Nutritional studies on penaeid prawns: Protein requirements in compounded diets for juvenile Penaeus indicus (Milne Edwards)

The use of dried prawn meal as a high quality reference protein in the nutrition of juvenile Penaeus indicus was investigated through short term growth and feed efficiency trials. Complete substitution at the same level of crude protein gave significantly improved growth rates relative to a control fish meal ration. Live-weight gain at levels ranging from 21–53% crude protein was greatest with a 43% protein diet, although efficiencies of protein utilisation (recorded as P.E.R. values) declined with successive increases in dietary protein. A second experiment to assess the effect of partially replacing prawn meal with fish meal showed that isonitrogenous substitution could be effected to an apparent optimal ratio of 60% fish meal: 40% prawn meal protein. In terms of short term growth and feed efficiency results, this particular meal combination was superior to either prawn or fish meal alone.     

Mobilization of organic reserves during ovarian development in a marine penaeid prawn,Parapenaeopsis hardwickii (Miers) (Crustacea,Decapoda, Penaeidae)

The present study furnishes data concerning changes in biochemical constituents of midgut gland and ovary of Parapenaeopsis hardwickii associated with ovarian development. The ovarian index (0I) increased as the ovary developed from stage I (0I = 2.80 ± 0.32) to stage IV (0I = 5.85 ± 0.38) and then decreased suddenly in stage V (0I = 1.20 ± 0.45) following spawning. Associated biochemical parameters (protein, glycogen and fat) show remarkable variation. There was a continuous decline in these parameters in the midgut gland during ovarian development and a similar increase in their concentration in the ovary. The physiological significance of these findings is discussed briefly.     

AFLP-based genetic linkage map of marine shrimp Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) chinensis

This paper presents the genetic linkage map of the Chinese shrimp Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) chinensis constructed with 472 AFLP markers. A hundred F₁ progeny from an intercross between a female from the new variety “Yellow Sea No. 1” and wild caught male used for the mapping study. Two separate maps were constructed for each parent. The female linkage map consisted of 197 marker loci forming 35 linkage groups and spanned a total length of 2191.1 cM, with an average marker space of 13.5 cM. The male map consisted of 194 marker loci mapped to 36 linkage groups and spanned a total length of 1737.3 cM, with an average marker spacing of 11.0 cM. The level of segregation distortion observed in this study was 12.2%. The estimated genome length of P. chinensis was 3150.3 cM for the female and 2549.3 cM for the male, respectively. The observed genome coverage was 69.6% for the female and 68.1% for the male map. The linkage maps constructed in this study provide basic information for further linkage studies on Chinese shrimp, and more importantly, the construction of the maps are part of the work of the genetic breeding programs which will be used for growth discovered in the QTL analysis of P. chinensis.     

Growth of sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) in marine net-pens

Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) were reared in 1.6 × 2.0 × 1.2 m deep net-pens for 36 months using low-cost, locally available diets (frozen salmon and herring). Post-capture mortality, wound repair, and adaptability to floating net-pens were investigated. Results showed no mortality directly related to capture and rapid healing of wounds resulting from capture. All fish adapted to captivity without apparent difficulty.For grow-out trials, 36 age 1+ fish were tagged for individual identification. Male and female fish were identified using an immunodiffusion technique. Net-pen adaptability studies tested three diets. Maximum observed mean weight gains were 0.10 kg per fish per month. After 2 years, there was no significant difference in growth (length or weight) between any of the diets. A different weight gain was recorded between male and female fish fed the salmon diet.     

Morphological and biochemical changes in the muscle of the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei during the molt cycle

Morphological changes and biochemical composition of abdominal muscles over the molt cycle were investigated in juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. Eight molt stages were characterized and clear uropod images are presented. Molt frequency was highly correlated with the age of the shrimp. Juvenile shrimps appeared to molt faster at one month of age (4.6 ± 0.5 days/cycle), slow to 11.8 ± 1.7 days/cycle at three months of age, and reach a long molt cycle at six months (17.2 ± 2.7 days/cycle). Myofiber cross-sectional images revealed specific morphological changes in abdominal muscle associated with each molt stage. Expanded fiber size was observed during intermolt stages. Water content and total soluble proteins were balanced throughout the molt cycle. Total DNA concentration increased in intermolt and premolt, while total RNA concentration remained stable except in late-premolt stages. SDS-PAGE analysis showed high levels of actin and myosin in postmolt, reaching a plateau in intermolt and declining in premolt. These results suggest the occurrence of muscle fiber rearrangement in both the premolt and postmolt stages. Abdominal muscle buildup occurs mostly during the intermolt stage.     

Complete developmental cycle of Myxobolus pseudodispar (Gorbunova) (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae)

Myxobolus pseudodispar (Gorbunova) is a common parasite of the muscle of roach, Rutilus rutilus L., whereas its actinosporean development occurs in two oligochaete alternate hosts. This paper reports the complete developmental cycle of this parasite in the oligochaete alternate host Tubifex tubifex and the roach. In laboratory experiments, parasite-free T. tubifex specimens were infected by myxospores of M. pseudodispar collected from roach in Lake Balaton. Parasite-free roach fingerlings were infected with floating triactinospores (TAMs) released from oligochaetes on day 69 after challenge. Young plasmodia and spores in roach were first recorded on day 80 post-exposure (p.e.). Myxospores collected from experimentally infected roach initiated a new development in T. tubifex and the resulting TAMs infected roach. No infection of roach resulted from feeding oligochaetes containing mature triactinospores.     

Organic and inorganic carbon levels in recycled seawater during the culture of tropical prawns Penaeus sp.

Suspended particles and dissolved organic carbon in laboratory recirculation systems were broadly categorised by size filtration and ultraviolet absorption. Their concentrations in recycled seawater increased during the culture of tropical prawns with increase in feeding rate and also with a ‘load’ factor calculated to take account of the volume of water used to culture a known biomass of prawns. In systems operated without periodic water renewal the proportion of organic matter in filterable material and the integrated ultraviolet absorbance (Σ A 250–330 nm) of filtrate increased with time. The increasing absorbance observed, particularly in the higher wavelengths (Σ A 290–330 nm), indicated the accumulation of metabolically derived organic material that was resistant to microbial degradation. Mean numbers of bacteria varied immensely from 7 to 25 000 × 10³ ml^?1 but were lower in foamed than unfoamed systems.The relation between the concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (a measure of carbonate alkalinity) and pH in the systems varied according to the type of media in the biological filter and the method used to control pH. Results closest to natural seawater were obtained in systems containing filters with limestone media periodically dosed with sodium hydroxide solution. Higher levels of inorganic carbon for a given pH above pH 7·9 were, however, noted when sodium hydroxide was used with plastic media filters, a feature beneficial to heavily loaded systems.     

Broken eggs decrease pH of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ovarian fluid

Low pH of ovarian fluid is attributed to its inability to activate sperm motility. In the present study we sought if broken eggs are reason for the decrease of ovarian fluid pH. We examined if 1) there is relationship between turbidity of ovarian fluid (indicator of presence of broken eggs) and pH, and 2) there is a decrease in ovarian fluid pH after addition of broken eggs. We found a negative relationship between the turbidity and ovarian fluid pH. Addition of the content of broken eggs to ovarian fluid caused a decrease of pH and a decrease in ovarian fluid ability to activate sperm motility. Therefore it can be suggested that content of broken eggs decreases or negates the ability of ovarian fluid to activate sperm motility due to a decrease of pH.     

野生及养殖哈氏仿对虾肌肉营养成分的分析与比较

为了解哈氏仿对虾肌肉的营养特征,采用生化分析手段对野生及养殖哈氏仿对虾肌肉进行营养成分分析并对营养品质进行分析与比较.结果显示,野生群体肌肉中水分和粗蛋白含量(分别为79.42％和17.94％)与养殖群体(分别为79.28％和17.95％)没有显著差异;野生群体的粗脂肪含量(0.89％)显著低于养殖群体(1.12％),而粗灰分含量(1.44％)显著高于养殖群体(1.31％).在18种检测出的氨基酸中,有9种氨基酸的含量,野生群体比养殖群体显著低,另外9种在两群体间没有差异.野生群体的氨基酸总量(TAA)、必需氨基酸(EAA)、非必需氨基酸(NEAA)、鲜味氨基酸(DAA)、虾味氨基酸(SAA)含量(分别为83.42％、29.69％、43.59％、32.54％和21.11％)均比养殖群体(分别为88.08％、30.53％、47.39％、34.47％和21.72％)显著低;野生群体的必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)和支链氨基酸与芳香族氨基酸的比值(F值)(分别为66.41和2.07)也明显低于养殖群体(分别为69.10和2.12).野生群体的饱和脂肪酸(∑SFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(∑PUFA)(分别为41.95％和39.51％)相对百分含量比养殖群体(分别为39.60％和36.64％)均明显高,而野生群体的单不饱和脂肪酸∑MUFA(18.54％)相对百分含量比养殖群体(23.76％)明显低;野生群体肌肉中油脂的EPA+DHA相对百分含量(28.23％)比养殖群体(25.66％)明显高,但在野生和养殖群体间肌肉中的EPA+ DHA绝对含量没有明显差异.研究表明,哈氏仿对虾肌肉营养价值较高、肉味鲜美,人工养殖没有造成其肌肉脂肪的大量富集和脂肪酸组成及含量的急剧变化,相反使该虾的蛋白质营养价值更高.     

The effect of reduced pH on carapace calcium,strontium and magnesium levels in rapidly growing prawns (Penaeus monodon fabricius)

Juvenile prawns (Penaeus monodon) were cultured for 6 weeks at pH 7.9, 7.4 and 6.7. Growth and survival throughout the trial were good, indicating a considerable degree of adaptability. The effects of exposure to low pH included carapace weight loss, increased magnesium content with constant calcium content and slightly decreasing strontium content. The withdrawal of more calcium salts in preference to magnesium (and perhaps organic materials) from the old carapace occurred prior to ecdysis under low pH conditions compared to more normal conditions.     

黄颡鱼促卵泡激素受体基因的克隆及其在雌鱼生殖周期中的表达

为研究黄颡鱼促卵泡激素受体(FSHR)基因的克隆以及该基因在卵巢发育周期中的表达情况,实验首先采用SmartTMRace技术,获得了黄颡鱼促卵泡激素受体基因cDNA全长序列,该基因全长2 340 bp,编码661aa,具有G蛋白偶联受体超家族(G protein-coupled receptor,GPCR)的7个跨膜螺旋区(transmembrane domain)。经分析发现,得到的FSHR基因序列具有9个富含亮氨酸的重复性序列(LRRs);5个潜在的N-端糖基化位点;蛋白激酶C(proteinkinase C,PKC)磷酸化位点(403Y)位于第一个包外环,C-末端(C-terminal domain)G蛋白偶联区域,存在3个蛋白激酶C磷酸化位点(634S,643S,632T)。这些区域可能与FSHR的功能有密切关系。RT-PCR发现,FSHR基因在卵巢和脑中大量表达,在其他组织中均存在少量或微量的表达;在繁殖周期中,卵巢FSHR基因表达从Ⅲ期～Ⅳ期处于较高水平,在Ⅵ期时下降。研究推测,卵巢中FSHR基因参与黄颡鱼卵母细胞成熟及卵黄蛋白的积累过程。     

中华绒螯蟹幼蟹蜕皮周期中肝胰腺和肌肉脂类的动态变化

以越冬后即将进入蜕皮的中华绒螯蟹幼蟹为实验对象,采用生化分析方法,研究其蜕皮周期肝胰腺及肌肉脂类的动态变化。本实验将其幼蟹蜕皮周期分为蜕皮前期(D期)、蜕皮期(E期)、蜕皮后期(AB期)和蜕皮间期(C1期和C2期)。结果发现,(1)蜕皮各期肝胰腺总脂含量变化显著,呈现为"高-低-高"的趋势,其中D期最高,AB期最低,C1、C2期开始回升;而肌肉总脂含量变化趋势与肝胰腺相反,为先上升后再下降趋势,在D期最低,AB期含量最高。(2)肝胰腺脂类中以甘油三酰(TG)为主,其次是磷脂(PL);而肌肉脂类主要是PL,其次是TG和胆固醇(CHO)。肝胰腺中TG含量为先下降后上升趋势,其中C1期含量最低,肝胰腺中的PL含量变化趋势与TC相反,AB期含量最高;肌肉中TG含量在E期最高,而此期的PL含量最低。(3)肝胰腺和肌肉的主要脂肪酸为C16∶0、C18∶1n9、C18∶1n7、C18∶2n6(LOA)、C20∶5n3(EPA)和C22∶6n3(DHA)(相对含量4%)。蜕皮周期内,肝胰腺中的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和高度不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)均表现为下降趋势,其中D期肝胰腺中的DHA和EPA含量最高;肌肉中的SFA和MUFA呈现为先上升后下降趋势,而肌肉中的PUFA和HUFA表现为先下降后上升趋势。研究表明,中华绒螯蟹幼蟹蜕皮周期中,肝胰腺和肌肉中的脂类成分发生了显著变化,肝胰腺中脂类可能是其蜕皮期间的主要能量来源物质之一。     

Growth responses and fatty acid composition of juvenile prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) fed a prepared ration augmented with shrimp head oil

A prepared shrimp food was impregnated at 3% by weight with oil extracted from heads of Penaeus setiferus. This procedure brought about a reduction in the level of ω6 fatty acids and an increase in the percentages of ω3 fatty acids and saturated acids in the diet.The lipid-augmented ration was fed to juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii for 12 weeks in the laboratory, with the unmodified diet as a control. Prawns fed the augmented diet grew significantly larger than those given the control feed, and this difference was apparent by the sixth week of the study. Final mean biomass (g prawn/m² of tank floor) and efficiency of food utilization in the experimental group were about twice that in the control. Survival in the two groups was similar throughout the study and averaged 71 and 68%, respectively, for the experimental and control animals at the end of the experiment.Prawns fed both rations contained in their tissues about the same percentage of ω3 fatty acids as their diets, indicating conservation of these dietary acids and/or biosynthesis. In contrast, the animals contained substantially less 18:2ω6 (linoleic acid) than their diets, and the data suggested that some of this fatty acid may have been utilized as an energy source. Also, animals fed the augmented diet contained about 15 times more carotenoid pigments than those given the control ration.The study suggests that ω3 fatty acids are important in the nutrition of M. rosenbergii and that prawn diets might be made more effective by increasing the relative proportion of ω3 fatty acids in their composition. Waste shrimp heads may be one suitable source of fatty acids and pigments for use in prepared diets for aquaculture.     

Studies on cryopreservation of eggs from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

The effect of pre-freezing treatments as well as freezing of inseminated, not water-activated eggs from rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri, and coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, was investigated in relation to survival and further development.Effects above freezing temperatures included: the temperature at insemination, viability of inseminated and unactivated eggs after storage, suitability of an incubation medium and the tolerance of eggs to various levels of the cryoprotectant dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Freezing experiments included: investigating the action of DMSO (0, 1, 2 mole) and the tolerance of coho eggs to temperatures between ?4.6 to ?30°C. Insemination temperatures between 0.5°C and 9.8°C (coho eggs) as well as incubation in an artifical medium (1-0°C) for 80 min (rainbow trout eggs) and 170 min (coho eggs) did not influence subsequent fertility. Storage of inseminated and unactivated rainbow trout eggs for 135 min and beyond reduced egg fertility. DMSO at 2 and 4 mole was detrimental to coho eggs (1-0°C). One mole DMSO had no (coho) or reduced (rainbow trout) influence on egg fertility when it was added gradually.In the presence of 1 mole DMSO most eggs remained unfrozen (67–89%) when kept for 10 min in frozen artificial medium (?4.6%) and 27–32% subsequently reached the eyed stage (control = 100). Further cooling (0.3°C/min) to ?10°C was still tolerated (62% unfrozen, 22% eyed eggs) but not to ?20°C (6% unfrozen, no development) and ?30°C (no survival). Use of 2 mole DMSO did not improve the results.     

Transmission of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) from Dendronereis spp. (Peters) (Nereididae) to penaeid shrimp

Dendronereis spp. (Peters) (Nereididae) is a common polychaete in shrimp ponds built on intertidal land and is natural food for shrimp in traditionally managed ponds in Indonesia. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), an important viral pathogen of the shrimp, can replicate in this polychaete (Desrina et al. 2013); therefore, it is a potential propagative vector for virus transmission. The major aim of this study was to determine whether WSSV can be transmitted from naturally infected Dendronereis spp. to specific pathogen‐free (SPF) Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) through feeding. WSSV was detected in naturally infected Dendronereis spp. and Penaeus monodon Fabricius from a traditional shrimp pond, and the positive animals were used in the current experiment. WSSV‐infected Dendronereis spp. and P. monodon in a pond had a point prevalence of 90% and 80%, respectively, as measured by PCR. WSSV was detected in the head, gills, blood and mid‐body of Dendronereis spp. WSSV from naturally infected Dendronereis spp was transmitted to SPF L. vannamei and subsequently from this shrimp to new naïve‐SPF L. vannamei to cause transient infection. Our findings support the contention that Dendronereis spp, upon feeding, can be a source of WSSV infection of shrimp in ponds.     

凡纳滨对虾细胞因子信号转导负调控因子 基因(Lv-SOCS)的克隆及特征分析

为了探讨凡纳滨对虾细胞因子信号转导负调控因子(SOCS)在病毒引发的免疫应答过程中的潜在作用,本实验根据前期的转录组和表达谱结果提示信息,首次克隆了凡纳滨对虾的SOCS基因(Lv-SOCS,GenBank注册号:KJ000426),利用在线软件进行了生物信息学分析,运用半定量的方法进行了组织表达分析,并利用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术分析了该基因在白斑杆状病毒(WSSV)侵染过程中的表达变化特征。结果显示,Lv-SOCS的ORF区1 191 bp,编码397个氨基酸,预测分析显示该基因编码的蛋白质含有1个SH2结构域和1个SOCS-box结构域,组织表达分析表明该基因主要在凡纳滨对虾血细胞、肠道和肝胰腺中表达。在WSSV感染后中晚期(6~48 hpi),Lv-SOCS可以被显著诱导,在血细胞中呈明显上调表达趋势,表明该基因在一定程度上参与了凡纳滨对虾体内由WSSV引发的先天免疫应答过程,上述结果为进一步研究Lv-SOCS基因在对虾应答病毒侵染过程中的功能和作用机制奠定了基础。     

Nitrogen and phosphorous budgets during a farming cycle of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum: An in situ experiment

In the Sacca di Goro lagoon a farming cycle of the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) was simulated seeding young molluscs in an unexploited sandy spot. The experimental area (2100 m²) consisted of three sectors: a control (C), almost devoid of clams (∼ 1600 m^− 2, ∼ 30 ind m^− 2), a low (L) density area (400 m², ∼ 300 ind m^− 2) and a high (H) density zone (∼ 110 m^− 2, ∼ 800 ind m^− 2). Water chemistry, external freshwater nutrient loads, molluscs filtration rates, biomass, elemental composition and nutrient recycling were analysed.Clam filtration rates and light and dark fluxes of nutrients were measured with intact core incubations. Three replicate cores (i.d. 20 cm) were collected from C, L and H in April, one month after the seeding, June, August and October 2003. External loads were calculated multiplying dissolved and particulate nutrients concentration by freshwater flow from the main lagoon tributaries. Direct excretion, filtration activity of clams and particulate matter deposition resulted in significantly higher ammonium (NH₄⁺) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) effluxes to the water column at L and H. For the entire farming cycle, particulate nitrogen (PN) uptake by clams from the water column was 1.7 (C), 9.1 (L) and 16.3 (H) mol m^− 2, whilst total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) fluxes were − 0.3 (C), 1.6 (L) and 6.9 (H) mol m^− 2. Particulate phosphorus (PP) uptake from the water column was 0.1 (C), 0.6 (L) and 1.0 (H) mol m^− 2, whilst total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) efflux was 0.2 (C), 0.5 (L) and 0.8 (H) mol m^− 2. At the end of the farming cycle, harvested N as mollusc flesh was negligible for C, 0.4 mol m^− 2 for L and 1.8 mol m^− 2 for H. Harvested P as mollusc flesh was negligible for C, 0.02 mol m^− 2 for L and 0.04 mol m^− 2 for H. Farmed areas seem to have a great potential for fast coupling between sedimentation (filter feeder mediated biodeposition) and benthic recycling. At the lagoon level, mollusc farming probably attenuates the export of particulate matter to the open sea. Our results show that a minor fraction of biodeposited N (∼ 6%) and P (∼ 3%) was exported as a commercial product at the end of the farming cycle, whilst a larger fraction was incorporated in the sediments or recycled as dissolved inorganic or organic forms.