Polysome morphology: evidence for endocrine control during chick embryogenesis

Surgical removal of the pituitary gland had little apparent effect on the distribution or morphology of skin and feather polysomes in chicken embryos incubated for 12 days. However, polysome patterns obtained from 15-day-old hypophysectomized embryos differed markedly from those of their controls. In addition, a tetrad-shaped polysome, characteristic of the 158S peak of the 12-day-old embryo but not of the 15-day-old control, is still retained in the operated embryo at 15 days. Therefore, it appears that after day 12 of embryogenesis the structure of the four-ribosome polysome from skin and feathers is contingent on a functional hypophysis.     

鸡Wnt3a的SNPs筛选及其与皮肤毛囊密度性状关联分析

目的 Wnt信号通路在动物皮肤毛囊的发生发育中具有重要作用, 前期研究结果表明Wnt3a可能是影响鸡皮肤毛囊密度性状的重要候选基因。为进一步验证Wnt3a在皮肤毛囊生长发育中的作用, 研究以金陵花鸡为研究对象, 筛选Wnt3a SNPs, 并分析其与毛囊密度性状的相关性, 以期找到对皮肤毛囊密度有显著影响的分子标记, 为培育屠体美观的屠宰型肉鸡的“分子编写育种”提供参考。方法 采用PCR扩增直接测序法对Wnt3a 的SNPs位点进行筛查, 分析单个SNP标记与皮肤毛囊密度性状的相关性。采用Haploview软件分析这些SNP位点的连锁不平衡（LD）程度, 并分析不同单倍型组合与毛囊密度性状的相关性。结果 共发现14个SNP位点, 在第2外显子发现1个SNP位点（SNP1）, 为同义突变;第2内含子发现4个突变位点（ SNP2—SNP5）, 在第3内含子发现9个SNP位点（SNP6—SNP14）。卡方检验表明, 第2外显子的1个突变位点（SNP1）和第2内含子的3个突变位点（SNP3—SNP5）的3个位点均处于哈代-温伯格平衡状态（P>0.05）, 第3内含子的9个SNPs（SNP6-SNP14）偏离哈代-温伯格平衡（P<0.05）。SNP1—SNP5的He均小于0.50, PIC均小于0.25, 这5个SNP位点遗传多样性较低。第3内含子的9个突变位点, SNP6、SNP7、SNP9位点PIC<0.25, 其他6个突变位点 0.25< PIC<0.5, 为中度多态。单标记关联分析表明, 公、母鸡SNP2位点的AG基因型的毛囊密度显著高于GG基因型（P< 0.05）;母鸡SNP8位点的AA与GG基因型的毛囊密度显著高于AG基因型（P < 0.05）, 在公鸡中3种基因型的毛囊密度差异不显著。14个SNPs连锁不平衡分析表明, SNP3、SNP4和SNP5的强连锁产生了2种单倍型, H1（GAT）频率为0.882和H2（TCC）频率为0.118;SNP6—SNP13之间的强连锁产生了5种单倍型, 其中H1（ACATTATC）和H2（ACGTCCCA）, H3（ACGTTCCA）, H4（GTGCTATA）, H5（ACGTCCCC）, 单倍型频率分别为0.469、0.275、0.123、0.113、0.014。SNP3、SNP4和SNP5连锁产生的2 种单倍型组合后产生了3种单倍型组合, 关联分析发现在公、母鸡中3种单倍型组合的毛囊密度均差异不显著;将SNP6—SNP13连锁产生的5种主要单倍型组合后, 公鸡有7种组合单倍型组合, 毛孔数量差异不显著;母鸡有8种主要单倍型组合, 其中H1H1（AACCAATTTTAATTCC）毛囊密度最大。SNP2和SNP8位点与皮肤毛囊密度显著相关, 单倍型组合H1H1（AGAA）、H1H2（AGAG）为母鸡优势单倍型。结论 筛选到Wnt3a的14个SNPs位点, 其中, SNP2（rs2587721 G >A）和SNP8（rs2555967G>A）位点与毛囊密度显著相关, 8个SNPs（SNP6—SNP13）位点处于强连锁不平衡, 母鸡H1H1单倍型毛囊密度最大。Wnt3a的SNP2和SNP8位点的单倍型组合H1H1（AGAA）、H1H2（AGAG）和SNP6—SNP13连锁产生的H1H1（AACCAATTTTAATTCC）单倍型组合与母鸡毛囊密度显著相关, 可以为鸡毛囊密度“分子编写育种”提供重要遗传信息。     

鸡病诊断问、看、检

本文从鸡病的调查分析入手,讲述了鸡病的状态的一般观察,皮肤羽毛和粪便观察,姿态与体态观察,运动和行为观察,呼吸情况观察,以及病鸡的个体检查,包括病理剖检,内脏器官的病理变化及剖检的注意事项。为临床上鸡病的诊断打下基础。     

Prolactin stimulation of maternal behavior in female rats

Inexperienced, hypophysectomized female rats treated with steroids were used in experiments to investigate the roles of the pituitary gland and prolactin in the expression of maternal behavior. Administration of ovine prolactin or treatment with ectopic pituitary grafts, which release prolactin into the circulation, stimulated maternal care in these females toward rat young. Steroid treatment alone, while stimulating maternal behavior in rats with intact pituitary glands, did not facilitate maternal responsiveness in hypophysectomized females. These findings indicate a stimulatory behavioral role for pituitary prolactin in the establishment of maternal care and suggest that exposure to prolactin during pregnancy helps to stimulate the immediate onset of maternal behavior at parturition.     

鸡胚胎腺垂体促甲状腺激素细胞的发生及其变化

应用免疫组织化学方法,对第3.5～20.5 d鸡胚腺垂体促甲状腺激素亚单位(TSH撸┫赴姆⑸⑹亢托翁植急浠媛山辛搜芯俊=峁允荆杭ε叻⒂牡?0.5 d,有少量TSH呦赴植加谙俅固迩耙叮赴派常伲舜螅患ε叻⒂牡?4.5 d以后,TSH呦赴灾黾樱≒ < 0.05),细胞体积增大,胞浆增多,细胞着色浓,分布于腺垂体前叶边缘区,少量分布于后叶背侧。研究结果证明,鸡胚腺垂体TSH呦赴⑸谂咛シ⒂闹衅冢幌赴脑鲋撤只谭⑸诩ε叻⒂闹泻笃冢籘SH的合成和分泌功能在胚胎发育的后期最旺盛。TSH呦赴植加谙俅固迩耙逗秃笠侗巢唷?     

THE ISOLATION IN PURE FORM OF THE INTERSTITIAL CELL-STIMULATING (LUTEINIZING) HORMONE OF THE ANTERIOR LOBE OF THE PITUITARY GLAND

Interstitial cell-stimulating (luteinizing) hormone was isolated from swine pituitary glands. This protein hormone, having a molecular weight of about 90,000 and an isoelectric point of pH 7.45, was shown to be pure by tests in the electrophoresis apparatus of Tiselius and in the ultracentrifuge as well as by its constant solubility. The hormone stimulated the interstitial tissue of the testis or ovary and caused the formation of corpora lutea provided that maturing follicles were present. Under the conditions described, its minimal effective total dose in hypophysectomized immature male rats was about 1 microgram of nitrogen or 6.7 micrograms of hormone. Extracts of swine pituitary with purely follicle-stimulating effects did not cause oestrus in immature hypophysectomized female rats unless luteinizing hormone was also administered.     

川南常羽乌骨鸡羽色、肤色的遗传研究

本研究用川南常羽乌骨鸡的三种羽色（黑羽、麻羽、白羽）进行纯繁和杂交来研究乌骨鸡羽色和肤色的遗传现象。试验结果表明，所用常羽乌骨鸡的黑羽主要为杂合型，白羽是隐性，麻羽的遗传尚待进一步研究。乌骨鸡的肤色存在杂合类型，黑羽和麻羽鸡的肤色相对较为稳定遗传。乌骨类型可保持不变，各部位色素沉着有高度相关。川南常羽乌骨鸡经统警选育可培育出黑羽和白羽品系。乌肤性状主要受遗传控制，应着重对乌肤进行选择。     

Daily variation in concentration of cortisol in plasma in intact and hypophysectomized gulf killifish

A daily variation in concentration of cortisol in plasma is synchronized by a 12-hour daily photoperiod in intact as well as in hypophysectomized fish. The daily rhythm in concentration of the adrenal steroid does not depend on a daily rhythm in the concentration of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone.     

羽速基因对万载康乐黄鸡肉用性能的影响

试验以万载康乐黄鸡为研究材料 ,研究羽速基因对万载康乐黄鸡肉用性能的影响 ,其中包括报道甚少的有关羽速基因对鸡体尺、屠宰性能的影响 ,也包括未见报道的羽速基因对鸡肌肉品质的影响、常规营养成分的影响。研究发现 :羽速基因对鸡早期增重影响有显著差异 ,而对后期影响差异不显著 ,二者达到不显著的周龄与品种、营养及保温措施等有关 ,同一品种在不同生长速度的情况下 ,达到不显著的周龄不一样。快慢羽基因对万载康乐黄鸡肌肉品质、常规营养成分、体尺及屠宰性能总体上无显著差异     

Thyrotropin releasing hormone: enhancement of dopa activity by a hypothalamic hormone

Thyrotropin releasing hormone potentiates the behaviorial effects of dopa plus pargyline in mice. Because the potentiation occurs in hypophysectomized mice, as well as in normal mice, the phenomenon is independent of the release of thyroid stimulating hormone from the pituitary. Possible mechanisms and clinical implications are discussed.     

Prolactin,a factor in promoting survival of hypophysectomized killifish in fresh water

The naturally occurring corticosteroids, cortisol and aldosterone, failed to promote survival of hypophysectomized Fundulus heteroclitus in fresh water. Extracts of Fundulus interrenal tissue, carp corpuscles of Stannius, and hog renin were ineffective. Injection of whole rat-pituitary brei was partially successful. Highly purified prolactin maintained survival, although the recipients did not eat normally. A synergic action of prolactin with some unidentified pituitary hormone is suspected.     

鹅皮肤BMP4基因mRNA表达研究

采用荧光定量PCR方法研究BMP4基因mRNA在吉林白鹅胚胎期和生后期皮肤中表达变化规律,并采集21~29胚龄胎毛及40~130日龄鹅背部羽毛,观察羽毛生长发育规律及羽毛分支。结果表明:BMP4基因mRNA在鹅皮肤毛囊发育的整个过程中都有表达,胚胎期21~29胚龄表达量相对较低,40~70日龄时,鹅背部皮肤中BMP4mRNA表达量呈线性快速增加,在70日龄时BMP4mRNA相对表达量为2.575,是40日龄时相对表达量0.931的2.77倍,70~90日龄BMP4mRNA表达量有所下降,90~130日龄表达量呈线性快速增加,BMP4相对表达量在130日龄时达到了4.943,是40日龄时的5.31倍,是90日龄时相对表达量1.814的2.73倍。羽毛的长和直径以及羽小枝长和直径增长速度在90日龄后减慢,呈平稳增长状态。可见,BMP4基因在鹅羽毛快速发育时期低表达,在羽毛发育速度较慢的时期高表达,且在片羽分支阶段高表达,可能与羽毛分支有一定关系。     

卷羽鸡毛囊发育规律及卷羽候选基因KRT75遗传特征分析

【目的】研究卷羽鸡卷羽弯曲过程、结构特点、卷羽毛囊发育规律和卷羽候选基因KRT75序列特征及其在卷羽毛囊发育过程中的表达规律。【方法】通过对360只卷羽鸡从1日龄到300日龄卷羽发生情况进行观察,了解其羽毛出壳后弯卷过程;制作成年卷羽和片羽羽毛切片,了解卷羽羽轴、羽枝、羽小枝、羽小钩显微结构特点;对卷羽鸡和片羽鸡胚胎期8-19 d皮肤毛囊制作石蜡切片,阐明卷羽毛囊发生过程,分析卷羽和片羽毛囊发育异同;分别提取13胚龄卷羽和片羽鸡皮肤RNA,反转录为cDNA,连接pMD™ 18-T 载体,将连接产物加入DH5α感受态细胞中,转化涂板,挑取白色菌落摇菌后PCR鉴定,阳性菌液送测序,同时随机抽取15只300日龄片羽鸡和15只卷羽鸡,翅下静脉采血,血液基因组柱式小量提取试剂盒提取DNA,PCR产物纯化后测序,采用DNAMAN软件比对分析KRT75基因的遗传特征;分别提取卷羽和片羽胚胎期E 8-E 17d皮肤RNA,反转录成cDNA,根据SYBR试剂盒操作说明荧光定量KRT75基因在卷羽和片羽整个毛囊发育过程中的表达变化规律。【结果】卷羽鸡初生绒羽弯曲明显,以后逐渐弯曲,在第一次换羽结束时（约6周龄左右）全身羽毛显著弯曲;卷羽羽轴向外翻卷,羽小枝上着生羽钩,但羽小枝之间不能相互勾连形成闭合羽片;卷羽毛囊发育从胚胎期第8天开始到第16天结束,整个过程类似于片羽毛囊发育,卷羽毛囊在胚胎期第8-16天完成,整个过程和片羽毛囊发育过程基本相似,但在12-15胚龄卷羽毛囊髓质面积、羽小枝大小与片羽毛囊存在明显差异,其中在第12-14天,卷羽毛囊髓质面积要明显大于片羽,羽小枝板要明显小于片羽;卷羽鸡和片羽鸡KRT75基因CDS全长均为1 569bp,编码522个氨基酸,全序列没有发生69 bp的缺失突变,但在CDS区的3个SNP（954bp: T>C;967bp: T>C;978bp: C>T）可能是卷羽、片羽区别的分子标记;KRT75基因在片羽和卷羽中的表达变化存在明显差异,在片羽毛囊胚胎期E8-E17中表达量均很低,而在卷羽鸡12胚龄显著上调,且高表达量持续到15胚龄,16胚龄显著下调,其中在胚胎期第9、10、12-16天KRT75基因在卷羽中的表达量均极显著高于片羽（P<0.01）,KRT75基因可能在卷羽羽轴髓质和羽小枝分化过程中起重要作用。【结论】初步研究表明卷羽鸡的卷羽并不是由于KRT75基因缺失突变引起,但KRT75可能与卷羽髓质和羽枝嵴形成有关。     

Transformation of chick embryo neuroretinal cells by Rous sarcoma virus in vitro: induction of cell proliferation

Neuroretinal cells from 7-day-old chick embryos are transformed and induced to proliferate after infection with Rous sarcoma virus in vitro. Susceptibility of neuroretinal cells to the virus is also dependent on the stage of development since infection of cells from 10-day-old embryos is uneffective.     

鸡马立克氏病琼扩抗原的研制及应用

将马立克氏病死鸡的皮肤或羽囊捣碎，制成MD琼扩抗原。试验结果表明，自制MD皮肤和羽囊琼扩抗原与标准抗的检测MD抗体的敏感性和特异性相同，但皮肤琼扩抗原制造方法相对比较简单，产量也较高。     

Effect of the gene silencing of phosphorus transporters on phosphorus absorption across primary cultured duodenal epithelial cell monolayers of chick embryos

The aim of the study was to investigate whether phosphorus(P) transporters, type IIb sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter(NaP-IIb) and inorganic phosphate transporter 2(PiT2), were directly involved in P absorption across primary cultured duodenal epithelial cell monolayers of chick embryos. The siRNAs against NaP-IIb or PiT2 were designed, synthesized and transfected into primary cultured duodenal epithelial cells of chick embryos. Then, the inhibitory efficiency of siRNAs against NaP-IIb o...     

Goblet cells in embryonic intestine: accelerated differentiation in culture

If duodenal tissue from 14-day chick embryos is cultured in chemically defined medium, more than twice as many goblet cells appear within 48 hours as in intact embryos during the same time. The increase in goblet cell number is further accelerated by 10(-9) molar thyroxine but is prevented by 10(-6) molar hydrocortisone. The results suggest that differentiation of intestinal epithelium is regulated in part by a circulating inhibitor.     

饲粮中钼水平的不足,适量和过量对雏鸡的影响

用360只父母代经铝耗竭的一日龄红布罗雏鸡观察了采食自然低铝饲粮情况下,钼的不足、适量和过量对雏鸡生长、死亡、红细胞溶血、组织中钼含量,肝脏、粪尿中钙、磷含量,临床症状和组织病变的影响。结果表明:采食低钼饲量(1.38ppm)的雏鸡,羽毛呈结节状,生长缓慢、死亡率高、红细胞溶血较严重。补钼3 ppm时,结节状羽毛恢复正常,红细胞溶血现象消失。补钼7ppm时,生长最快,死亡率最低,但与补5ppm组差异不显著(P>0.05),当补钼50ppm时,生长受阻(P>0.01),死亡率增加(P>0.05)。补铝100pdm时,大小肠出现出血点,红细胞发生溶血。随着钼水平的提高,肝脏、肾脏、心脏中的钼含量也随之升高。当补钼3—7ppm时,组织中钼含量趋于稳定,低钼及过量钼时,钙在肝脏中沉积减少,粪尿中排泄增加,而对磷无显著影响。雏鸡饲粮中添加5ppm左右钼较为适宜。补钼50ppm即可引起雏鸡中毒。     

鸡胚垂体生长激素细胞的发生及其变化

为研究鸡胚垂体中生长激素细胞的发生及其在发育过程中的变化 ,分别在鸡胚发育的第 3 5～ 2 0 5天采集鸡胚垂体 ,用免疫组织化学方法研究鸡胚垂体中生长激素细胞的发生和细胞形态、数量、在垂体中的分布特点和在发育过程中的变化。结果表明 ,鸡胚发育中期第 9 5天可观察到少量的生长激素阳性细胞散在分布于垂体后叶 ,细胞多排列成索状或团状 ,细胞之间边界不清 ,细胞核较大。在鸡胚发育的第 12 5天以后 ,生长激素细胞的细胞浆与细胞核比值逐渐变小 ,且均匀分布于腺垂体的后叶。生长激素细胞数在鸡胚发育的第 12 5天之后显著升高 (P <0 0 1) ,在鸡胚发育的第 16 5天 ,生长激素细胞占垂体细胞总数的 9 4 %。以上结果证明鸡胚垂体中生长激素细胞增殖和分化过程主要发生在发育的中期至出壳之前 ,而生长激素细胞的分泌功能在鸡胚发育的后期最为活跃。     

雏鸡对饲粮硒含量的反应和蛋氨酸对其反应的影响

采用缺硒低蛋氨酸的玉米——豆饼型基础饲粮添加或不添加硒和(或)DL-蛋氨酸三次重复试验研究了雏鸡对饲粮硒含量的反应和蛋氨酸对其反应的影响.试验阐述了组织硒含量、全血谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力与饲粮硒含量之间的关系.观察了雏鸡在不同水平硒和蛋氨酸饲粮下的生产表现,测定了蛋氨酸对雏鸡缺硒疾病、组织硒含量和全血谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力的影响.试验结果为使微量元素硒在动物营养中合理应用提供了依据.