Factors affecting the sequential acquisition by Danish houseflies (musca domestica L.) of resistance to organophosphorus insecticides

The prolonged use of dimethoate, introduced into Denmark to control houseflies (Musca domestica L.) that had become resistant to parathion and diazinon, resulted ultimately in dimethoate resistance. Selection with dimethoate led to the disappearance of the hydrolytic phosphatase, a major mechanism of resistance to parathion and diazinon, and its replacement by the acetylcholinesterase AChER with somewhat decreased sensitivity to inhibition by organophosphorus (OP) insecticides. The hydrolytic phosphatase probably disappeared because low substrate turn-over made it ineffective against dimethoxon (O, O-dimethyl S-methylcarbamoylmethyl phosphorothioate, also known as omethoate). which accumulates at higher concentrations than paraoxon (diethyl4-nitrophenyl phosphate) in the haemolymph. Dimethoate selected AChER preferentially because it improved the chances of houseflies surviving against the relatively poor AChE inhibitor dimethoxon, whereas its relatively small insensitivity to OP insecticides, unimportant against good inhibitors such as paraoxon, prevented its selection by parathion.     

Sublethal effects of insecticides on the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.)

The effect of sublethal concentrations (LC₁ and LC₅₀) of permethrin, fenvalerate, methamidophos and carbaryl on diamondback moth development, female fecundity and insect behaviour was investigated. All the insecticides had deleterious effects on the number of larvae surviving to pupae, the duration of the pupal period, the number of pupae surviving to adulthood, and cocoon formation in pupae. Prolonged duration of the larval period, from third instar to pupation, and deformed pupae were also observed. Permethrin, fenvalerate and carbaryl caused latent toxicity and deformed wings in the adults. Pyrethroids and methamidophos reduced the longevity of the adults whereas carbaryl increased it. Except for permethrin, the insecticides inhibited female fecundity. At LC₁ and LC₅₀ concentrations, the pyrethroids showed both repellent and antifeedant activity against larvae, and female moths preferred to oviposit on untreated leaf discs rather than on those treated with the pyrethroids at concentrations equal to their LC₅₀ values.     

The toxicity of mixtures of a pyrethroid with organophosphorus insecticides to Tetranychus urticae Koch

Laboratory studies of the cotoxicity of a pyrethroid insecticide, fenvalerate, and several organophosphorus insecticides against the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, showed that a useful degree of potientation of toxicity occurred. The most effective combination of fenvalerate and azinphos-methyl was found to be a 1:1 ratio. Phosphates and phosphorodithioates in combination with fenvalerate were more toxic than phosphoromonothioates. The results suggest a practical method of improving the acaricidal activity of pyrethroid insecticides.     

3种环境友好型药剂对西花蓟马的室内毒力与田间防效

测定了3种杀虫剂对西花蓟马的室内毒力和田间防效。室内生物测定结果表明,多杀菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、阿维菌素对西花蓟马成虫的LC50值为0.050～2.887mg/L,对西花蓟马若虫的LC50值为0.040～0.457mg/L;田间药效试验表明,田间防治西花蓟马时推荐使用剂量(防效>80%)分别为:2.5%多杀菌素悬浮剂30～60g/667m2,1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油30～60g/667m2,1.8%阿维菌素乳油不可低于75g/667m2。     

The influence of post-exposure temperature on the toxicity of insecticides to Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

The influence of post-treatment temperature on the toxicities of two pyrethroids (lambda-cyhalothrin and bifenthrin), a carbamate (methomyl) and a spinosyn (spinosad) to Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) larvae was evaluated in laboratory assays. From 24 to 35 degrees C, the toxicities of the pyrethroids decreased 9.5- and 13.6-fold while spinosad toxicity decreased 3.8-fold. The toxicity of methomyl did not change significantly. The results demonstrate that the most effective insecticide against a pest may vary with environmental conditions. In situations where comparable products from multiple insecticide classes are available, temperature should be included as a factor in the decision-making process.     

Comparative effects of temperature and humidity on the activity of three potential antagonists of rose powdery mildew

Three reported antagonists of cucumber powdery mildew,Stephanoascus flocculosus, Stephanoascus rugulosus, andTilletiopsis washingtonensis, were tested and compared under different environmental conditions for their potential for controlling rose powdery mildew, caused bySphaerotheca pannosa var.rosae. Under controlled conditions in vitro, all three fungi induced a rapid collapse of conidia, conidiophores and hyphae ofS. pannosa var.rosae on detached leaflets of miniature roses within 48 h following their application, as observed under a SEM. Both temperature and relative humidity (r.h.) affected the activity of the antagonists differently. The colonization of powdery mildew was maximal at 26 °C, especially forSt. rugulosus andT. washingtonensis. Maximal colonization was achieved at the highest r.h. tested (90%) for all three antagonists but onlySt. flocculosus maintained a colonization of 80% or better under lower r.h. These observations stress the importance of considering environmental conditions when assessing the activity of antagonistic microorganisms.     

Sex-related response to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides in adult Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta

During the development of a resistance-monitoring bioassay that uses males as the life-stage tested, the relationship of adult female and male susceptibility of Grapholita molesta to different classes of insecticides was investigated. Preliminary results indicated that more males survived diagnostic doses of azinphos-methyl than females. Additional research revealed that, although the body mass of adult male G molesta was only 69% of that of female moths (5.67 and 8.20 mg, respectively), their LC50 values were 2.6, 4.1 and 10.3 times higher than those of females for azinphosmethyl, malathion and parathion-methyl, respectively. However, female G molesta moths were more tolerant to methomyl than were male moths. There was no indication that this sex-related response occurred in G molesta larvae. The results presented here raise concerns regarding the use of pheromone traps for determining whether insecticide treatments are required and as part of resistance monitoring programs.     

Membrane partitioning of organophosphorus and organochlorine insecticides and its implications for mechanisms of toxicity

Partition coefficients of organophosphorus and organochlorine insecticides were determined in several types of membrane. Insecticide partitioning varied among the membranes under study, depending on temperature, cholesterol content and on the physico-chemical profiles of membrane components and the insecticides themselves. The maximal partitions for DDT, lindane, parathion and malathion in egg phosphatidylcholine bilayers over the temperature range from 10 to 37°C (at which the lipid is in the liquid-crystalline state) were about 260000, 2000, 1000 and 120, respectively. Incorporation of 50 mol% cholesterol in egg phosphatidylcholine bilayers dramatically decreased the partition and almost abolished the temperature effect. First-order phase transitions of dimyristoyl-, dipalmitoyl- and distearoylphosphatidylcholines (DMPC, DPPC and DSPC) were accompanied by a sharp increase in insecticide partition. Furthermore, the insecticides under study were more easily accommodated in bilayers of short-aliphatic-chain lipids, since higher values of partition were obtained in DMPC bilayers. Partition values in native membranes depended considerably on the membrane type and composition and were higher in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and mitochondria than in brain microsomes, myelin and erythrocytes. Identical results were obtained in related liposomes of total extracted lipids, although the absolute partitions showed decreased values. In general, the incorporation of insecticides correlated reasonably with the cholesterol content of the membranes. The order of partitioning of the above insecticides did not run parallel with their toxicity to mammals and, both in model and in native membranes, followed the sequence: DDT ? lindane > parathion > malathion.     

三种不同类型杀虫剂对家蚕的慢性毒性试验及评价方法初探

为了解农药对家蚕的慢性毒性影响,探索建立我国农药对家蚕的慢性毒性试验及评价方法体系,以3种不同类型的代表性杀虫剂高效氯氟氰菊酯、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和氟铃脲为代表药剂,针对家蚕进行了给药阶段、给药剂量及评价指标的系统研究。结果表明:慢性毒性试验中的给药阶段以2~3龄期为宜;给药剂量可为其急性毒性96 h-LC50值的1/50、1/100、1/200、1/400和1/800;主要评价指标应为结茧率。     

温度与光照对阿维菌素系列化合物毒力发挥的效应

系统研究了阿维菌素(avermectin)系列化合物在不同温度和光照下对小菜蛾的毒力效应.结果表明,该系列化合物对小菜蛾幼虫毒力在一定温度范围内符合正温度系数规律.阿巴菌素(abamectin)对小菜蛾幼虫的触杀毒力在16～28℃范围内提高了16倍左右,在22～28℃范围内增幅较大;依维菌素(ivermectin)在16～31℃范围内提高了19倍左右,并在22～25℃范围内增幅较大;埃玛菌素(emamectin)在16～31℃范围内提高了10倍左右.胃毒毒力结果表明,阿巴菌素在16～28℃范围内提高了30多倍;伊维菌素在16～31℃范围内提高了近40倍.另外,埃玛菌素表现出了极高的胃毒作用且随温度变化的幅度较大,其毒力在16～28℃范围内可提高1000倍以上.采用正交旋转组合设计方法研究表明,阿巴菌素对小菜蛾的毒力与浓度及施药后无光照时间有正交互关系,而与紫外光照时间和光照强度有负交互关系.     

杀虫剂对中黑苜蓿盲蝽的毒力测定方法及9种杀虫剂的室内毒力测定

中黑苜蓿盲蝽（Adelphocoris suturalis Jakovlev）目前是河南省关键棉花害虫之一。本文研究了中黑苜蓿盲蝽成虫的日龄、性别、密度和食物的有无对瓶膜法毒力测定结果的影响,确定了农药对中黑苜蓿盲蝽毒力的生物测定方法。将羽化10 d内的成虫（不分雌雄）1～3头装入具有待测药膜的20 mL闪烁瓶中,每瓶加1块四季豆作为食物, 24 h检查死亡率。用此法测定的9种杀虫剂对郑州中黑苜蓿盲蝽种群的毒力为： 毒死蜱>硫丹>氯氟氰菊酯>甲萘威>吡虫啉>高效氯氰菊酯>啶虫咪>抗蚜威>溴氰菊酯,LC50分别为0.275、0.335、8.130、16.782、18.684、23.805、27.767、63.420 μg/mL和68.451 μg/mL。     

嗜线虫致病杆菌与七种杀虫剂混配对小菜蛾毒杀增效作用评价

采用浸叶法测定了嗜线虫致病杆菌Xenorhabdus nematophila HB310(Xn HB310)与7种常用杀虫剂混配后对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的毒杀增效作用,并对具有增效作用的混配组合进行了最佳配比的筛选和增效作用的评价。结果显示,Xn HB310仅与氯氰菊酯混配表现出明显的增效作用,协同毒力指数(cf)为30.9;当Xn HB310与氯氰菊酯质量比在1006.4∶2.6～816∶4之间时,混配药剂均表现为增效作用;当两种药剂的质量比为952∶3时,增效作用最强,此时的共毒系数最高为335。Xn HB310与乐斯本、吡虫啉或甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(甲维盐)混配均表现为相加作用,cf值分别为9.6、-6.9和-18.6,Xn HB310与菜喜、灭幼脲或阿维菌素混配则表现出明显的拮抗作用,cf值分别为-48.4、-24.9和-57.1。     

几种杀虫剂对斑翅果蝇室内毒力测定

在实验室条件下,选取6种常用杀虫剂,采用胃毒触杀联合毒力测定方法测定了室内成虫种群对这几种药剂的敏感性。毒力测定结果表明:藜芦碱、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯的毒力相对较高,而阿维菌素、氟虫腈、异丙威的毒力较低。藜芦碱、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯可作为防治斑翅果蝇的候选药剂。     

几种杀虫剂防治花椰菜小菜蛾试验初报

5％锐劲特悬浮剂1400倍、10％除尽悬浮剂1400倍、20％美满悬浮剂2000倍、4．5％高效氯氰菊脂乳油2000倍、2．5％溴氰菊脂乳油2000倍、5％抑太保乳油1400倍等杀虫剂对花椰菜小菜蛾具有较好的防治效果，且持效期长，对蔬菜安全；药后3d防效在84．80％～92．96％；药后7d防效在87．92％～95．61％；药后10d防效在87．22％～93．77％。     

Pesticide interactions: Effects of organophosphorus pesticides on the metabolism,toxicity, and persistence of selected pyrethroid insecticides

The organophosphorus pesticides profenofos, sulprofos, O-ethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phenylphosphonothioate (EPN), and S,S,S,-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) administered intraperitoneally to mice at 0.5 to 5 mg/kg strongly inhibit the liver microsomal esterase(s) hydrolyzing trans-permethrin. Profenofos, EPN, and DEF at 25 mg/kg increase the intraperitoneal toxicity of fenvalerate > 25-fold and of malathion > 100-fold. Topically applied profenofos, sulprofos, and DEF significantly synergize the toxicity of cis-cypermethrin to cabbage looper larvae and house fly adults but these phosphorus compounds are much less effective in synergizing the toxicity of trans-permethrin. The magnitude of synergism appears to depend on the species, organophosphorus compound, and pyrethroid involved. Profenofos, sulprofos, and EPN do not significantly alter the persistence of trans-permethrin on bean foliage.     

Chemical structure and physical properties of candidate insecticides in relation to residual toxicity to adult mosquitos

Data are presented on changes in physical properties and insecticidal activity resulting from modifications in chemical structure in two groups of compounds. The first group consists of propoxur and three closely related N-methylcarbamates and the corresponding N-acetyl compounds The parent compounds are all highly toxic to adult mosquitos by topical application in solution and deposits from water-dispersible powder formulations on plywood and plaster of Paris panels have long residual activity. N-acetylation is not accompanied by excessive loss of toxicity to mosquitos, but increases volatility to the extent that none of the four N-acetyl derivatives can be considered as potential residual insecticides. The second group consists of tetrachlorvinphos and related vinyl phosphates and vinyl phosphorothionates which show a wide range of toxicity both to adult mosquitos and to mammals.     

4种杀虫剂对胡瓜钝绥螨成螨的急性毒性

测定了4种常用杀虫剂针对目标害虫推荐使用浓度范围对天敌胡瓜钝绥螨Neoseiulus cu-cumeris成螨的毒力测定、综合急性毒性和二次中毒毒性。综合急性毒性和二次中毒毒性测定结果显示,毒死蜱Chlorphifos、灭幼脲Chlorbenzurin、吡虫啉Imidacloprid对胡瓜钝绥螨都具有极强的毒性,可造成毁灭性杀伤,苏云金杆菌Bt对胡瓜钝绥螨影响极小,无明显毒性。玻片浸渍法测定的不同杀虫剂对胡瓜钝绥螨的毒力大小依次为:毒死蜱Chlorphifos(乐斯本)>灭幼脲Chlorbenzurin>吡虫啉Imidacloprid>苏云金杆菌Bt。     

The influence of temperature on germination of gorse (Ulex europaeus L.)

The germination of U. europaeus seed was investigated at temperatures between 4 and 40°C on a thermal gradient bar. At constant temperature the germination rate increased linearly with temperature from a minimum near 0°C to an optimum at 18°C and then decreased to a maximum at 26°C. At still higher temperatures seeds became imbibed but only germinated when transferred to cooler conditions. Above 35°C viability was lost. The rate of imbibition prior to germination increased with temperature over the whole range. Germination was not increased either by a light treatment or by potassium nitrate. Germination was not stimulated by a wide range of alternating temperature regimes and at mean temperatures below the optimum the germination rate could be adequately predicted from a formula based on performance at constant temperature. At higher temperatures the observed rates became progressively slower than predicted. Seeds from three different sources were tested, all showing similar relationships between germination rate and temperature but differing in the proportion of hard seed. The proportion was least with seed extracted from the soil, intermediate with a collection from the surface and greatest from pods. The findings are discussed in relation to germination in the field following clearing of gorse thicket.     

辣椒碱与3种药剂对温室白粉虱的联合毒力

为了筛选出对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum具有增效作用的农药复配组合,室内采用玻璃管饲喂法测定了辣椒碱与吡虫啉、溴氰虫酰胺、苦参碱复配对温室白粉虱初羽化成虫的联合毒力,并以共毒因子法与共毒系数法对各复配组合的联合毒力进行评价.试验结果表明,共毒因子大于20的配比共6组,进一步细化配比后筛选...