兽医临床脾胃病辨治浅析

家畜脾胃病在兽医临床诊疗中较为常见，其多由脏腑生理功能虚弱，常因饮食、寒湿等伤及脾胃，或因脾胃本身气虚运化无力等，以致饮食积滞，湿浊困脾，以本虚标实或虚中夹湿者居多。其虚在脾为本，其实在胃为标，与张仲景“虚则太阳，实则阳明”之论相符。脾胃同居中焦，为后天之本，脾主运化，胃主受纳，脾升则健，胃降则和。肝主疏泄，协助脾胃纳化，脾、胃与肝，三者一气相通，则升降有度，纳化有常，共同完成水谷的受纳、运化功能，     

驴和大白鼠脾虚证动物模型免疫功能的研究

祖国医学以脾为后天之本,脾主运化是脾的主要功能之一,但脾的另一种重要功能是防卫功能。《内经·五癃津液别篇》就有季脾为之卫”的论述;《金匮要略》提出了“四季脾旺不受邪”的论点;《难经》“诸病由脾胃生”更提出了脾胃旺盛,不易发病;脾胃     

脾胃学说与临床应用

脾胃学说在中兽医脏腑学说极其重要，向为祖国医学所重视。有关脾胃的论述，《内经》、《难经》、《金匮》、《伤寒》等书皆有记述。到了南宋，医家李东垣有了较大的发展。由于李氏所处的时代战乱频繁，人民劳役沉重，饥饱失调，所以脾胃损伤之证尤多。他结合自己的丰富临床实践总结出一套具有独创性的理论，继《内外伤辨惑论》之后，又写成了著名的《脾胃论》，为祖国的医学事业作出了伟大的贡献。循“内经”与李氏学说，运用于临床，体察其效验，增进甚广，现略述于下： 1　脾胃学说的生理　脾胃在动物体有着复杂而重要的生理功能。脾胃皆属土，脾为阴土，喜燥恶湿；胃属阳土，喜柔润而恶燥；脾主运化，胃主受纳；脾主升清，胃主降浊。《内经》谓：“脾胃仓廪之官，五味出焉”，“脾为之使，胃为之市”，“胃为水谷之海”，“脾为胃行其津液”。脾胃有着共同饮食物的消化、吸收、输布、化生气血、充养五脏、六腑、四肢、百骸，维持动物正常生理功能的重要脏器。所以有“后天之本”、“生化之源”之称。此外，脾尚有主肌肉、四肢、统血等功能。 　　东垣遵《难经》元气之说，而谓脾胃与元气之关系甚为密切，气为维持生命之本，因元气从脾而生，因此他倡导“养生当实元气，欲实元气，当调脾胃”。李氏这一理论，深得后世拥护。如叶天士提出：“内伤必取法东垣”；张景岳说：“动物始生本乎精血之源，人之既生由于水谷之养，非精血无以主形之基，非水谷无以成形之壮，……”他指出了先天以肾为主，后天以脾为主的理论。     

仔猪脾虚状态下SOD活力变化规律及加味四君子汤对其调整作用的试验观察

现代兽医学认为脾是体内最大的淋巴器官，位于血液循环径路上，还有造血、贮血、滤过血液，以及参与机体免疫活动等功能。而中兽医则认为脾的经脉络于胃，与胃相表里，开窍于口。其主要生理功能为主运化，统血，主肌肉及四肢。中西兽医脾的概念、功能、范围并不一致，存有较大分歧，至今未达成共识。近年来，学者们临床与实验相结合，     

对于中药治疗猪病有感

1）从中医角度来分析，猪发病率高、治疗效果差主要是脾虚胃燥所引发的。脾与胃以膜相连，位于腹中，一脏一腑，互为表里，为机体气化升降的枢纽。脾主运化，胃主受纳，脾为胃行其津液，升清降浊，输布水谷之精微，为气血生化之源。胃强脾健，则水谷气盛，精神足旺，气机畅和，先天得养，后天得济。另外，脾还有益气、统血、主肌肉、主四肢等重要功用，脾胃还能使糟粕腑气自大肠传导、输化，以化腑浊泄毒热，故称之为“后天之本”。     

综谈耕牛湿热证案

耕牛的湿热证多因脾胃功能失调所致。脾与胃通过经脉相互络属而构成表里关系。一是胃主受纳,脾主运化,脾为胃行其津液,共同完成水谷草料的消化吸收及其精微的输布,以滋养全身。二是脾主升,胃主降。脾气升则水谷精微得以输布     

补脾法在兽医临床上的应用

脾的主要生理功能是主运化、统血 ,主肌肉及四肢 ,所以“脾为心脏之母。”是肌肉赖以生存的仓库。脾主运化、升清降浊 ,主肌肉四肢 ;胃主受纳 ,腐熟水谷 ,互为表里 ,互相配合 ,互相制约 ,共同完成草料的消化、吸收和输布。一旦由于饲养管理不善 ,病邪侵入 ,导致脾失健运 ,胃不腐熟 ,出现消化吸收障碍 ,升降失常 ,运输功能失职 ,就会出现腹胀 ,腹泻 ,精神倦怠 ,消瘦 ,营养不良等病症。笔者从事兽医临床二十多年 ,应用补脾法治疗病牛 1 1 1 8头 ,其中用助运法治疗 442头 ,用益气法治疗 62 8头 ,用升阳法治疗 48头 ,治愈 1 1 0 2头 ,治愈率为 9…     

“脾胃学说”在兽医临床上的应用

一、脾胃学说概况祖国医学的“脾胃学说”是祖国医学有关对疾病辩证施治的重要学说。它是在长期医疗实践中形成和发展起来的。早在春秋战国时代,我国古代劳动人民就把脾胃归属于五行中的“土”,认为“土”为万物之母,是生发万物的根本。《内经》指出:“脾胃者,仓廪之友,五味出焉。”、“安谷者昌,绝谷者亡。”、有胃气则生,无胃气则死。”。可见古人对脾胃的重要性早有明确认识。脾主运化(运化输布营养精微,升清降浊)为气血生化之源,胃为水谷之海,所以说脾胃是     

大家畜慢性泄泻辨证施治法

慢性泄泻是大家畜常见的消化道疾患。本人经二十几年临床实际中逐渐摸索出大家畜泄泻辩论施治方法,现归纳如下:1运脾化湿法1.1病因机理脾虚则生湿,湿盛则困脾。脾主运化水湿,为胃行其津液,脾虚则运化功能低下,引起水湿停滞,脾失健运,运化失职,不能升清。因而水反为湿,谷反为滞,水谷不     

中兽医辨证施治牛泄泻

泄泻俗称拉稀。是脾胃运化和肠道功能失调所致的以粪便稀薄,排便次数增多为特征的病证。四季皆可发生。笔者参与临床治疗60例,痊愈56例,无效4例。文中从病因机理、中医辨证、治疗方法、临床案例等方面进行了总结,以供参考。1病因病理泄泻成因主要有二:一是湿甚,即水湿超过了体液代谢功能,使胃肠运化、吸收功能发生障碍。二是脾胃阳虚,脾主运化,胃主受纳。脾胃受病则对草料的运化失调致使清浊不分,水粪混杂而走大肠,致成其泻。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.