麦田塑料暗管排水的埋深和间距优化模式探讨

应用系统分析的原理和方法，从经济的角度探讨了南方圩区麦田塑料暗管排不埋深和间距的优化，建立了以单位面积工程费用最小为目标函数的塑料暗管间距和埋深的数学模型，不同生态类型圩区的计算结果表明符合田间实际情况。     

基于机械收割要求的稻麦轮作农田暗管排水布局模拟

南方稻麦轮作区现有明沟排水系统影响农业机械作业效率,不利于农业现代化发展;建设暗管排水系统可提高土地利用率和农业生产效率。以江苏省扬州市江都区昭关灌区为例,用农田排水模型-DRAINMOD分析了稻麦轮作农田暗管排水系统布置方案。模拟结果表明:作物收获期机械作业天数受暗管埋深和埋设间距的影响,随着埋深的减小和间距的增大,机械作业天数逐渐减小;在相同保证率和目标水位埋深要求下,水稻收获期的机械作业天数相对小麦收获期更易受降雨的影响。在水稻收获期,当暗管埋深为80～100 cm,满足大型机械90%、95%作业保证率的最大暗管间距分别为:26.0～32.0 m、14.0～21.0 m;满足小型机械90%、95%作业保证率的最大暗管间距分别为:26.5～33.5 m、18.0～23.0 m。研究成果可为类似地区基于机械收割要求的农田暗管排水系统设计提供理论参考。     

农田暗管-明沟组合排水系统布设参数计算与设计软件编程

暗管排水是高地下水埋深地区农田排水的主要方式之一。【目的】确定农田暗管-明沟组合排水系统的布设参数。【方法】根据农田排水理论,建立了农田暗管-明沟组合排水系统布设参数计算模型及其C#语言编程。【结果】在题设条件下,考虑地下水蒸发影响时的吸水管间距比不考虑其影响可增大2.9%~17.3%;吸水管间距由15 m增大到25 m时,地下水埋深降深减小24.7%~27.5%;当吸水管埋深由1.5 m增加到2.0 m时,地下水埋深降深可增大34.8%。计算结果与相关算例的最大相对差异小于1.2%,运行速度快,在5 s内可以完成计算过程,适用于不同土壤质地、地下水埋深、地下水蒸发条件和作物种植条件。【结论】设计的软件减轻了农田水利工程基层设计人员的工作量,可以进一步推广。     

SWAP模型模拟暗管排水条件下土壤水盐运移

【目的】研究内蒙古河套灌区暗管排水条件下作物根系层水分通量和盐分通量变化,寻求适宜当地的农田排水暗管规格。【方法】基于2018年和2019年田间试验观测数据,对SWAP模型进行率定和验证,并利用该模型对不同暗管埋深(1.5、2.0 m)和间距(30、45 m)下的40 cm土壤剖面处水分通量和盐分通量进行数值模拟。【结果】①存在灌水和降雨时,40 cm土壤剖面的水分通量向下,在暗管间距为45 m,埋深为1.5 m时,就2019年整个生育期而言,暗管间距减小15 m,向下的水分通量累积量增加5.2%,暗管埋深增加0.5 m时,向下的水分通量累积量增加83.9%;没有灌水和降雨时,40 cm剖面处的土壤水分通量以向上为主,暗管埋深和间距的变化对向上的水分通量影响不大,向上的水分通量在0～0.14 cm/d之间变动。②土壤盐分通量变化趋势和水分通量一致,在暗管间距为45 m,埋深为1.5 m时,就2019年整个生育期而言,暗管间距减小15 m,向下盐分通量累积量增加5.1%,暗管埋深增加0.5 m时,向下盐分通量累积量增加82.6%,增幅与向下水分通量累积量基本一致,且暗管埋深的变化对向下的盐分通量影响较明显。【结论】合适的暗管布设埋深和间距有助于土壤根系层的排水脱盐,其中暗管埋深对排除土壤盐分的影响更为明显,综合考虑不同暗管布局的排水排盐效果以及对产量的影响,认为当地暗管埋深取2.0 m,暗管间距取45 m较为适宜。     

遗传算法在暗管间距优化中的应用

在低温平原湖区农田设置暗管排水能提高农机作业效率和土地的有效利用率，确保农田旱涝保收。采用实数编码遗传算法，对不同埋深、不同土壤性质条件下的暗管间距进行强词编码计算，结果表明符合田间的实际情况。     

沿海新垦区灌水和降雨条件下暗管排水洗盐效果试验研究

为了探索沿海新垦区土壤快速脱盐的途径,设计了3种间距(10m、15m、20m)和3种埋深(0.6m、0.9m、1.2m)的暗管排水组合处理,在灌水洗盐和降雨洗盐2种方式下,开展了暗管排水效果以及排水含盐量变化规律的试验研究。结果表明:埋深相同,暗管间距越小,排水量占灌(降)水量的比例越大,地下水降落速度也越快;间距相同,暗管埋深越大,排水量占灌(降)水量的比例越大,地下水降落速度也越快;暗管埋深对暗管初始排水的盐度、电导率也有一定的影响,间距相同,暗管埋深越大,初始排水的盐度、电导率也越大。该研究为江苏沿海滩涂新垦区利用暗管排水技术改良盐渍土提供了支撑。     

基于RZWQM2模型的农田排水暗管优化布置研究

【目的】研究河套灌区葵花种植区暗管排水条件下农田土壤水分变化状态,探求当地适宜的农田排水暗管布置和控制排水方案。【方法】基于2018—2020年田间试验数据,对RZWQM2模型进行率定和验证,并利用该模型对不同排水暗管布置方案(同一间距不同埋深和同一埋深不同间距)和控制排水方案(不同时期不同排水口深度)下的土壤水分运移和作物生长情况进行数值模拟。【结果】(1)模型率定和验证阶段,砂土层土壤含水率RMSE为0.049～0.065 cm3/cm3,其余土层土壤含水率RMSE为0.012～0.037 cm3/cm3,累计排水量和产量MRE分别在5.88%和3.40%以下,地下水位、1 m土层土壤储水量和叶面积指数R2分别在0.798、0.817和0.912以上;(2)以现有排水暗管埋深1.5 m、间距45 m为基础,模拟得到采用埋深1.4 m、间距45 m的布置方案其地下水位抬高5.2 cm、排水量减少40.0%、增产85.3 kg/hm2;(3)采用雨季1.5 m、非雨季1.2 m排水口深度的控制排水方案,地下水位抬高2.2 cm、排水量减少46.0%、增产66.4 kg/hm2。【结论】RZWQM2模型能较好模拟排水条件下葵花种植区农田土壤水分变化,研究区推荐采用1.4 m埋深、45 m间距的排水暗管布置方案,在现有布置下雨季1.5 m、非雨季1.2 m的控制排水方案较为合适。     

南方地区排渍暗管间距的确定

在治理渍害低产田工程的规划设计中,确定排渍暗管间距是十分重要的工作,本文就近年来各地成功的经验和笔者的体会,介绍了如下几种确定南方农田排渍暗管间距的方法:在经验数据法中,分别阐述了按排渍暗管深度、按田间土质和土壤的渗透系数定暗管间距的方法;在公式法中介绍了几种稳定流公式和非稳定流公式。     

暗管排水条件下微咸水灌溉对土壤水盐运移特征的影响

为探索高效节水控盐灌排技术,通过田间试验,以玉米为试材,研究了不同微咸水矿化度及暗管埋深对土壤水盐运移的影响。结果表明,微咸水矿化度和暗管埋深对土壤含水率和盐分均有影响,高矿化度处理灌后土壤含水率比低矿化度高,1.3m暗管埋深灌后土壤含水率要高于0.8m暗管埋深;微咸水灌后1d作物主要根系层(0~40cm)脱盐率受矿化度影响较大,矿化度越高,脱盐效果越差;灌后25d,淡水灌溉及暗管埋深0.8m、3g/L微咸水的处理土壤无积盐,其余各处理均发生积盐现象,灌溉水矿化度越大,0~80cm土层积盐越强烈,1.3m暗管埋深较0.8m埋深土壤积盐更加明显。建议同类型区种植玉米时暗管埋深为0.8m,灌溉使用微咸水矿化度不超过3g/L为宜。     

塑料大棚控制排水系统设计及水管理研究

采用水管理软件DRAINMOD,以SEW30为指标,确定塑料大棚暗管控制排水系统的间距和埋深。然后根据淋洗土壤盐分的需要,选取不同降雨水平年,采用不同的暗管控制排水出口深度及不同的灌水量,共组合成9种方案,以SEW30、土壤0~60 cm土层盐分脱减率、排水量作为评价指标,分析出研究区不同降雨水平年的水管理方案：丰水年...     

日光温室晚春茬生菜渗灌技术试验研究

采用埋深 1 0 cm的微孔渗灌管对日光温室晚春茬生菜进行了渗灌试验 ,并与沟灌进行了对比。结果表明 ,晚春茬生菜采用渗灌有明显的节水增产效果 ,与沟灌相比可节水 1 9.0 %、增产 1 5 .4 %。通过与栽培措施相结合采用渗灌成功地进行了生菜的定植。渗灌管浅埋灌水可以使表层土壤较快地湿润 ,并达到蔬菜生长所要求的水分 ,同时显著减少灌溉水的深层渗漏 ,提高灌溉水的利用率。温室生菜的田间蒸散量与温室内的蒸发力有直接关系 ,生育期内的日平均田间蒸散量为 2 .0 8mm/d,比沟灌温室内的高。     

农田不同排水措施地下排水效果模拟试验研究

在地下水位较高、地表易于形成积水的中国南方地区,通过农田排水措施可以及时排除多余地表积水,快速降低地下水位,以达到排涝降渍、协同调控的目的.文中基于室内砂槽试验,揭示暗管排水、明沟排水、不同反滤体高度的反滤体排水及改进暗管排水等措施的地下排水规律及效果.结果表明:将暗管周围土体置换为高渗透性土体介质的改进暗管排水可明显提高排水流量,当土体置换高度达2 cm时(对应于田间条件40 cm),其排水流量均高于相同埋深条件下的其他排水措施,达暗管排水的1.59~1.66倍;改进暗排在地表积水消失时仍保持较大的排水流量,可达相同埋深暗管流量的2倍以上,在积水层消失后,能迅速降低农田土壤水的渍害胁迫,将地下水位降低至暗管埋设高度;各种排水措施,在地表积水即将消失时,出现了流量与水头变化幅度较大的现象.相对于各种地下排水措施,改进暗管排水在除涝降渍中存在明显优势.研究结果可为涝渍灾害易发地区高效除涝降渍减灾工程设计和建设提供参考.     

基于熵权系数评价模型的烟田灌排工程综合效益分析

针对烟区土壤连作障碍、病虫害、灌溉设施落后等问题,设计不同的灌排处理,对不同处理烤烟增产效益、提质效益和灌排工程的经济效益进行分析,同时引入熵权系数评价模型,对不同灌排工程方案进行优选和评价。结果表明:不同灌排工程均具备较好的增产效益和提质效益(W1除外),微喷灌工程的增产和提质效益总体要优于低压管道;W2~W5灌排工程均具备了经济可行性,不同工程方案以W5经济效益最优,EIRR、ENPV和EBCR值分别达到27.80%、2 894.35%和2.04;本试验中综合效益最佳的灌排方案为微喷灌灌溉结合暗管排水,其中暗管间距为6m,埋深0.8m。     

Predicting effects of drainage water management in Iowa's subsurface drained landscapes

Long-term hydrologic simulations are presented predicting the effects of drainage water management on subsurface drainage, surface runoff and crop production in Iowa's subsurface drained landscapes. The deterministic hydrologic model, DRAINMOD was used to simulate Webster (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic) soil in a Continuous Corn rotation (WEBS_CC) with different drain depths from 0.75 to 1.20 m and drain spacing from 10 to 50 m in a combination of free and controlled drainage over a weather record of 60 (1945-2004) years. Shallow drainage is defined as drains installed at a drain depth of 0.75 m, and controlled drainage with a drain depth of 1.20 m restricts flow at the drain outlet to maintain a water table at 0.60 m below surface level during the winter (November-March) and summer (June-August) months. These drainage design and management modifications were evaluated against conventional drainage system installed at a drain depth of 1.20 m with free drainage at the drain outlet. The simulation results indicate the potential of a tradeoff between subsurface drainage and surface runoff as a pathway to remove excess water from the system. While a reduction of subsurface drainage may occur through the use of shallow and controlled drainage, these practices may increase surface runoff in Iowa's subsurface drained landscapes. The simulations also indicate that shallow and controlled drainage might increase the excess water stress on crop production, and thereby result in slightly lower relative yields. Field experiments are needed to examine the pathways of water movement, total water balance, and crop production under shallow and controlled drainage in Iowa's subsurface drained landscapes.     

Controlled drainage — effects on drain outflow and water quality

A field experimental project was set up in southern Sweden to assess the effects of controlled drainage on hydrology and environment. Controlled drainage makes it possible to vary the drainage intensity with the variation in drainage requirement during season by controlling the height of a riser in the drain outlet and thus to a certain degree control the amount of outflow of solutes via the drainage system. During periods with low drainage demand, the riser in the drain outlet can be raised and the groundwater level in field will rise up to the level of the riser before the discharge takes place. Three plots, each with an area of 0.2 ha (40 m×50 m) were installed on a loamy sand. One plot was drained by conventional subsurface drainage (CD) and two plots were drained by controlled drainage (CWT). The plots contained four lateral drain tubes, at 10 m spacing and placed at 1 m depth. Each plot was isolated by a double layer of plastic sheeting placed in the back-filled trenches to a depth of 1.6 m to prevent lateral leakage and subsurface interactions. Measurements of precipitation, drain outflow and soil and air temperatures were carried out hourly. Groundwater levels were measured and samples of drain outflow were collected twice a month for nitrogen and phosphorous analyses. Mineral nitrogen contents in soil were measured three times a year.Controlled drainage had a significant hydrological and environmental effect during the 2 years of measurement (1996–1998). Compared with CD, the total drain outflow from CWT was 79% less in Year 1 and 94% in Year 2. The total reduction in nitrate losses with CWT corresponded to the reduced outflow rates. Compared with CD, the total amounts of nitrate in drain outflow were 78% less in Year 1 and 94% in Year 2. The highest concentrations of nitrate were measured at the time of the largest outflow rates. The phosphorous losses were 58% less for CWT as compared to the CD values in Year 1 and 85% less in Year 2. The reduction in nitrogen content in the soil profile during the winter season was 60–70% less in CWT than in CD.     

暗管排水条件下微咸水灌溉对土壤盐分动态及夏玉米生长的影响

进行暗管排水条件下微咸水灌溉田间试验,设置3种暗管埋深,分别为80 cm(D1)、120 cm(D2)以及无暗管排水(D0),3种微咸水浓度,其电导率分别为0.78 dS/m(S1),3.75 dS/m(S2)和6.25 dS/m(S3),共9个处理,每个处理3组重复.试验结果表明:暗管排水措施可以有效排除微咸水灌溉过程中土壤中累积的盐分;在玉米全生育期内,暗管埋深D1条件下,3种浓度微咸水S1,S2和S3灌溉时根系土壤电导率分别下降了39.00%,31.56%和29.43%,暗管埋深D2条件下,根系土壤电导率则分别下降了31.91%,18.08%和7.44%;夏玉米干物质累积量、穗棒累积量和穗棒质量分配率及最终产量均随着微咸水浓度的升高而降低;在相同微咸水浓度下,不同暗管埋设条件下的夏玉米最终产量从大到小依次为D1,D2,D0;3种暗管埋设条件下的作物需水量从大到小依次为D0,D2,D1的规律;暗管埋深80 cm的处理(D1)下夏玉米水分利用效率最高,而未埋设暗管的处理(D0)水分利用效率最低;当暗管埋设条件一定时,夏玉米水分利用效率随微咸水浓度的升高呈逐渐降低的趋势.     

Analysis of groundwater behaviour in a farmer controlled subsurface tile drainage system in Mardan, Pakistan

Extensive subsurface drainage system was installed in districtMardan in the North West Frontier Provinceof Pakistan in 1987 to control increasingwater logging and salinity problems due tocanal irrigation. Several recentlycompleted fields studies have indicatedthat subsurface drainage system hasenormously lowered watertable in certainareas due to extensive drainage network. Therefore, a study of controlled subsurfacedrainage technique was initiated in MardanScarp area to observe the temporal andspatial variations in water table depths ofthis specific case under various modes ofcanal irrigation and monsoon rains. Twoartificially drained areas, consisting of40 ha and 160 ha respectively, werecontrolled and selected for extensivemonitoring. A total of 98 observationswells (7.6 cm dia. and 4.1 m depth) wereinstalled in between lateral drains toobserve water table fluctuation. Theresults of this study are very interesting.Each of the two areas monitored in thestudy behaved differently. It was observedthat in one of the areas design water tabledepth at 1.1 m was maintained with properfunctioning of the controlled techniqueapplied to the subsurface drainage system. The results from this area showed that 25to 55% of the time throughout the yearachieved this objective whereas in thesecond area desired water table could notbe maintained and water table depth in thisarea remained between 2.0 to 2.7 m causingunnecessary water stress to plants. Alsoit was observed that watertable in theformer area is mostly controlled by thefunctional behavior of the irrigationcanal. In addition, the proper functioningof controlled techniques in subsurfacedrainage system supplemented veryefficiently to retain the groundwater levelto the optimal limits in dry season and tothe design ones in the others for timelyneeds of the crops. Also rainfalls havesignificant impact on the spatial andtemporal behaviors of water table depths inboth the areas during the monsoon season.     

Verification of drainage design criteria in the Nile Delta,Egypt

A monitoring programme to verify the design criteria of subsurface drainage systems was conducted in a pilot area in the Nile Delta in Egypt. The programme, which covered a 9-year period, included the monitoring of the cropping pattern, crop yield, soil salinity, watertable, discharge and salinity of the drainage water and overpressure in the subsurface drainage system. The results showed that the yield of all crops (wheat, berseem, maize, rice and cotton) increased significantly after the installation of the subsurface drainage system. Optimum growing conditions for the combination of crops that are cultivated in rotation in the area required that the watertable midway between the drains had a average depth of 0.80 m. A corresponding drain discharge of 0.4 mm/d was sufficient to cope with the prevailing percolation losses of irrigation water and to maintain favourable soil-salinity levels. The additional natural drainage rate in the area was estimated at 0.5 mm/d. The most effective way to attain these favourable drainage conditions is to install drains at a depth between 1.20 to 1.40 m. For drain-pipe capacity the Manning equation can be used with a design rate of 1.2 mm/d, for collector drains this rate should be increased to 1.8 mm/d to compensate for the higher discharge rates from rice fields. These rates should be used in combination with a roughness coefficient (n) of 0.028 to take sedimentation and irregularities in the alignment into account. When this value of the roughness coefficient is used, no additional safety has to be incorporated in the other design factors (e.g. the design rate).     

外包滤料对暗管排水与土壤脱盐效果的影响

为了探究不同外包滤料条件下的暗管排水性能和土壤脱盐效果,基于室内试验研究成果,在田间设置4种暗管排水系统(各系统中暗管埋深均为80 cm,间距均为20 m),所用外包滤料分别为68 g/m²土工布(L)、砂滤料(S)、68 g/m²土工布+砂滤料(LS)和无外包滤料(W),以当地常规明沟排水(CK)作为对照,通过田间试验分析了春灌过程中各暗管系统的排水性能指标及土壤脱盐效率.结果表明:相比处理W,处理L,S和LS平均排水速率提升了7.44%,12.55%和15.75%,平均流量衰减度降低4.07%;处理S和LS累积排水量提高了5.11%和8.31%(P<0.05).各暗管处理春灌后平均土壤脱盐率均达47%以上,较CK提升显著,其中处理LS效果最优,为50.94%.综上,应优先选择处理LS作为河套灌区暗管排水系统外包滤料布设方案.该研究结果可为河套灌区暗管排盐技术的推广应用提供理论支撑和科学指导.     

土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的地表径流迁移试验研究

为了探讨农田土壤中重金属的地表径流污染,以含有吸附性溶质重铬酸钾Cr(Ⅵ)的土壤为试验材料,开展了室内模拟降雨试验,以研究土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的地表径流迁移规律.通过对比分析不同试验条件下地表径流中溶解性溶质Cr(Ⅵ)的质量浓度变化过程,及其在地表径流和地下排水溶液中流失的质量速率过程后发现,溶解性溶质Cr(Ⅵ)流失到地表径流溶液中的质量浓度随时间以乘幂函数形式减小.当试验中地下排水条件越差、土壤初始体积含水率越大、地表最大积水深度越浅时,土壤溶质流失到地表径流中的溶解性Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度越高,相应的土壤溶质流失到地表径流中的质量速率越大.当试验中同时有地下排水和地表径流产生时,土壤中溶解性Cr(Ⅵ)流失到地下排水中的质量速率远远大于地表径流,表明土壤中溶解性Cr(Ⅵ)大部分流失在地下排水中.