Blood,timber, and the state in West Kalimantan,Indonesia

Abstract: West Kalimantan (West Borneo) has a history of violent communal conflict.¹ It also has extensive forests that have been looted for decades. The argument will be that these two are linked, but not by the grievances of the forest dwellers. Except in its first few days, the two main episodes of 1997 and 1999 were not driven mainly by grievances among marginal groups. Rather, explanations based on the ‘resource curse’ carry more weight. These focus attention on the contested nature of the state, rather than on rebellious activities of marginal groups. When state institutions were thrown into disarray by the sudden resignation of President Suharto in 1998, Dayak militants already close to state power rewrote the rules of local politics by demonstratively ‘cleansing’ certain areas of an unpopular immigrant minority. This theatrical manoeuvre impressed political rivals sufficiently to allow Dayaks to gain control over several timber‐rich districts, which had a thriving black economy. Malays later imitated these techniques to stem the tide.     

Helminth parasites of the digestive tract of the oystercatcher,Haematopus ostralegus,in the Wadden Sea,The Netherlands

The digestive tracts of 90 oystercatchers (equal numbers of males and females and of juveniles, subadults and adults) wintering in the Dutch Wadden Sea were examined for helminth parasites. The nematodes Capillaria sp. (36.7%) and Streptocara crassicauda (7.8%) were found in the stomach. Unidentified cestodes (76.7%) and the trematodes Psilostomum brevicolle (42.2%), Notocotylus sp. (81.1%), and unidentified gymnophallids (100%) were found in the intestine and caeca. Two birds were infected with Gymnophallidae only, while all other birds contained additional helminth species. Compared with subadult and adult birds, the juveniles had significantly more infections with Capillaria sp. and cestodes. Moreover, the juveniles were infected with a greater variety of species. No further relation was found between the presence of helminths or worm numbers and age groups or sexes of birds.     

Urbanization,interregional accessibility,and the decision to migrate

Trends in population and labor force growth in nonmetropolitan areas of the United States during the 1970s are analyzed. The authors investigate the relationships among migration behavior, urban accessibility, and externalities such as congestion that are associated with urban residence. "A model of the migration decision [is examined] that incorporates in an explicit fashion this proximity-centrality relationship. Estimates of the model are also discussed, with specific attention given to the relationship under question. In addition, the age selectivity of the relationship [is] examined. Insights on the nonmetropolitan reversal drawn from the model estimates are discussed in a third section, followed by concluding remarks."     

The inheritance of resistance to the blossom weevil, Anthonomus rubi, in the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria×ananassa

The objective of this research was to determine which strawberry germplasm could be used to combine late flowering with reduced susceptibility to the strawberry blossom weevil, Anthonomus rubi. Seven cultivars and three breeding lines were compared for their susceptibility to A. rubi, by introducing adult weevils onto detached inflorescences. No consistent differences were detected but this contradicted observations from field trials. Five late‐flowering strawberry genotypes were crossed in a half‐diallel programme and progeny were tested for their susceptibility to A. rubi by using detached inflorescences and in a field trial where plants were exposed to a natural infestation. There was good correspondence between the results from the two methods and heritable differences were detected in both experiments, with the additive genetic variance being the more important. The cultivars ‘Idea’ and ‘Alice’ were identified as promising parents for reduced susceptibility while progeny from ‘Sophie’ were most likely to be susceptible.     

Transport Costs,the New Economic Geography,and Rural Development

This paper explores land use conflicts between non-farm neighbors and farmers to illustrate the usefulness of the concepts of interdependence, rules, and property rights when doing rural development. Recognizing interdependence and its implications helps economic analysis focus on and understand the types of rules and institutions having the most influence on economic behavior, and thus identify policy alternatives. The resolution of land uses conflicts, for example, unavoidably changes the bundle of rights associated with land, and influences who can impose costs of whom; it makes a difference if a large farm has the right to produce odors, flies, or noise that reduces their neighbors' abilities to enjoy the neighbors' own land, or if instead, neighbors have the right to use their property without experiencing farm-produced odors, flies or noise the farm may be unable to use its own land for agriculture without being inconvenienced.     

Technical aspects of the breeding programme at the Cocoa Research Institute,Tafo, Ghana

The paper briefly reviews the objectives and methods of the breeding programme, and considers the reasons for and inplications of the decision to breed for varieties to be grown from seed. Hybrid vigour and incompatibility are discussed, and methods of preparing parents for subsequent hybridisation are considered, mention being made of efforts to obtain haploids or di-monoploids. Inter-specific hybridisation and polyploidy are mentioned.     

Design,National Imaginaries,and the Home Furnishings Commodity Chain

ABSTRACT This paper introduces the concept of national imaginaries as a means of foregrounding the continuing influence of ideas about the nation on understandings of commodity production and circulation. National imaginaries are of crucial importance to the home furnishings commodity network, flowing across sites of consumption, retailing, design, and production. Drawing upon the findings of a larger cross‐national research project, the paper discusses three cases in which the characterisation of distinctive national design identities was particularly prominent. These include the representation of designers in the UK and Canada as “national heroes,” and the tendency to measure British and Canadian design against a third national imaginary: that of Italy. A final case considers discursive constructions of national economic trajectories—of “success” or “failure”—within accounts of the British and Canadian furniture industries. It is argued that future work on the differentiating advantages, which may accrue to creative or cultural industries in particular localities, also should be attentive to the ways in which the place of the nation is used to construct imaginative geographies.     

“三农”问题的核心、症结及解决途径

农村、农业、农民问题，是一个影响现代化进程的难题，同时也是一个重大的经济、政治和社会问题。我国的“三农”问题，由于特殊国情所致，与其他国家相比，表现得更为尖锐，解决起来难度更大。深入探索“三农”问题的有效解决途径，乃为当前急需研究的重大课题。     

Race,Place, and the Persisting Income Divide in the U.S. Southeast, 2000–2014

Despite economic growth since the recession, the gap between the richest and the poorest segments of the population remains one of the most pressing concerns of contemporary America. This paper uses IR‐95/20, IR‐80/20, and IR‐65/35 ratios to measure the income divides between the richest and the poorest segments in the mid‐to‐large‐sized metropolises of the U.S. Southeast, their variation across ethnicities, and their association with metropolitan level attributes such as diversity, segregation, socio‐economic, and other built‐environment, and labor characteristics. The income divide ratios serve as the dependent variables whereas principal components along with state‐dummy variables serve as the explanatory variables in regressions analyses. The metropolises that are large, diverse, and better educated are the most income‐divided whereas those with lower educated people are less divided. Metropolises with larger shares of their labor engaged in primary sectors of economy have higher income divides; this observation also holds true for African Americans and Hispanics. Metropolises that gained in intermixing during 2000–2014 are associated with a lower income divide and vice versa.