花生农艺性状与产量的灰色关联度分析

通过对花生产量与农艺性状的灰色关联度分析,结果表明.影响花生产量的农艺性状依次为百果重＞百仁重＞单株生产力＞侧枝长＞千克果数＞饱果率＞出米率＞结果枝数＞主茎高＞市斤仁数＞单株结果数＞总分枝＞生育期.在花生高产育种中,应以百果重、百仁重和单株生产力三个影响花生产量的主导因素为主攻目标,提高花生后代的有效选择,加速高产育种进程.在高产栽培中通过选用优良品种,合理密植,采用增加百果重、百仁重和单株生产力等栽培技术措施达到高产目的.     

花生产量与主要农艺性状的灰色关联度分析

通过对2017年河南省联合体花生品种区域试验的10个参试花生品种(系)的11个农艺性状与产量的灰色关联度分析,明确了各主要农艺性状与花生产量的主次关系,为花生的高产育种提供理论依据。结果表明,花生产量与各农艺性状的关联度大小顺序为:生育期﹥饱果率﹥出米率﹥单株生产力﹥主茎高﹥总分枝数﹥侧枝长﹥结果枝数﹥千克仁数﹥百果重﹥千克果数。说明生育期、饱果率、出米率、单株生产力、主茎高对花生产量的影响较大,而总分枝数、侧枝长、结果枝数、千克仁数、百果重、千克果数对花生产量的影响较小。     

高油酸花生开农 1768 在区域试验中主要性状的变异分析

为了解高油酸花生开农 1768 在国家北方片花生区域试验中的表现,对其产量及主要性状进行变异分析、相关回归分析和通径分析,探讨开农 1768 主要性状对产量的影响。变异分析结果表明,主要性状的变异系数大小为单株饱果数 > 结果枝数 > 主茎高 > 侧枝长 > 总分枝数 > 百果重 > 百仁重;相关分析表明,侧枝长和结果枝数与产量呈显著相关,百果重、百仁重、出仁率与产量均呈极显著正相关,且百果重、百仁重和出仁率两两之间均呈现极显著正相关;主茎高（X1）、侧枝长（X2）、总分枝数（X3）、结果枝数（X4）、百果重（X5）、百仁重（X6）、单株饱果数（X7）、出仁率（X8）、生育期（X9）与小区产量（Y）的多元回归方程为 Y=-7535.67+52.14X6+96.47X8+61.32X7+23.01X2;通径分析结果显示,侧枝长、结果枝数、百果重、百仁重、单株饱果数和出仁率对产量都有直接的正效应。因此,在开农 1768 推广种植过程中,应当侧重提高品种的结果枝数、单株饱果数、百仁重和出仁率,一定量的地上部结果枝数和地下部单株饱果数是确保高产的决定性因素。     

花生种质资源主要数量性状的遗传多样性和相关性分析

为了有效地利用花生种质资源,给新品种选育提供有力的数据支持,以46份花生种质资源为试验材料,对主茎高、主茎节数、第一侧枝长、第一分枝数、总分枝数、有效枝长等主要数量性状进行了遗传多样性分析和相关性分析。结果表明：花生种质在植物学性状上拥有丰富的遗传多样性,变异系数在11.19%~82.41%之间,多样性指数在0.3095~2.0468之间,平均数为1.6805,但两者的变化趋势相反。从相关分析结果来看,主茎高和主茎节数、侧枝长、单株生产力,第二次分枝数与总分枝数,单株结果数与单株生产力,叶片长与叶片宽,荚果长与荚果宽、种子长、百果重,荚果宽与种子长、种子宽、百果重,种子长与种子宽、百果重,种子宽与百果重,百果重与单株生产力,它们之间呈显著或极显著正相关,测得相关性极显著的一对表型性状中的一个就可以描述另一个性状。     

河北省花生区域试验各参试品系与对照品种农艺性状分析

利用河北省1998-2007年间春播花生区域试验资料,对各参试品系、对照品种的13个农艺性状的变化进行了分析,结果表明,参试品系间及参试品系与对照品种间的农艺性状均存在较大差异;参试品系的总分枝、结果枝、单株饱果数、单株结果数、单株产量、百果重、百仁重近年来不断增加;与对照品种相比,主茎高、侧枝长、总分枝、结果枝的平均值有所降低;单株饱果数、单株结果数、单株产量、百果重、百仁重在增加;在生育期、出米率上的差异不大。     

河南省夏播花生主要数量性状与产量的相关和通径分析

对河南省夏播花生的8个主要数量性状与单株生产力进行相关分析,结果表明:饱果数、生育期与花生单株生产力达极显著正相关;结果枝数、侧枝长与花生单株生产力达显著正相关;主茎高、饱果率与花生单株生产力相关性不显著.而百果重与花生单株生产力为负相关,其中百果重与单株生产力达显著水平.通径分析结果表明:8个主要数量性状与单株英果生产力的直接通径系数顺序依次为:侧枝长>结果枝数>饱果数>生育期>饱果率>百果重>总分枝数>主茎高.在夏播花生育种工作中,要注重花生饱果数多、生育期长、结果枝数多、饱果率高的花生材料的选育,这样才能选育出产量高的花生新品种.     

花生主要农艺性状的配合力分析

摘 要: 配合力是花生杂交育种中选择亲本的重要依据之一。以河南省生产推广应用的6个主要品种为亲本,采用Griffing方法2对花生主要农艺性状的配合力进行了研究。结果表明,总分枝数、结果枝数和出仁率主要受加性效应的影响,侧枝长和单株双仁秕果数的非加性效应作用更大些,单株双仁饱果数、单株果重、百仁重、主茎高、单株单仁秕果数和单株单仁饱果数同时受加性效应和非加性效应的影响,但主要以加性为主。豫花15号在单株果重、籽仁重、单株双仁饱果数和单株单仁秕果数等主要产量性状上具有较高的一般配合力,其与濮花8号组配的杂交组合在单株果重、籽仁重、主茎高和侧枝长上均具有较高的特殊配合力,是最具有利用价值的亲本材料。     

福建新育成花生品种主要性状表现及相关性分析

为了筛选出最适合本地推广应用的花生新品种,对福建省新育成的17个花生品种,采用随机区组排列方法进行试验。结果表明,‘泉花551’平均荚果产量4873.5 kg/hm2,居参试种首位,比对照‘泉花7号’增产15.58%,增产极显著,比对照增产极显著的品种还有‘莆花4号’、‘福花8号’、‘泉花8号’和‘闽花8号’。对各性状与产量进行相关和通径分析的结果表明：各主要农艺性状与产量存在着不同程度的相关,产量与各性状的相关系数由大到小依次为百仁重、百果重、总分枝数、侧枝长、主茎高、出仁率、单株结果数、公斤果数;各性状对产量的直接贡献从大到小依次为：总分枝数、侧枝长、主茎高、百果重、单株结果数、出仁率、公斤果数、百仁重、结果枝数。     

海岛棉产量构成因素的遗传模型测验

本试验采用增广NCII设计，对海岛棉单株有效铃数、单株籽棉重、衣指及单铃重等产量构成因素进行遗传模型测验。结果表明：单株有效铃和单株籽棉重符合加性模型，衣分符合加性一显性模型，均存在着极显著的加性效应，单铃重符合加性一显性一上位性模型，存在显著的加性效应和上位性效应。增效、减效等位基因频率在雌、雄亲闯的分配，单株有效铃、单株籽棉重和单铃重有明显差异。单株有效铃、单株籽棉重、衣分和单铃重均为超显性遗传，该4个性状的增效、减效等位基因均可能为显性或隐性，随基因位点而不同。     

小麦-花生套作对花生光合色素、生长性状和产量的影响

通过田间试验,以单作花生(MC)为对照,观测分析了麦田套作(RC)对花生光合色素、生长性状和产量的影响。结果表明:与单作花生相比,套作花生苗期和饱果期光合色素含量高,盛花期延迟,花期较长,日开花数少;主茎高、第一对侧枝长及侧枝数均比单作小或少,但结果枝数和果针数多于单作,荚果产量低于单作;根茎叶生物产量低,饱果数、百果数及百仁重小,秕果数多。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.