二倍体棉种组织培养研究进展

二倍体棉种为四倍体栽培种提供了亲本(祖先)种,是棉花遗传改良的重要种质资源,是构建棉属突变体库、研究棉花功能基因组的优良材料。其中A、B、E、F组棉种起源于亚非大陆,D组起源于美洲大陆,C、G、K组起源于澳洲等地,具有丰富的遗传多样性,其组织培养研究主要涉及植株器官与细胞培养的再生途径、原生质体培养和体细胞培养与融合等,目前已获得了克劳茨基棉(Gossypium klotzschianum)、野生拟似棉(G. gossypioides)、亚洲棉(G. arboreum)、戴维逊氏棉(G. davidsonii)、雷蒙德氏棉(G. raimondii)、司笃克氏棉(G. stocksii)、奈尔逊氏棉(G. nelsonii)、比克氏棉(G. bickii)等二倍体棉种的再生植株,其中茎尖培养仅获得了亚洲棉、比克氏棉再生植株;原生质体培养获得了克劳茨基棉、戴维逊氏棉的再生小植株;此外,获得了陆地棉和二倍体棉种克劳茨基棉、比克棉、司笃克氏棉的种间杂种。二倍体棉种存在着较大的种间差异,组织培养体系可以借鉴木本植物组织培养相关方法。本文综述了相关研究进展,讨论了后续研究方向。     

棉花gDNA体细胞染色体FISH技术

介绍了棉花基因组ＤＮＡ（ｇｅｎｏｍｅＤＮＡ,简为ｇＤＮＡ）体细胞染色体荧光原位杂交〔ＦＩＳＨ〕的技术流程,并着重分析和讨论了影响试验结果的关键因素,包括染色体和探针的变性条件、染色体的蛋白酶Ｋ处理技巧等。试验中作为靶ＤＮＡ的体细胞染色体采用棉属异源四倍体种海岛棉;探针和封阻均采用ｇＤＮＡ,材料是棉属二倍体种Ａ染色体组（Ａｇｅｎｏｍｅ）的棉种（亚洲棉和草棉）和Ｄ染色体组（Ｄｇｅｎｏｍｅ）的棉种（瑟伯氏棉、雷蒙德氏棉、戴维逊氏棉等）,分别交互使用。试验结果比较理想,获得良好的ＦＩＳＨ片子,而且重复性好。     

有酚与低酚陆地棉亲本配制的种间三元杂种腺体遗传性状研究

本研究对（亚洲棉Ｘ比克氏棉）Ｘ陆地棉种间三元杂种植株和花器形态特性、腺体表现和棉酚含量进行了比较和研究。结果表明，用有酚棉和低酚棉作陆地棉亲本配制的不同类型的种间三元杂种在植株和花器形态性状上无显著差异；但在各器官和组织上的腺体表现和棉酚含量有明显的差异。用低酚棉配制的三元杂种完全表现有比克氏棉子叶腺体延缓发生性状；而用有酚棉配制的三元杂种在种子上尚有少量腺体，但包括花器在内的其它器官和组织均为有腺体类型，腺体密度和大小与一般有酚棉相同。此外，本文对比克氏棉子叶腺体延缓发生性状的遗传和腺体与棉酚含量的关系等问题进行了讨论。     

亚洲棉、比克氏棉和海岛棉种间杂种的合成及性状研究

用（亚洲棉×比克氏棉）Ｆ１双二倍体为母本与海岛棉的不同色素腺体基因型进行杂交，获得（亚洲棉×比克氏棉）×海岛棉种间杂交三种杂种（简称（亚×比）×海三种杂种，下同）．（亚×比）×海三种杂种植株整体性状似海岛棉亲本，但营养生长旺盛，植株高大，并兼有三个亲本的一些形态特性。（亚×比）×海三种杂种花粉高度不育，但雌配子部分可育。海岛棉的不同色素腺体基因型对（亚×比）×海三种杂种的色素腺体在现有较大的影响，其中Ｇｌ２Ｇｌ２Ｇｌ３Ｇｌ３所产生的（亚×比）×海三种杂种，其种子尚有少量色素腺体，但植株为正常色素腺体类型；而ｇｌ２ｇｌ２ｇｌ３ｇｌ３所产生的（亚×比）×海三种杂种虽种子无色素腺体，但植株为少色素腺体类型，Ｇｌｅ２对（亚×比）×海三种杂种的色素腺体的影响与ｇｌ２ｇｌ２ｇｌ３ｇｌ３相同，只是杂种植株色素腺体的减少现象是更明显。此外，本文对比克氏棉子叶色素腺体延缓发生性状的遗传及其转育途径和技术进行了讨论。     

澳洲棉种遗传多样性的RAPD分析

利用ＲＡＰＤ（ＲａｎｄｏｍｌｙＡｍｐｌｉｆｉｅｄＰｏｌｙｍｏｒｐｈｉｃＤＮＡ）对斯特提棉（Ｇ．ｓｔｕｒｔｉａｎｕｍ）、南岱华棉（Ｇ．ｎａｎｄｅｗａｒｅｎｓｅ）、鲁滨逊氏棉（Ｇ．ｒｏｂｉｎｓｏｎｉ）、澳洲棉（Ｇ．ａｕｓｔｒａｌｅ）、比克氏棉（Ｇ．ｂｉｃｋｉ）和奈尔逊氏棉（Ｇ．ｎｅｌｓｏｎｉ）进行了研究，结果表明：６个澳洲棉种具有丰富的遗传多样性，在这６个澳洲棉种中，澳洲棉与鲁滨逊氏棉、南岱华棉与斯特提棉具有较近的亲缘关系。聚类分析发现，鲁宾逊氏棉和比克氏棉是两个较为特殊的棉种。此外，本文对比克氏棉和木槿组（Ｈｉｂｉｓ－ｃｏｉｄｅａ）的其它棉种的染色体组的归属问题进行了讨论     

中国棉花体细胞植株再生的基因型分析

我国开展棉花体细胞组织培养研究20多年来,已经成功的获得了戴维逊氏棉、雷蒙德氏棉、瑟伯氏棉、拟似棉、草棉、亚洲棉、海岛棉和陆地棉8个棉属的再生植株。其中陆地棉约占总数的70％,海岛棉约占20％。考查陆地棉栽培品种(系)的系谱亲缘关系,主要来源于斯字棉的材料约占26％、岱字棉约占23％、乌干达棉约占12％、珂字棉约占11％、爱字棉约占3％、福字棉约占1．5％。本文对我国再生植株品种(系)的差异进行了分析,并将开展棉花体细胞组织培养以来再生成功或研究利用的基因型加以整理,以期为进一步的研究提供参考。     

棉花组织培养体细胞胚胎发生的扫描电镜观察

近年来棉花组织培养发展很快, 先后从陆地棉、 海岛棉、 克劳茨基棉、 戴维逊氏棉、 拟似棉等不同棉种的胚轴、 子叶、 茎段、 花药、 原生质体等诱导获得了体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生。 但是对棉花体细胞胚胎发生的机制还需要探索, 本文采用扫描电镜技术对棉花体细胞胚胎发生的形成过程和形态特征进行了研究, 旨在进一步了     

我国抗枯萎病棉花品种（系）的系谱分析

截止１９９４年底，我国育成抗枯萎病棉花品种（系）共２０４个，其中有５２－１２８、岱字１５、中棉和乌干达棉血缘的品种（系）达１８６个，遗传基础非常狭窄。     

比克氏棉及其杂种后代的RAPD分析

 将（亚洲棉×比克氏棉）F₁加倍,再与陆地棉、海岛棉、（陆地棉×夏威夷棉）、（陆地棉×黄褐棉）杂交,获得三种杂种与四种杂种。本研究用RAPD技术对种间杂种及其亲本进行了分析,结果表明：（1）15个引物对参试材料总共扩增出127条DNA带,其中有102条多态性带,占80.3 %;（2）在杂种中均检测到了亲本带与杂种的特异带;（3）利用SAS软件中的类平均法对试验材料进行聚类分析,结果表明,所有的参试材料聚为三大类。研究结果充分验证了杂种的真实性。     

棉花晋棉27,28的特征特性及栽培技术

晋棉２７、２８是由山西省农科院作物遗传研究所选育，１９９９年４月经山西省农作物品种审定委员会审定的棉花新品种。晋棉２７　　晋棉２７（原名２９１８）由山西省农科院作物遗传研究所、中国科学院遗传研究所、山西农业大学以（陆地棉×比克氏棉）Ｆ３为母本，（陆地棉×色伯氏棉）Ｆ４为父本，采用棉属间复合杂交及染色体加倍等技术和方法选育而成。该品种株高７０～８０ｃｍ，主茎节间长７～１０ｃｍ，果枝节间长５～１０ｃｍ，株形呈筒形，叶片３～５裂，叶色深绿，花乳白色，铃卵圆，４～５室，单铃子棉重５ｇ左右，衣分３８％～４…     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.