L.fermentum F-6对肉鸡屠宰性能及肌肉品质的影响

试验旨在研究添加不同剂量的L.fermentum F-6对肉鸡的屠宰性能及肌肉品质的影响,进一步探讨其作为一种新型饲料益生菌的可行性。试验以玉米和大豆粕为主要原料配制日粮,采用单因子完全随机试验设计方法,选择1日龄雌雄各半的健康AA肉鸡240只,称重后随机分为4个组,其中1个对照组和3个L.fermenti F-6组,每个组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡,各组鸡的初始体重经方差检验差异均不显著(P>0.05)。对照组肉鸡不饲喂L.fermentiF-6,L.fermentiF-6组饮水饲喂L.fermentiF-6,添加水平分别为2×105、2×106和1×107 cfu/ml,试验期42 d。研究结果表明,添加L.fermenti F-6可显著提高肉鸡全净膛率和胸肌率(P<0.05),提高肉鸡屠宰性能,其中以添加剂量为2×106 cfu/ml时效果较好。添加L.fermenti F-6对肉鸡肌肉pH值、系水力和肉色指标无显著影响,但与对照组相比,L.fermentum F-6对肌肉系水力和肉色有一定改善效果。     

Effect of drinking water chlorination on Campylobacter spp. colonization of broilers

The main source for Campylobacter spp. transmission from the environment to broiler chickens is still unclear. One implicated reservoir for the organism has been untreated broiler drinking water. This study was conducted with broilers first using experimental conditions (isolation units) and second under commercial conditions. We compared the rate of intestinal colonization in chickens provided 2 to 5 parts per million (ppm) chlorinated drinking water in relation to the frequency of colonization in chickens given unsupplemented drinking water. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was detected in isolation frequency or level of Campylobacter spp. colonization in birds provided chlorinated drinking water and control birds provided water without supplemental chlorine. In the isolation unit experiments, 86.3% (69/80) of the control and 85.0% (68/80) of the treated birds were colonized at levels corresponding to an average of 10(5.2) and 10(5.1) log colony-forming units (cfu) Campylobacter spp./g of cecal contents, respectively. Additionally, two sets of paired 20,000 bird broiler houses, with and without chlorination (2-5 ppm chlorine), were monitored in a commercial field trial. Effectiveness of chlorination was judged by prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in fecal droppings (960 samples) taken from the flocks in treated and control houses. Birds from the control houses were 35.5% (175/493) Campylobacter spp. positive, while 45.8% (214/467) of the samples from the houses having chlorinated drinking water yielded the organism. Chlorination of flock drinking water at the levels tested in this study was not effective in decreasing colonization by Campylobacter spp. under commercial production practices presently used in the United States.     

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE AUSTRALIAN V4 STRAIN OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS AS A VACCINE BY SPRAY, AEROSOL AND DRINKING WATER ADMINISTRATION

SUMMARY An Australian strain of Newcastle disease virus, was evaluated for use as a vaccine following its administration by drinking water, aerosol and spray to chickens at 1 and 21 days of age. Haemagglutination inhbition antibody was produced and persisted for 11 weeks. Aerosol vaccination induced higher levels of haemagglutination inhibition antibody than the other methods of vaccination. No respiratory disease was observed following vaccination. Chickens vaccinated by aerosol and spray were fully protected when challenged at 5, 7 and 11 weeks of age with virulent Newcastle disease virus. Mortality of 10 to 30 per cent was observed in chickens vaccinated by drinking water and intranasally following challenge.     

口服重组鸡α-干扰素对鸡新城疫病毒感染和疫苗免疫的影响

通过点眼、滴鼻的方式使SPF鸡感染新城疫La Sota株,感染8 h后在饮水中添加1000 U/mL重组鸡α-干扰素,每只鸡每天饮用干扰素剂量为20000 U,分别饮用不同时间。于感染后第7天采集气管组织,制备病理切片。结果显示,连续3 d以上饮用重组鸡α-干扰素的试验鸡,其气管的病理损伤可得到明显改善;检测饮用重组鸡α-干扰素后试验鸡的新城疫抗体效价,结果表明口服高剂量的干扰素可明显下调新城疫抗体的滴度。     

Hypophagic and dipsogenic effect of the 5‐HT1A receptor agonist 8‐OH‐DPAT in broiler chickens

The effects of the 5‐HT_1A receptor agonist 8‐OH‐DPAT on food and water intake in male broiler chickens were investigated. The injection of 25 or 50 μg/kg of 8‐OH‐DPAT 15 min before refeeding in fasted animals produced a decrease in food intake. No effect was observed in drinking. The injection of 25 or 50 μg/kg of the 8‐OH‐DPAT 60 min after the start of refeeding did not produce any significant modification in food intake. No effect on drinking was recorded. The agonist 8‐OH‐DPAT injected 15 min before water presentation in water‐deprived chickens, produced an increased drinking 60 min after the presentation of water. No effect on food intake was observed. The results show that the effect on food intake of the agonist 8‐OH‐DPAT in fasted–refed broiler chickens was similar to those observed in mammals and layer‐strain chickens. However, the agonist did not alter significantly the food intake when the broilers were fed 60 min before the injection. These results are contrary to the observed effects in mammals and in layer‐strain chickens. Probably, the selection for rapid growth rate in broilers causes modifications in the feeding control pattern. The comparison between broilers and layers strain may be a useful tool to elucidate the complex mechanisms involved in food and water intake regulation in chickens.     

Effect of route of administration on the efficacy of a recombinant fowlpox virus against H5N2 avian influenza.

A recombinant fowlpox vaccine virus containing the H5 hemagglutinin gene of avian influenza virus was administered to susceptible chickens via wing-web puncture, eye drop, instillation into the nares, and drinking water. Even though there was a negligible hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) serologic response, all 10 chickens vaccinated by wing-web puncture remained without obvious signs of disease and survived challenge with a highly pathogenic strain of H5N2 avian influenza virus. All unvaccinated chickens and those vaccinated by nasal and drinking-water routes died following challenge. Eight of 10 chickens vaccinated with the recombinant by eyedrop died. All vaccinates were negative on the agar gel precipitin (AGP) test, and only one chicken had a positive HI titer before challenge. All chickens that survived challenge had high levels of HI antibody and were positive on the AGP test, indicating that they were infected by the challenge virus.     

中兽药新制剂清瘟败毒颗粒对鸡人工感染支气管炎的防治试验

鸡传染性支气管炎是一种急性高度接触性呼吸道传染病,影响鸡的产蛋量和蛋品质。本研究以鸡传染性支气管炎病毒标准株M41人工感染21日龄700只海兰褐雏鸡,使其发病。接种病毒前后在饮水中分别添加不同剂量的清瘟败毒颗粒,以清瘟败毒散为对照治疗组,观察不同处理鸡的临床症状、发病率、病理变化和死亡率等。结果表明：饮水中添加0．z5％o清瘟败毒颗粒,对IBV标准株M41的攻毒保护作用与阳性对照组相比较差异显著（P〈0．05）;清瘟败毒颗粒低剂量治疗组与高、中剂量治疗组及清瘟败毒散治疗组之间差异显著,因水中添加0．5‰清瘟败毒颗粒,对人工感染鸡传染性支气管炎治疗作用明显,治愈率达88．00％,显著高于清瘟败毒散治疗组（P〈0．05）。     

Experimental trials with a thermostable Newcastle disease virus (strain I2) in commercial and village chickens in Tanzania

Antibody responses in indigenous village and commercial chickens vaccinated with 12 thermostable Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine and protection levels against challenge with a virulent field isolate were determined. The antibody response of village chickens vaccinated by eye drop revealed that 30, 60 and 90 days after primary vaccination, the mean log2 HI titres were 6.1, 5.4 and 3.6, respectively, whereas for commercial chickens, the antibody response after 14, 30 and 90 days were 8.2, 5.1 and 4.2, respectively. Village chickens vaccinated orally via drinking water had mean log2 HI titres of 3.4 after 30 days. After booster vaccination, the mean HI titre was 5.4 and 3.3 after 30 and 60 days post-secondary vaccination (i.e. 60 and 90 days after primary vaccination). Antibody response of mean log2 HI titres of 2.6 was recorded 30 days after primary vaccination orally through food; 30 and 60 days after secondary vaccination (i.e. 60 and 90 days after primary vaccination), mean log2 HI titres were 5.3 and 3.2, respectively. All commercial and village chickens vaccinated by eye drop survived the challenge trial whereas village chickens vaccinated through drinking water and food had protection levels of 80% and 60% 30 days after primary vaccination, respectively. However, 30 days after booster vaccination, the protection level was 100%. At 60 days after secondary vaccination, the protection level dropped again to 80% for chickens vaccinated orally. All control chickens used in the challenge trials developed clinical ND and died 3-5 days after inoculation with the virulent virus. Supported by laboratory findings, I2 strain of NDV seemed to be avirulent, immunogenic and highly protective against virulent isolates of NDV. It may be a suitable vaccine to use in village chickens to vaccinate them against ND in rural areas.     

发酵乳酸杆菌对肉鸡血清抗氧化性能及肠道挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）的影响

旨在研究添加不同剂量的发酵乳酸杆菌F-6对肉鸡血清抗氧化性能及肠道VFA含量的影响。选择健康的1日龄AA肉仔鸡240只,称重后随机分为4组,各组肉仔鸡的初始体重差异均不显著（P〉0.05）。各组肉仔鸡基础日粮一致,3个试验组在饮水中添加发酵乳酸杆菌F-6,添加剂量分别为2.0×10~5、2.0×10~6、1.0×10~7CFU/m L,对照组肉仔鸡不饲喂发酵乳酸杆菌。于21日龄及42日龄时,分别测定各组肉鸡血清中的MDA和SOD含量,以及肠道中VFA含量。结果表明：21日龄时,试验3组肉鸡血清中的SOD含量显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）;42日龄时,试验2组和3组肉鸡血清中的SOD含量也显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。21日龄和42日龄时,各试验组肉鸡盲肠及回肠中的乙酸和总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）含量均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）;除试验1组外,其他各试验组肉鸡的回肠及盲肠丁酸含量均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。综上提示,发酵乳酸杆菌F-6能够显著提高肉鸡的血清抗氧化性能及肠道部分VFA含量,其具有开发为新型饲料益生菌添加剂的应用前景。     

新城疫CHR株与La Sota株2种疫苗近期免疫效力比较试验

鸡新城疫CHR 株冻干疫苗中试产品3 批以及La Sota 株冻干疫苗( 符合质量要求) , 以5 种免疫途径: 肌注、滴鼻、喷雾、饮水、拌料分别接种11 日龄雏鸡。每批疫苗每种途径接种1 组, 20 只/ 组, 共20 组。雏鸡群免疫前血凝抑制抗体(HI) 效价为1∶2-13 , 于14 d 、28 d 后再测HI抗体水平, 并分别用10 000 鸡胚半数致死量(ELD50) 新城疫标准强毒北京株攻击。从而检测2 种疫苗用5 种免疫途径免疫后在不同时间的近期免疫效力。结果表明, 近期内CHR 株疫苗HI抗体呈上升趋势, 而La Sota 株疫苗HI抗体先升高后下降; CHR 株疫苗以饮水和拌料途径效果较好, 其它3 种途径效果相似。接种后14 d 攻毒, 2 种疫苗均能较好保护强毒攻击; 28 d 后, CHR 株保护率高于La Sota 株。     

Immunogenicity of Mycoplasma gallisepticum

The serological response and protective immunity elicited in the chicken by the pathogenic Ap3AS strain and the moderately pathogenic 80083 strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and variants of strain 80083 attenuated by repeated passage in mycoplasma broth were investigated. Strain 80083 elicited a substantial serum antibody response after administration either in drinking water or by conjunctival sac instillation to 7-week-old SPF chickens. No vaccinated chickens developed air sac lesions when challenged by intra-abdominal (IA) injection with the virulent Ap3AS strain. Chickens vaccinated with strain 80083M (50 broth passages) showed only a weak serological response but were substantially protected when challenged 4 weeks after vaccination. Chickens vaccinated with 80083H (100 broth passages) were serologically negative 4 weeks after vaccination and developed severe air sac lesions after challenge. Thirty-seven-week-old hens vaccinated 6 months previously with strain 80083 had high serum antibody levels and were completely protected against IA challenge with the homologous strain. However, 4/6 showed mild air sac lesions when challenged intra-abdominally with strain Ap3AS. Another group showed high M. gallisepticum serum antibody levels 6 months after vaccination with strain Ap3AS but 4/6 and 2/6 showed mild lesions after IA challenge with strains Ap3AS or 80083, respectively. Strains 80083 or 80083M were administered by conjunctival sac instillation to susceptible 11-week-old commercial pullets at the time of fowl pox vaccination. The concurrent use of both vaccines had no apparent adverse effect on the health of the chickens. Similar protection against IA challenge with strain Ap3AS was produced with the M. gallisepticum vaccines whether used alone or in combination with fowl pox.     

Vaccination against Fowlpox virus via drinking water

The oral vaccination against Fowlpox was investigated via drinking water containing the F132-c strain of Fowlpox virus to be effective even though the vaccine virus-titer was 10(4) TCID (50)/dose each time. When the virus-titer of the F132-c strain was 10(4-5 )TCID(50)/dose per single drinking water vaccination, 90% or more of chickens were not protected, however, they were protected when vaccinated twice via drinking water. A weak immune response occurred by a slight infection after the first vaccination, and due to memory cells, a booster could work well after the second vaccination. These results suggest the possibility of reducing both the amount of virus required for a vaccine via drinking water and the labor cost in the field.     

ADMINISTRATION OF A VACCINE PREPARED FROM THE AUSTRALIAN V4 STRAIN OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS BY AEROSOL AND DRINKING WATER

SUMMARY An experimental vaccine containing the avirulent Australian V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus was used to vaccinate 3- or 6-week-old chickens by aerosol and drinking water application. The chickens lacked maternally derived antibody to Newcastle disease virus. When the vaccine virus was diluted in tap water more than 90% of the infectivity was destroyed immediately. The addition of 0.25% skim milk prevented this loss and there was no loss in distilled water. Rates of inactivation at 37°C were similar in tap water and distilled water and were unaffected by the addition of skim milk. Both methods of vaccination resulted in the production of haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies which persisted for at least 8 to 12 weeks. The antibody response to aerosol vaccination was significantly better than that following drinking water vaccination. No clinical disease was induced by exposure to vaccine virus. Serum neutralisation antibodies paralleled those detected by haemagglutination-inhibition in chicks vaccinated once by drinking water. After revaccination through the drinking water, haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies were boosted temporarily while neutralising antibodies were maintained at an enhanced level. From chickens vaccinated by aerosol, Newcastle disease virus was recovered for 10 days from lungs and for 7 days from tracheas and caecal tonsils. Peak viraemia was detected 2 and 3 days after vaccination while both neutralising and haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies became detectable 5 days after vaccination.     

Experimental poisoning of pheasant chicks with nitrates and nitrites in drinking water

The effect was studied of nitrates and nitrites in drinking water on the methemoglobin level in blood and pathomorphological changes in fourteen-day-old pheasant chickens. The concentrations of 500 ppm of NO3- and 15 ppm NO2- in the drinking water were not lethal, they caused only the increase in the methemoglobin in blood to 7.1% (NO3-) and 16.5% (NO2-). The pheasants exposed to NO3- suffered from hyperaemia of liver, kidneys and mucosa of the small intestine and from the multiplication of the eosinophilic granulocytes in the villus stroma. The exposition to NO2- resulted in the non-specific dystrophic changes in liver and kidneys and in the villus edema of the small intestine. Lethal levels of nitrates and nitrites in drinking water were estimated in relation to the age of pheasants.     

重组减毒沙门菌在雏鸡体内的感染状况研究

为了检测能够表达传染性法氏囊病毒VP2蛋白的重组沙门菌在雏鸡体内主要组织和器官的感染情况,分别用亲本菌株和重组沙门菌免疫雏鸡,免疫后24~216 h每隔24 h对雏鸡的盲肠、血液、肝脏、脾脏、法氏囊中的细菌数量进行分析。结果显示:雏鸡接种重组减毒沙门菌后,其在血液中的数量不断升高并在96 h达到峰值,在脾脏中的数量不断升高并在120 h左右达到峰值,在肝脏、法氏囊中的数量不断升高并在168 h达到峰值,在盲肠中,细菌数量在不断升高并在72 h达到峰值;达到峰值后细菌数量逐渐下降。亲本菌株和重组菌株在相应组织器官中的数量变化趋势一致,但是亲本菌株的数量始终高于重组菌株。结果表明:重组菌株能在雏鸡体内生长定植,能为诱导雏鸡机体产生保护性免疫应答奠定重要基础,有望作为预防传染性法氏囊病毒的口服疫苗。     

复方硫氰酸红霉素可溶性粉对人工感染鸡慢性呼吸道病的疗效试验

用复方硫氰酸红霉素可溶性粉以每升水中加0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9 g 5个剂量对人工感染鸡慢性呼吸道病的鸡群混饮治疗,同时设立硫氰酸红霉素可溶性粉对照组.试验结果表明,用药5d后,复方硫氰酸红霉素可溶性粉每升水加0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9g剂量组的有效率和治愈率皆高于硫氰酸红霉素可溶性粉组.     

板蓝根颗粒对鸡传染性法氏囊病的防制效果研究

为探讨板蓝根颗粒对鸡传染性法氏囊病（IBD）的防制效果,以传染性法氏囊病病毒（IBDV）强毒株BC-6/85人工感染26日龄SPF鸡,于攻毒前后在饮水中加入不同剂量的板蓝根颗粒,观察试验鸡的临床症状、病理变化,统计病变得分、免疫器官指数等。结果显示,中、高剂量组的板蓝根颗粒经饮水给药,能改善患IBD鸡的精神状态,减轻该病对鸡免疫器官的破坏,增加血液白细胞吞噬率,增加饮食量和体增重。结果表明,3 g/L的板蓝根颗粒经饮水给药,连续服用5 d,能有效治疗IBD。     

连花柴芩可溶性粉对鸡风热犯肺证的临床试验研究

【目的】 研究连花柴芩可溶性粉对风热犯肺所导致的鸡发热、咳嗽、食欲减退、口渴喜饮等证候的临床疗效。【方法】 采用鸡传染性支气管炎病毒人工攻毒建立风热犯肺证肉鸡病例模型,将出现典型风热犯肺证临床症状的150只鸡纳入到试验中,并随机分为5组,30只/组,分别为连花柴芩可溶性粉高、中、低剂量组（连花柴芩可溶性粉浓度分别为4、2、1 g/L）,麻杏石甘颗粒药物对照组（1 g/L）,模型对照组,另设30只为健康对照组。除健康对照组和模型对照组外,各试验组连续饮水给药5 d,记录给药前后鸡的精神状态、体温、呼吸道症状、采食及饮水的变化,并检测各组鸡的免疫器官指数、外周血免疫细胞亚群指标,综合考察连花柴芩可溶性粉的临床疗效。【结果】 连花柴芩可溶性粉高、中剂量组对风热犯肺所致的鸡发热、咳嗽的总有效率分别为90.00%和86.66%,显著高于模型对照组（P<0.05）,且对病鸡采食量下降、饮水量增多具有较好的缓解效果（P<0.05）;连花柴芩可溶性粉能提高病鸡免疫器官指数,促进病鸡外周血中CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD8⁺ T淋巴细胞增殖,且连花柴芩可溶性粉高、中剂量显著高于模型对照组（P<0.05）。【结论】 连花柴芩可溶性粉对风热犯肺所致的鸡发热、咳嗽、食欲减退、口渴喜饮具有较好的缓解和治疗效果,结合药物量效关系和经济成本等因素综合考虑,推荐连花柴芩可溶性粉临床应用剂量为2 g/L,饮水给药,连用5 d。     

Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of erythromycin in pigeons (Columba livia)

Tissue and plasma concentrations were determined after intravenous and oral administration of erythromycin to pigeons to establish the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of the drug. A short mean half-life of elimination of 0.9 h was found. The relative bioavailability after direct crop administration of erythromycin thiocyanate or erythromycin ethylsuccinate at a dosage rate of 100 mg/kg was less than 10%. At a drug concentration in drinking water of 1 g/l, erythromycin plasma levels were barely detectable, whilst lung and trachea concentrations reached a maximum of 1.6 micrograms/ml. Even after crop administration of 100-mg/kg erythromycin thiocyanate, low plasma levels were obtained, whilst lung and trachea concentrations were substantially higher. Prescribed drinking-water regimens seemed unable to yield therapeutic tissue concentrations. Only individual crop administration seemed an appropriate medication method. The use of erythromycin ethylsuccinate did not present any advantage in comparison with erythromycin thiocyanate.     

Detection of Campylobacter jejuni strains in the water lines of a commercial broiler house and their relationship to the strains that colonized the chickens

Campylobacter jejuni is frequently present in the intestinal tract of commercial broiler chickens, and their drinking water has been proposed to be an initial source of bacteria for newly hatched chicks. We studied three sequential commercial broiler flocks raised in a house from which we had cultured C. jejuni from the nipple waters prior to placement of the first flock. Campylobacter cells were detected by immunofluorescence in the biofilm of the drinking nipples during the weeks when the flock was colonized with C. jejuni but not during weeks when the birds were negative. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from the drinking water during the growth of the first flock and was present in the birds from all three flocks. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) typing with primer OPA11 indicated that seven distinct strains were present within the broiler house. One strain found in drinking water was similar to a strain found in birds in the second flock; however, RAPD-PCR with primer HLW85 showed that the strains were not identical. These results suggest that although the watering system is a potential source of C. jejuni in broiler flocks, the waterborne strain in this study was not detected in the birds.