, an experiment was conducted under Brazilian conditions. Six K levels (0, 60, 120, 240, 480, and 960 kg K₂O/ha as potassium sulphate) were applied in a randomized complete block design experiment with four replications. Baraka potato tubers were seeded, spaced 0.8 x 0.3 m, following the agronomic cultural practices recommended for the crop. After 48 days from plant emergence, plant tissue samples was collected from each plant, the youngest fully expanded leaves (YFEL) and the oldest but not senescent leaves (ONSL). Petioles from these leaves were analysed to their K, Ca, and Mg contents. At harvest, total, high grade, and weight tuber yields were increased to 733, 719, and 660 g/plant for the 353, 335, and 384 kg K₂O/ha levels, respectively. These yields are double the Brazilian potato yield average. Petiole Ca and Mg concentrations were decreased by the K fertilizer treatments, whereas the opposite occurred with the K/Ca+Mg ratio. Potassium concentrations in the petioles from the YFEL and ONSL increased up to 10.44 and 7.13 g K/100 g petiole dry matter at the 672 and 654 kg K₂O/ha levels, respectively. The K petiole gradient concentration was not affected by K fertilization. The K/Ca+Mg ratio for YFEL associated with the maximum total tuber yield was 7.24, while the K concentrations were 8.91 and 6.16 g K/100 g dry matter in petioles for the YFEL and ONSL, respectively.     

滴施不同铵硝比例氮肥对马铃薯生长的影响

在盆栽试验条件下,以滴灌施肥方式探讨滴施不同铵硝比例氮肥对马铃薯生长、产量和品质的影响。研究结果表明:在本试验条件下,滴施不同铵硝比例氮肥对马铃薯植株生物量的积累差异不显著;滴施铵态氮肥有利于提高马铃薯块茎中N的浓度,而滴施硝态氮肥有利于提高马铃薯块茎中Ca的浓度;滴施不同铵硝比例氮肥处理马铃薯的淀粉含量、干物质含量、灰分含量等均差异不显著,块茎产量也差异不显著,但马铃薯商品薯比例以滴施铵硝比例为50/50氮肥处理的最高,达到92.01%。     

Einfluß der Lichtintensität bei variierter Kaliumernährung auf CO2-Assimilation und Ertragsbildung bei Sommerweizen

Effect of light intensity at varied potassium supply on CO₂ assimilation and yield formation of spring wheat .

• 1 The effect of a varied K⁺ supply on CO₂ assimilation rates and yield formation has been studied at two different light intensities with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in solution culture. Light intensity was reduced in one treatment by shading the plants with a cloth, which caused a reduction of about 50 % of the light intensity. This shading was applied from the heading stage until grain maturation.
• 2 Reduced light intensity resulted in remarkably decreased rates of dry matter increments in both K treatments. In the beginning this growth depression, however, was small in the treatment with the higher K supply. At the stage of transition from the vegetative to the reproductive stage the better K⁺ nutrition obviously could compensate the lacking light to some degree. This favourable K⁺ effect, however, decreased with the advance of the reproductive phase. Thus at maturation in both K treatments equal quantities of dry matter were harvested. In the treatments with full light the higher K supply resulted in a yield increase at maturation.
• 3 The CO₂ assimilation rates measured at flowering, milk stage and dough stage indicated that rather the K supply than the light intensities influenced the CO₂ assimilation. The treatments with the higher K supply showed almost twice as high assimilation rates compared with the treatments with the lower K supply.
• 4 The reduced light intensity caused a substantial depression in grain yield in both K treatments. The poor grain yield was mainly due to a reduced thousand grain weight and to a less extent to a reduction in the number of ears.
• 5 As the better K supply resulted in increased CO₂ assimilation rates without having an influence on the grain filling of the plants exposed to a lower light intensity, it is concluded that at low light intensities the grain filling is not limited by the supply of grains with photosynthates but probably is affected by other processes.

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覆膜与生物炭对青藏高原马铃薯水分利用效率和产量的影响

生物炭具有比表面积大,吸附力强等特点,该研究尝试在地膜覆盖基础上引入生物炭技术,利用生物炭的保水保肥效应以及固碳培肥效果,解决地膜覆膜带来的土壤地力下降及后期减产问题。2019年通过设置施炭(B)、覆膜(M)、施炭+覆膜(M+B)和对照(CK)共4个处理的大田试验,探究覆膜和生物炭对青海省东部农业区马铃薯生长、耗水特征和产量的影响。结果表明:块茎膨大期和淀粉积累期是植株干物质量增加的主要时期,覆膜在块茎膨大期即有显著的促进效果,生物炭仅在淀粉积累后期和成熟期促进效果显著。施炭和覆膜均能显著提高收获期植株总干物质量,施炭比覆膜的根冠比显著提高。马铃薯苗期耗水量最高,在块茎膨大期以前日均耗水量在3 mm/d以上。覆膜显著增加了作物总耗水量和土壤储水消耗量,总耗水量比对照多出35mm,施炭和覆膜均显著提高了水分利用效率。施炭和覆膜均能显著提高马铃薯块茎产量(P0.05),覆膜显著增加了大薯的数量和产量。无论施炭与否,覆膜均显著增产,而施炭仅在不覆膜下显著增产,覆膜增产效应是施炭的2.2倍。覆膜能显著提高马铃薯净收益,但施炭降低了净收益,主要是由于生物炭的成本较高。该研究为青藏高原东部农区马铃薯高产栽培提供科学依据。     

Nutrient Balance in Relation to High Yield and Good Quality of Potato on an Acid Purple Soil in Chongqing,China

A field experiment was carried out to study nutrient balance among N,P,K and Mg in potato cultivation on an acid purple soil in Chongqing,China,The experiment included 8 treatments with equal P rate of 120 kg P2O5 hm^-2 :N0K2,N1K2,NK2K2,N3K2,N2K0,N2K1,N2K1Mg and N2K3,where N0,N1,N2 and N3 stand for the N rates of 0,75,150 and 225 kg N hm^-2 ,and K0,K1,K2 and K3 for the K rates of 0,165,330 and 495kg K2O hm^-2,respectively,Among the treatments designed ,Treatment N2K2 with a nutrient suply ration of N:P2O5:K2O:MgO=1.25:1.275:0.28 gave the highest tuber yield nd dry matter ,highest starch and Zn and lowest NO3^- contents in tuber,and high N,P and K use effciency with and uptake ratio of N:P:K:Mg=11.38:1:13.32:0.33 by tuber,Yield and starch and protein contents of tuber were the lowest in Treatment N0K2.Dry matter was the highest N,P and K utilization rates .Statistical analysis showed that yields of tuber and starch were in a positive linear correlation with the uptake amount of various nutrients and protein of the potato tuber was in a significantly positive linear correlation with tuber N content and in a singificantly negative linear correlation with tuber K and Mg contents .Balaced application of N,P,K and Mg fertilizers(Treatment N2K2)was recommended for realiztion of high yield and good quality in potato cultivation.     

Potato growth and nutrient diagnosis as affected by systemic pesticide and physiological growth stage

Abstract

Growth and chemical composition of crop plants may be subject to alteration by systemic compounds employed for pest control. A field study was implemented to examine the effects of aldicarb on growth, chemical composition, and nutrient diagnosis of a potato crop at various growth stages. Aldicarb use resulted in increased dry matter production of leaves, stems, and tubers, and final fresh tuber weight during the second year of the study. Higher tuber yields were likely due to greater photosynthetic capacity because the increase in leaf dry matter production with time was greater in the aldicarb treatment than in control. Leaf nutrition was not influenced by aldicarb; however, leaf nutrient content varied greatly with growth stage. Similar nutrient status evaluations were generated by DRIS, regardless of pesticide treatment or growth stage. DRIS was able to diagnose nutrient limitations as early as tuber initiation     

Efficiency of Nitrogen Fertilizer for Potato under Fertigation Utilizing a Nitrogen Tracer Technique

Abstract

Efficient crop use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is critical from economic and environmental viewpoints, especially under irrigated conditions. Nitrogen fertilizer (¹⁵N‐labeled urea) and irrigation methods (drip and furrow) were evaluated on spring and fall potato cultivars under Syrian Mediterranean climatic conditions. Field experiments were conducted in the El‐Ghab Valley near Hama in fall 2000 and spring 2001 on a heavy clay soil. Four N‐fertilizer applications (70, 140, 210, and 280 kg N/ha) were applied in five equally split treatments for both irrigation methods. Potato was irrigated when soil moisture in the specified active root depth reached 80% of the field capacity as indicated by the neutron probe.

Higher marketable tuber yield of spring potato was obtained by fertigation compared to furrow irrigation; the magnitude of tuber yield increases was 4, 2, 31, and 13%, whereas for fall potato the tuber yield increases were 13, 27, 20, and 35% for N fertilizer rates of 70, 140, 210, and 280 kg N/ha, respectively. Shoot dry matter and tuber yields at the bulking stage were not good parameters to estimate marketable tuber yield. The effect of N treatments on potato yield with furrow irrigation and fertigation was limited and not significant. Drip fertigation improved tuber yield of fall potato relative to national average yield. Nitrogen uptake increased with increasing N input under both irrigation methods. Reducing N input under both irrigation methods improved N recoveries. Increasing N input significantly increased total N content in plant tissues at the bulking stage. Spring potato yields were almost double those of fall potato under both irrigation methods and all N treatments.

Nitrate (NO₃) movement in the soil solution for fall potato was monitored using soil solution extractors. Furrow irrigation resulted in greater movements of NO₃‐N below the rooting zone than drip fertigation.

Harvest index did not follow a clear trend but tended to decrease upon increasing N fertilization rates beyond 140 kg N/ha under both irrigation methods. Drip fertigation improved field water‐use efficiencies at the bulking and harvest stages. Fertigation increased specific gravity of potato tubers relative to furrow irrigation. Higher N input decreased specific gravity of potato tubers under both irrigation methods.     

POTATO TUBER YIELD AND QUALITY AS AFFECTED BY RATES AND SOURCES OF POTASSIUM FERTILIZER

Among the major nutrients, potassium (K) not only improves yields but also improves quality parameters. Field experiments were conducted to assess the comparative effect of sources and rates of K fertilizer on potato yield and quality on a sandy loam soil. Graded doses of potassium, i.e., 0, 150 and 225 kg ha^?1 K₂O from sulfate and muriate of potash were applied in triplicate. Recommended dose of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) applied uniformly. Significant increase in tuber yield was observed with 150 kg ha^?1 K₂O from both the sources over control. Increase in tuber yield with 225 kg ha^?1 K₂O was statistically non significant compared to 150 kg ha^?1. The dry matter and specific gravity were more affected with sulfate of potash (SOP) than muriate of potash (MOP). The quality parameters like dry matter, specific gravity, starch contents, vitamin C, chips color and taste were improved with K application.     

Effects of selenium treatments on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and concentrations of soluble sugars and starch

The effect of selenium (Se) treatments on potato growth and Se, soluble sugar, and starch accumulation was investigated. Potato plants were cultivated in quartz sand without or with sodium selenate (0, 0.075, 0.3 mg Se kg(-1) sand). In young potato plants, Se treatment resulted in higher starch concentrations in upper leaves. The tuber yield of Se-treated potato plants was higher and composed of relatively few but large tubers. At harvest, the starch concentration in tubers did not differ significantly between treatments. The higher Se addition (0.3 mg Se kg(-1)) may have delayed the aging of stolons and roots, which was observed as high concentrations of soluble sugar and starch. Together with the earlier results showing elevated starch concentration in Se-treated lettuce, the findings of this research justify the conclusion that Se has positive effects also on potato carbohydrate accumulation and possibly on yield formation.     

Effect of location on starch content and tuber texture characteristics in potato breeding lines and cultivars

The texture of boiled potato tubers is one of the most important quality traits. The variation of tuber texture is usually examined in relationship with dry matter or starch content. The objective of the work was to examine variation and stability of texture and starch content in tubers grown in various environments. Both traits were evaluated for the set of potato breeding lines and 10 table potato cultivars. The lines were developed in the program of parental lines carried out in M?ochów Research Center, Poland. The environments were represented by three locations, which differed in cultivation system as well as climatic and soil conditions. The traits were influenced by the effects of genotype, location and their interactions. The effect of location on texture was not explained by the changes in starch content. The calculated stability parameters indicated that unstable expression of both traits was more pronounced and more frequent in breeding lines than in the cultivars. The short period of selection used in the development of the parental lines is not conducive to select potato genotypes with stable expression of quality traits. The starch content was at most moderately related with various characteristics of tuber texture.     

马铃薯产量品质与氮磷钾吸收利用的关系

【目的】分析马铃薯品种(系)产量和品质在不同栽培条件下与养分吸收及利用的关系,为马铃薯科学施肥提供理论基础。【方法】在宁夏固原和甘肃定西开展马铃薯品种(系)田间试验,宁夏收集了76份品种(系),甘肃收集了83份,马铃薯试验均采用当地水肥管理技术。成熟期测定产量及产量构成因素,取样分析马铃薯品质和氮磷钾养分含量,以及土壤有机质和速效养分含量。【结果】两地马铃薯块茎产量差异不显著。将马铃薯产量分为<30 t/hm² (低)、30～45 t/hm² (中)和>45 t/hm² (高) 3个等级,宁夏种植的76个品种(系)中低产、中产、高产的占比分别为27.6%、34.2%、38.2%,甘肃种植的83个品种(系)中的占比分别为15.7%、49.4%、34.9%。随着不同马铃薯品种(系)产量的不断增加,干物质和淀粉含量呈现增加趋势,而蛋白质含量则呈现降低趋势。无论产量水平高低,每生产1 t马铃薯块茎需吸收N 2.9 kg、P 0.5 kg、K 4.0 kg。产量与氮磷钾养分吸收量呈显著正相关,维生素C和蛋白质含量与氮磷...     

钙水平对马铃薯试管薯产量、质量和生理病害的影响

利用MS培养液研究了不同浓度氯化钙对马铃薯试管薯的产量、 质量、 薯内钙含量及生理病害的影响。结果表明,MS培养液中不添加钙时,试管薯的结薯数量、 薯重及大薯率大幅度降低,没有＞100 mg 的试管薯,薯表面出现明显的黄褐色粗糙斑块,个别薯块现水浸状腐烂,腐烂率2.21%。薯内干物质、 淀粉、 可溶性糖和蛋白质含量也较正常钙用量下分别降低了36.8%、 41.39%、 10.7%.和.39.43%,丙二醛含量上升。4℃下贮藏6个月,薯皮失水皱缩严重,平均病害率达53.77%;室温下放置3周,发芽率25.53%,芽生长缓慢;MS 培养液中添加不同浓度的氯化钙,茎段结薯数和薯重随钙浓度的增加呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,大薯率和薯皮表面光泽度呈上升趋势,与正常钙水平相比,薯重增加了2.7%~47.86%、 结薯数增加了-11.49%~22.64%、 大薯率14.43%~26.08%。薯内干物质、 淀粉、 可溶性糖和蛋白质含量的变化均随钙浓度的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,并较正常钙用量下增加了4.43%~8.62%（干物质）、 6.79%~16.49%（淀粉）、 3.89%~6.31%（可溶性糖）和 4.63%~8.29%（蛋白质）。薯内钙含量大幅度上升,平均值为177~267 g/g（最高值为9 mmol/L处理）,薯皮光滑无水浸状腐烂。4℃下贮藏6个月,薯皮正常,生理病害率随薯内钙含量升高呈下降趋势,病害率为1%~8.9%,决定系数R2=0.3812,且试管薯芽的萌发和生长能力正常。确定MS培养液中添加 9 mmol/L CaCl2是新大坪品种试管薯数量和质量的最优处理。     

宁夏引黄灌区春小麦不同生育期吸收氮、磷、钾养分的特点

选择宁夏引黄灌区中等肥力灌淤土,设置施肥与不施肥处理,在相距约5km的3个试验点进行了肥料田间试验,研究春小麦不同生育期氮、磷、钾养分的吸收特点。结果表明,在供试土壤条件下,施肥可明显提高小麦产量、干物质累积量、体内氮、磷、钾含量及其累积量。施肥或不施肥,小麦地上部干物质的累积量随生育期呈典型S型曲线增长,其中拔节期和灌浆期出现两个高峰期,各占总累积量的30%左右。植株氮、磷、钾含量随生育期呈曲线下降趋势,特别是从拔节到灌浆中期下降幅度较大;而在分蘖期以前和灌浆中期以后变化幅度较小。植株氮、磷、钾累积吸收量随生育期的延长和施肥水平的提高而增加,但各生育期相对累积吸收比例,施肥与否差异不大。苗期氮、磷、钾的吸收量约占总吸收量的4%～5%,分蘖期占20%～23%,拔节期分别占30%、41%、34%,抽穗期分别占14%、12%、10%,灌浆期分别占29%、20%、26%,成熟期占1%～3%,其中拔节期是养分吸收的高峰时期。不论施肥与否,地上部氮、磷、钾累积吸收量与其干物质累积量之间均呈极显著正相关,而与植株氮、磷、钾含量之间呈极显著负相关。     

马铃薯专用中耕培土犁的应用及增产效果

中耕培土是马铃薯生产的关键耕作技术,影响马铃薯的产量和品质。传统的中耕培土犁培土效果达不到当前生产作业要求,限制了马铃薯产业发展。为解决该问题,该研究根据马铃薯生产现状,应用自主研发马铃薯专用中耕培土犁,并以传统中耕培土犁为对照,开展不同垄距培土犁培土效果对比试验,设置垄距为65、70、80和90 cm,分别在马铃薯苗期及现蕾期进行2次培土,探讨马铃薯专用培土犁的最佳培土模式。研究结果表明:应用马铃薯专用中耕培土犁培土,垄体明显增大,垄体土壤质量高于对照21.7%~33.4%,有利于马铃薯生育期地下干物质的积累,提高马铃薯匍匐茎数;有利于地下薯块的增长,大、中薯块茎产量增加,小薯块茎所占比率有所减少;马铃薯产量两年平均为38 215.0~43 131.2 kg/hm~2,比对照提高1.1%~7.3%,商品薯产量为33 788.9~39 346.7 kg/hm~2,比对照提高4.1%~11.2%,青薯产量为670.7~834.3 kg/hm~2,比对照降低18.7%~28.8%;其中垄距为80 cm培土处理马铃薯产量最高、青薯产量最低,均值分别为43 131.2和670.7 kg/hm~2,为马铃薯专用中耕培犁的最佳培土模式。该研究可为马铃薯生产提供指导。