饲喂添加维生素E糖浆对工蜂王浆腺发育的影响

本试验以意蜂为材料,采用饲喂添加维生素E糖浆和纯糖浆两种处理,通过解剖各处理特定日龄工蜂的王浆腺,测定其发育程度,结果表明,饲喂2.5ppmV_E糖浆能显著地促进工蜂王浆腺的发育,使王浆腺重量于10～18日龄段比对照组高47～76％,发育盛期至少延长5天以上。     

螺旋灌营养添加剂对工蜂王浆腺发育及王浆产量影响的研究

饲喂以螺旋藻与花粉为主的营养添加剂 ,并通过对工蜂王浆腺的解剖与王浆产量的比较 ,观察对工蜂王浆腺发育的影响 ,证明饲喂螺旋藻营养添加剂可刺激工蜂王浆腺发育 ,延缓王浆腺的衰老与退化 ,并可增加王浆产量19 82 %。     

麦饭石对意蜂王浆腺表观形态的影响

麦饭石是一种天然矿物质微量元素营养源。本试验研究了给意蜂喂麦饭石矿化水对意蜂王浆腺宽度、长度及王浆腺小体数三个表观形态指标的影响。结果表明：饲喂麦饭石矿化水对工蜂王浆腺长度及小体数影响很小（Ｐ＞０．０５）；实验组１５和１８日龄工蜂王浆腺宽度比对照组高２９．３％和３５．３％，两者差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

国外养蜂集锦

国外养蜂集锦维生素Ｅ对工蜂王浆腺的影响新西兰研究人员采用两种不同的方法，即添加维生素Ｅ的糖浆和纯糖浆分别饲喂意蜂蜂群。结果发现：维生素Ｅ对工蜂王浆的发育有明显的促进作用，它使１０～１８日龄工蜂的王浆腺增重４７～７６％，还可延长其发育的高峰期多达２～６...     

麦饭石对意蜂王浆腺超微结构的影响

麦饭石是一种天然矿物质营养源。本试验研究了给意蜂饲喂麦饭石矿化水对王浆腺超微结构的影响，结果表明：实验组１８日龄工蜂王浆腺细胞粗面内质网、核糖体、核仁、储存泡及分泌颗粒都较发达，而对照组１８日龄工蜂王浆腺则已退化。     

磁化水对工蜂王浆腺发育影响的初探

本试验以意蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)为材料,采用喂磁化水、普通水和不喂水三种不同处理。通过解剖各处理的特定日龄工蜂的王浆腺,并测定其发育程度的四项指标,结果表明,喂磁化水能延长工蜂王浆腺发育盛期5～7天。     

麦饭石对意蜂王浆腺表现形态的影响

麦饭石是一种天然矿物质微量元素营养源。本试验研究了给意蜂喂麦饭石态化水对意蜂王浆腺宽度、长度及王浆腺小体数三个表观形态指标的影响。结果表明：饲喂麦饭石矿化水以工蜂王浆腺长度及小体数影响很小；而实验组１５和１８日龄工蜂王浆腺宽度比对照组高２９．３％和３５．３％，两者差异极显著。     

蜜蜂王浆腺研究进展（综述）

王浆腺 (ＨｙｐｏｐｈａｒｙｎｇｅａｌＧｌａｎｄ .又叫营养腺、舌腺 )属于外分泌腺 ,它是一对位于工蜂头部的泡状腺体 ,是合成、分泌蜂王浆的主要腺体 ,其分泌物 (蜂王浆 )是工蜂饲喂蜂王、幼虫的主要食物。近几年来 ,国内外学者对蜂王浆的化学成份及医疗保健作用进行了大量的研究的同时 ,对工蜂分泌王浆的机理进行了研究 ,尤其是对分泌王浆的主要腺体———王浆腺进行了深入的研究。本文根据部分国内外有关文献 ,对蜜蜂工蜂王浆腺的形态、活性、王浆腺与其个体的生长发育及与激素的关系等问题 ,进行简要的综述。一、王浆腺的形态及超微结…     

平湖意蜂与普通意蜂王浆腺的比较

对平湖意蜂(下称平蜂)与普通意蜂(下称普蜂)进行比较表明:1～16日龄工蜂的王浆腺宽度、长度及王浆腺小体数目,两者差异不显著;10日龄工蜂王浆腺活性,平蜂比普蜂高61.1%,两者差异极显著;20日龄工蜂王浆腺,平蜂还具有一定的活性,但普蜂的王浆腺已经完全退化。     

蜜蜂营养对王浆增产效果的研究：王浆高产配合饲料的研制

蜜蜂为了维持正常的生长、发育和繁殖,必须不断地从外界获取合适的营养物质,作为其生命活动的物质基础与能量基础,王浆腺的发育与分泌活动以及蜂王浆的产生,都必须以相应的营养物质作为其代谢转化的前体物质.因此,饲喂一定的营养食物,可以有效地促进蜜蜂王浆腺的发育,提高其产量与质量.本文拟从蜜蜂营养对王浆增产的作用,来探讨王浆高产配合饲料的研制,供同行们参考.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.