除草剂混配施用对棉田常见杂草的防除效果

为了检验除草剂防除棉田杂草效果,以三氟啶磺隆、嘧草硫醚和精喹禾灵之间不同剂量的混配施用.试验表明：三氟啶磺隆和精喹禾灵两种混用及三氟啶磺隆、嘧草硫醚和精喹禾灵3种混用均对棉田杂草都有较好的防除效果.施药后7天杂草表现药害症状.施药后20天,三氟啶磺隆与精喹禾灵两种除草剂混用,随着三氟啶磺隆用量的增加对禾本科杂草的防效由89.2％增加到95.3％,对阔叶类杂草的防效由86.3％增加到94.9％,总体株防效由87.8％增加到95.2％;三氟啶磺隆与精喹禾灵、嘧草硫醚混剂3种除草剂混用,在精喹禾灵用量相同的条件下,增加三氟啶磺隆或嘧草硫醚的用量,对禾本科杂草、阔叶类杂草、杂草总体株防效均提高.施药后40天的株防效和鲜重防效均80％以上,说明混配药剂的持效期较长.     

2种组合药剂对水直播稻田杂草茎叶化除试验

为了达到高效和节本降耗的目的,本试验选择了2组药剂于播后13 d进行茎叶化除试验,一次性地防除水直播稻田内杂草。试验表明:20%二氯喹啉草酮SC 200 m L/667 m2+20%氰氟草酯EC 50 m L/667 m2+75%氯吡嘧磺隆WP 2 g/667 m2作为水直播稻田杂草茎叶处理组合药剂,对水稻安全性好,对稗草、千金子和扁秆藨草的防效较好,可有效防除田间杂草。     

不同除草剂对盘锦地区旱直播田杂草防除效果研究

近年来,随着水稻直播方式在辽宁滨海稻区的推广,为解决新的农田杂草防治问题.本研究通过选用4种除草剂进行田间主要杂草株防除试验.试验结果表明,460 g/L二甲·灭草松SL对除稗草外杂草防治效果最好,50％二氯喹啉酸WP对稗草防效最好,25 g/L五氟磺草胺OD和19％氟酮磺草胺SC杀草范围最广,25 g/L五氟磺草胺O...     

4种除草剂对夏玉米田杂草及麦苗的防效与安全性比较

选用4种莠去津复配剂进行玉米田杂草防除效果及安全性研究,筛选对夏玉米田杂草及自生麦苗的防效及安全性较好的除草剂。结果表明,31.5%噻酮磺隆·异噁唑草酮+38%莠去津总杂草株防效为88.7%,鲜质量防效为98.48%,防效较好,无明显药害症状,且玉米产量为各药剂处理中最高;22%烟嘧·莠去津和30%苯唑草酮+助剂+38%莠去津对自生麦苗株防效均在80%以上,鲜质量防效在95%以上;30%苯唑草酮+助剂+38%莠去津对莎草的株防效仅45.58%,莎草为主的夏玉米田块尽量不使用。     

水稻机插秧“插喷同步”封闭除草技术及配套除草剂防效对比

采用机插秧“插喷同步”技术,于2019年开展大田试验,分别施用4种除草剂（33%嗪吡嘧磺隆、19%氟酮磺草胺、25%双环磺草酮、300 g/L丙草胺+10%苄嘧磺隆）进行除草,对比各除草剂处理对水稻的安全性及对稻田杂草的防治效果。结果表明,药后水稻均未发生可见药害,参试除草剂安全性好;药后35 d供试除草剂对试验田总草防效达95.0%以上;与施用除草剂处理相比,未施药对照水稻产量损失严重,减幅12.5%~42.7%。可见,“插喷同步”技术是一种高效除草技术,供试4种除草剂均能有效防治杂草,降低除草成本,提高种稻效益。     

不同除草剂对直播稻田杂草茎叶处理对比试验

进行不同除草剂对直播稻田杂草茎叶处理对比试验,结果表明,各处理对水稻分蘖及株高都有一定的影响,分蘖增长比对照低0.08%~0.19%,株高比对照低0.8~8 cm;10%氰氟草酯100 ml/667 m2+2.5%五氟磺草胺80 ml/667 m2、20%氰氟草酯100 ml/667 m2+2.5%五氟磺草胺80 ml/667 m2、20%恶唑酰草胺+灭草松400 ml/667 m2、10%恶唑酰草胺100 ml/667 m2+2.5%五氟磺草胺80 ml/667 m2处理,对扁秆藨草、稗草防效均在95%以上;9%嘧肟·氰氟草酯100 ml/667 m2处理,对鳢肠、稗草防效相对较低,防效分别为71.1%、54.5%。     

苯嘧磺草胺与氟啶草酮混配土壤处理对棉田杂草的防效及对棉花安全性

为明确苯嘧磺草胺与氟啶草酮混配的除草作用及对棉花的安全性,从而为新疆棉田杂草防除提供新的解决方案,以生产上常用的42%(质量分数,下同)氟啶草酮悬浮剂288.00 g·hm^-2(有效成分用量,下同)+33%二甲戊灵乳油950.00 g·hm^-2为药剂对照,通过田间药效试验方法,测定70%苯嘧磺草胺水分散粒剂单用及其与42%氟啶草酮悬浮剂和33%二甲戊灵乳油混配对棉田杂草的防治效果,并评价其对棉花的安全性。结果显示：苯嘧磺草胺15.75～42.00 g·hm^-2+氟啶草酮216.00 g·hm^-2+二甲戊灵950.00 g·hm^-2处理对新疆棉田常见阔叶杂草的防除效果优异,明显优于二甲戊灵单剂950.00 g·hm^-2处理。在添加一定量苯嘧磺草胺的情况下适当减量使用氟啶草酮的除草效果与常用剂量氟啶草酮相当,且用于新疆棉田土壤处理对棉花安全。     

黄河流域棉区北部机采棉田恶性杂草的化学防除研究

影响黄河流域棉区北部棉花机械采收的恶性杂草主要有藜、反枝苋、铁苋菜、龙葵、苘麻、田旋花、打碗花和裂叶牵牛等。于2013、2014、2016年研究了这些杂草的化学防除方法。苗蕾期用嘧硫草醚和三氟啶磺隆对藜、反枝苋、龙葵、苘麻、田旋花、打碗花的防效较好,药后30～40 d的株防效超过95%;对铁苋菜和鹅绒藤的防效较差,同期株防效不足85%;对裂叶牵牛的防效居中,同期株防效为84%～94%。花铃期用嘧硫草醚和三氟啶磺隆对上述恶性杂草的防效下降;而乙氧氟草醚的杀草活性较强,药后25～40 d株防效可达100%（裂叶牵牛除外）。草甘膦在苗蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期对各种恶性杂草的株防效均在95%～100%（花铃期的裂叶牵牛除外）。上述处理对棉花均未产生明显药害,对产量也无显著影响。针对黄河流域棉区机采棉田,苗蕾期应用嘧硫草醚或/和三氟啶磺隆,花铃期应用乙氧氟草醚或草甘膦,吐絮期应用草甘膦,可较好地防除恶性杂草。     

10种除草剂对旱直播稻田杂草的防效及安全性评价

为明确旱直播稻田杂草对除草剂的敏感性,分别选择5种土壤处理除草剂和5种茎叶处理除草剂在山东省临沂市河东区进行田间药效试验。结果表明,直播田土壤处理防除杂草宜选用33%二甲戊灵乳油3 000 g/hm~2、38%噁草酮·丙草胺乳油1 500 g/hm~2、40%苄嘧·丙草胺可湿性粉剂1 500 g/hm~2、60%丁·噁乳油1 500 g/hm~2,对总草的株防效分别为94.09%、92.81%、92.20%、91.88%,鲜质量防效分别为96.32%、94.66%、94.84%、95.14%;茎叶处理宜选用60 g/L五氟·氰氟草酯可分散油悬浮剂2 250 g/hm~2、9%嘧肟·氰氟草微乳剂1 500 g/hm~2、20%噁唑·灭草松微乳剂3 300 g/hm~2,对总草的株防效分别为96.25%、95.79%、93.77%,鲜质量防效分别为97.41%、96.73%、94.96%。以上处理对杂草持效期均长达30 d。综上,采用土壤处理和茎叶处理相结合的方式,因地制宜,轮换用药,可有效控制旱直播稻田杂草。     

水稻本田难治杂草防除药剂试验

通过不同除草药剂搭配使用,对稻田难治杂草进行防除试验,结果表明,施用瑞飞特各处理对禾本科杂草、阔叶杂草及非靶标杂草总体株防效与鲜重防效均为100%,施用阿罗津各处理均有不同程度的杂草发生,可见,50%瑞飞特与威农或吡嘧磺隆搭配二次灭草使用对杂草防效较好。     

Weed management in aerobic rice systems

Aerobic rice systems can substitute the conventional rice cultivation system in the wake of water shortage and energy crises. The major constraint in the success of aerobic rice is high weed infestation. Hence, we have discussed the weed flora, yield losses, herbicide-resistant weeds, need for integrated weed management, and approaches to manage weeds in aerobic rice systems. A review of several studies indicated that 90 weed species were competing with rice under aerobic systems, causing 23–100% reductions in grain yield. Weed control in aerobic rice gets difficult due to shifts in weed flora and herbicide resistance development in weeds. A wide increase in grain yield (15–307%) by implementing different weed control practices elaborates the scope of weed management in aerobic rice. Practices, such as soil solarization, sowing of competitive crop cultivars, stale seedbed preparation, mulch application, correct fertilization, and intercropping, were found to have particular significance for managing weeds in aerobic rice systems. Moreover, hand weeding and mechanical control were more effective when combined with other weed control methods. Herbicides, such as pendimethalin, 2,4-D, penoxsulam, ethoxysulfuron, bispyribac-sodium, triclopyr, imazosulfuron, bensulfuron, pretilachlor, and metsulfuron, were found most effective in aerobic rice systems. Keeping in view the severity of weed infestation in these systems and the evolution of herbicide resistance, reliance on a single control method is out of question. Hence, the approach of integrated weed management is the most appropriate for proper weed management and the subsequent success of rice cultivation using aerobic systems.     

江苏“水稻-小龙虾”综合种养稻田杂草群落及其防控技术调查：以12个基地为例

为揭示江苏“水稻-小龙虾”综合种养稻田杂草群落结构和农户杂草防控措施现状,对灌南、盐都、盱眙、高邮、广陵、溧阳、常熟等7个地方12个稻虾综合种养基地开展田间调查和农户访谈。结果表明,在120块稻虾田内共记录到25种杂草;稻虾轮作田禾本科杂草和千金子的优势度显著高于稻虾共生田。稻虾轮作稻田杂草以稗属杂草、杂草稻、千金子、李氏禾、异型莎草、水苋菜属杂草、鸭舌草为主;稻虾共生稻田杂草以杂草稻、稗属杂草、千金子、异型莎草为主。除有机栽培模式外,稻虾轮作稻田控草方式为“土壤处理+茎叶处理+人工拔除”,稻田杂草防控总用药和人工成本平均1 863.75元/hm²。稻虾共生稻田控草技术主要为“水层控草+龙虾控草+人工拔除”,部分稻田使用丙草胺、苄嘧磺隆等土壤处理除草剂,稻田杂草防控总成本平均907.50元/hm²。     

甘蓝型油菜对常用稻田除草剂的耐性评价

为降低稻田除草剂残留对油菜生产的风险,筛选不同除草剂耐性的油菜品种,以19个长江流域大面积应用的油菜品种为材料,选择吡嘧磺隆、丙草胺、灭草松、氰氟草酯等4种常用稻田除草剂,通过营养液纸培试验,考查发芽率及幼苗期株高、最大根长、鲜重、干重等性状,以各性状的耐除草剂系数作为衡量指标,对油菜品种进行除草剂的耐性综合评价。结果发现,在稻田除草剂胁迫下,油菜各生长指标反应因基因型而不同,差异显著。通过聚类分析筛选出与除草剂对应的耐性相对较强的油菜品种,并认为主成分分析、隶属函数法和聚类分析的方法综合评价更全面更稳定可靠。在稻-油生产模式中,建议根据水稻除草剂种类,选择对应的耐性油菜品种,降低生产风险。     

Effect of pre-emergence herbicides and timing of soil saturation on the control of six major rice weeds and their phytotoxic effects on rice seedlings

The study evaluated the effects of pre-emergence herbicides and their rates [oxadiazon (0.5 and 1 kg ai ha⁻¹), pendimethalin (1 and 2 kg ai ha⁻¹), and pretilachlor with safener (0.6 kg ai ha⁻¹)], and time of soil saturation establishment after herbicide application [1, 3, 5, and 7 days after spray (DAS)] in controlling the six major rice weeds, and their phytotoxic effects on rice seedling growth. All herbicides provided 100% control of Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crus-galli, Leptochloa chinensis, Cyperus iria, and Amaranthus spinosus. Murdannia nudiflora was 100% controlled by oxadiazon and pretilachlor with safener, but poorly controlled (22–75%) by pendimethalin. Pendimethalin at 2 kg ai ha⁻¹ was more effective than at 1 kg ai ha⁻¹ in reducing the biomass of the stem, leaf, and root of M. nudiflora irrespective of timing of soil saturation. Rice plant height was reduced to a maximum (77–96%) by pendimethalin at 2.0 kg ai ha⁻¹ followed by oxadiazon at 1.0 kg ai ha⁻¹ (38–70%) compared to the non-treated control. In contrast, the tallest rice plants were observed in the non-treated control and those treated with pretilachlor with safener which had 80–100% rice plant survival. The lowest rice plant survival of 0, 6, 7, and 16% was found in the soil applied with pendimethalin at 2 kg ai ha⁻¹ and saturated at 1, 3, 5, and 7 DAS, respectively, which was followed by oxadiazon at 1 kg ai ha⁻¹. All herbicides except pretilachlor with safener reduced SPAD values with early soil saturation, which improved with delay in soil saturation timing. Pendimethalin at 2 kg ai ha⁻¹ reduced the SPAD values of rice plants by 100–164% relative to the non-treated control and produced the highest phytotoxicity symptoms. Pendimethalin also reduced rice shoot biomass more than oxadiazon, which was compounded by early soil saturation after herbicide application. Pretilachlor with safener was the only herbicide that exhibited low phytotoxic symptoms on rice plants and did not reduce leaf, stem, root, and shoot biomass of rice. Percent reduction in rice leaf, stem, root, and shoot biomass by the different herbicides was in the order of pendimethalin 2 > oxadiazon 1 > pendimethalin 1 > oxadiazon 0.5 > pretilachlor with safener 0.6 kg ai ha⁻¹. Each herbicide treatment reduced rice growth parameters as soil saturation was delayed in the order of 1 DAS > 3 DAS > 5 DAS > 7 DAS. The study suggests that soil water content and herbicide rates are important factors in influencing herbicide phytotoxicity in rice. The application of herbicides should be avoided when the soil is too wet, and irrigation should be delayed at least one week after herbicide application.     

不同除草剂防除稻田杂草试验

为了筛选出适合海伦市推广使用的除草剂品种,选取二氯·苄可湿性粉剂、一抛爽、龙杀、农得时、扫特、稻思达等常用除草剂进行了小区对比试验.结果表明:6种除草剂对水稻抛栽大田杂草防除及稻谷增产均有效果,其中二氯·苄可湿性粉剂、稻思达防除水稻旱育抛栽大田杂草的效果较好,施药后60d总体株防效为73.4%、73.2%,增产80.7、79.1kg/667m2,增收96.84、94.92元/667m2.     

Effect of Pretilachlor on Weedy Rice and Other Weeds in Wet-Seeded Rice Cultivation in South Vietnam

Abstract

Wet-seeded rice is a common method of sowing in Vietnam. Weeds, including weedy rice, however, are a major problem in this establishment method. A study was conducted in a farmer’s field to evaluate the effect of pretilachlor dose (0, 300, 600, and 900 g ai ha^–1) on the management of weedy rice and other weeds in wet-seeded rice cultivation in the spring-summer, summer-autumn, and winter-spring seasons of 2012-13. The herbicide was applied 1 day after sowing. Weeds belonging to the grass, broadleaf, and sedge groups were effectively controlled by the lowest herbicide dose (300 g ha^–1). Overall, weed control did not increase with increases in herbicide dose after 300 g ha^–1, suggesting the optimum dose for pretilachlor in wet-seeded systems. The application of pretilachlor at 300 g ha^–1 significantly reduced the number of weedy rice panicles (20 – 69%) and weedy rice biomass (15 – 26%). The highest pretilachlor dose (i.e., 900 g ha^–1), however, was better than the lower doses in reducing the number of weedy rice panicles (47 – 80%) and weedy rice biomass (41 – 54%). The non-treated plots produced a rice grain yield of 210, 2000, and 1850 kg ha^–1 in the spring-summer, summer-autumn, and winter-spring seasons, respectively. Compared with the non-treated plots, the lowest dose of pretilachlor improved grain yield. However, maximum yield was obtained by applying the highest dose of pretilachlor; 2690, 4490, and 5150 kg ha^–1 in the spring-summer, summer-autumn, and winter-spring seasons, respectively. The results of our study suggest that a broad spectrum of weed flora can be easily managed by a lower dosage of pretilachlor in wet-seeded rice; however, the herbicide dose needs to be increased to 900 g ha^–1 in order to decrease the weedy rice problem.     

20%氨氯·二氯·烯草酮可分散油悬浮剂防除油菜田杂草的效果

     为明确新型吡啶类和环己烯酮类除草剂复配制剂对油菜田杂草的防控效果，指导新型除草剂在油菜田的合理使用，通过田间试验研究了20%氨氯吡啶酸?二氯吡啶酸?烯草酮可分散油悬浮剂对油菜田主要杂草的防除效果，以及杂草防除后对田间光照和杂草氮、磷、钾及水分累积的影响。试验结果表明，施用20%氨氯吡啶酸?二氯吡啶酸?烯草酮可分散油悬浮剂防除油菜田杂草效果显著，对菵草、大巢菜、看麦娘、牛繁缕等单双子叶杂草均有良好防效，总草鲜重防效可达88.7%～98.0%，显著优于两种对照药剂。杂草防除后，显著降低了杂草对田间氮、磷、钾和水分的消耗，有效地改善了田间光照和水肥条件。20%氨氯吡啶酸?二氯吡啶酸?烯草酮可分散油悬浮剂处理的油菜产量达到2 626.26～2 836.26 kg/hm2，增产效果显著，产量较空白对照增加18.2%～27.9%，增收2 173.5～3 307.5元/hm2。研究结果表明，20%氨氯吡啶酸?二氯吡啶酸?烯草酮可分散油悬浮剂在油菜田有良好的应用前景，推荐剂量为每公顷使用有效成分225～300g。     

甜菜安·宁等除草剂防除甜菜田杂草试验

选择性苗后茎叶处理除草剂两种混用组合精喹禾灵-甜菜安.宁和精喹禾灵-安·宁·乙呋黄应用于甜菜田的除草效果较为理想,精喹禾灵-甜菜安.宁组合对杂草总草株数防效为66.57%,鲜重防效为93.44%;精喹禾灵-安.宁.乙呋黄组合株数防效为73.69%,鲜重防效为95.27%。