禽流感的疫苗接种

巴基斯坦的研究人员近年来已对使用当地自家脏器灭活疫苗及鸡胚尿囊液灭活疫苗(均未加油佐剂)在控制禽流感的有效性方面进行了试验性评估。结论是这两种疫苗只对降低鸡群的死亡率有暂时的和有限的改善作用。     

重组禽流感病毒二价灭活疫苗对H5N1亚型7.2分支病毒的攻毒保护性研究

为有效防控2006年以来出现的H5亚型7.2分支禽流感病毒(AIV)引起的免疫鸡群高致病性禽流感(HPAI)的流行,我们构建了重组AIV Re-4疫苗株,研制出含有重组AIV Re-4株的H5亚型二价系列灭活疫苗,并在我国北方地区使用,有效地控制了其流行。2012年我国北方地区再次出现7.2分支病毒引起的HPAI疫情。为评估现有H5亚型二价系列灭活疫苗对该分支病毒的免疫保护效力,本研究首先通过SPF鸡进行免疫攻毒试验评估。结果表明,分别以每羽份(0.3 mL/只)的Re-5+Re-4株和Re-6+Re-4株重组AIV H5二价油乳剂灭活疫苗免疫SPF鸡,免疫3周后针对重组AIV Re-4株的HI抗体均达到8 log2以上;经鼻腔接种7.2分支AIV CK/NX/2/12株(100 LD50)攻毒后,免疫鸡均获得完全保护,即无任何临床症状和排毒现象,而对照组SPF鸡全部发病死亡。此外,以哈尔滨当地养殖场中免疫H5亚型AIV灭活疫苗的48只商品蛋鸡进行攻毒试验,结果显示,商品蛋鸡血清中针对重组AIV Re-4株HI抗体平均滴度为8.3 log2,采用相同方式攻毒后也获得完全保护。本研究结果表明,Re-5+Re-4株和Re-6+Re-4株重组AIV H5二价灭活疫苗均能够对H5亚型7.2分支病毒的攻击提供良好的免疫保护效果。     

Virucidal efficacy of acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) against African swine fever virus and avian influenza virus

This study evaluated the virucidal efficacy of acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) against African swine fever virus (ASFV) and avian influenza virus (AIV), according to the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA) guidelines for efficacy testing of veterinary disinfectants. AEW (pH 5.0–6.5) was prepared using a commercially available “Electrolyzed Water Generator” with a free chlorine concentration (FCC) of 5–140 ppm, and its efficiency in reducing the titer of ASFV and AIV was tested in a suspension under low- and high-level organic soiling. Under low-level organic soiling conditions, AEW with FCC ≥40 ppm was effective against ASFV; under high-level organic soiling conditions, AEW with FCC ≥80 ppm was effective against ASFV. Under low-level organic soiling conditions, AEW with FCC ≥60 ppm was effective against AIV; under high-level organic soiling conditions, AEW with FCC ≥100 ppm was effective against AIV. The virucidal effect of AEW seemed dependent on the FCC and the presence of organic soiling. Based on these data, we recommend the following minimum FCCs in AEW treatment for routine disinfection in veterinary field under low- and high-level organic soiling conditions: for ASFV, 50 ppm and 100 ppm; and for AIV, 75 ppm and 125 ppm, respectively. In conclusion, the virucidal effects of AEW against ASFV and AIV emphasize its potential utility as a disinfectant, and we suggest considering organic soiling conditions while using AEW for implementing effective control measures for field applications.     

H9亚型禽流感病毒血凝素特异性单因子血清制备

为制备特异性的H9亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)单因子血清,本研究分别将6株不同亚群的H9亚型AIV的血凝素(HA)基因以鸡偏嗜的密码子进行优化,经全基因合成插入高效真核表达载体pCAGGS中,构建的真核重组质粒转染293T细胞进行瞬时表达,间接免疫荧光试验结果表明,重组质粒中的HA目的基因获得表达.将重组质粒以200μg/只的剂量免疫1月龄SPF鸡,6周后采血分离血清.交叉微量血凝抑制试验结果表明,血凝抑制效价可达8 long2～12 log2,灵敏度高,与其他AIV亚型抗原无交叉反应,型特异性强.     

防治禽流感复方中药的安全性实验

近年来随着对中药及其制剂的广泛应用和对其毒性研究的深入，人们发现许多认为是“无毒”的中药具有一定的毒副作用，本复方中药是用于防治禽流感的一种药物，为了对其安全性做出科学评价，为临床用药提供保证，进行了安全性实验研究。     

Evaluation of a competitive ELISA for antibody detection against avian influenza virus

Active serologic surveillance is necessary to control the spread of the avian influenza virus (AIV). In this study, we evaluated a commercially-available cELISA in terms of its ability to detect AIV antibodies in the sera of 3,358 animals from twelve species. cELISA detected antibodies against reference H1- through H15-subtype AIV strains without cross reactivity. Furthermore, the cELISA was able to detect antibodies produced following a challenge of the AIV H9N2 subtype in chickens, or following vaccination of the AIV H9 or H5 subtypes in chickens, ducks and geese. Next, we tested the sensitivity and specificity of the cELISA with sera from twelve different animal species, and compared these results with those obtained by the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test, the "gold standard" in AIV sera surveillance, a second commercially-available cELISA (IZS ELISA), or the agar gel precipitation (AGP) test. Compared with the HI test, the sensitivities and specificities of cELISA were 95% and 96% in chicken, 86% and 88% in duck, 97% and 100% in turkey, 100% and 87% in goose, and 91% and 97% in swine, respectively. The sensitivities and specificities of the cELISA in this study were higher than those of IZS ELISA for the duck, turkey, goose, and grey partridge sera samples. The results of AGP test against duck and turkey sera also showed significant correlation with the results of cELISA (R-value >0.9). In terms of flock sensitivity, the cELISA correlated better with the HI test than with commercially-available indirect ELISAs, with 100% flock sensitivity.     

鸡新城疫、传染性支气管炎和禽流感(H9)联合免疫血清学效力与攻毒保护关系

在预防鸡新城疫、传染性支气管炎和低致病性H9亚型禽流感这3种禽类传染病时,临床上常常使用针对这3种疾病的三联疫苗进行预防。为了研究抗原量和它们的HI抗体以及与攻毒保护之间的关系,我们进行了相关研究,结果表明:在一定程度上,每种抗原的量均与HI抗体呈正比;HI抗体的高低与攻毒保护之间呈正比例关系;当传染性支气管炎的HI抗体是初免的3倍以上时,均能对传染性支气管炎病毒强毒的攻击产生较好的保护。     

Isolation of avian influenza virus in Texas

An avian influenza virus with surface antigens similar to those of fowl plague virus (Hav 1 Nav 2) was isolated in 1979 from 2 commercial turkey flocks in Central Texas. Two flocks in contact with these infected flocks developed clinical signs, gross lesions, and seroconversion but yielded no virus. This was the first recorded incidence of clinical avian influenza in Texas turkeys and only the second time that an agent with these surface antigens was isolated from turkeys in U.S.     

禽流感病毒单克隆抗体的制备及其抗蛋白抗原的分析

以纯化的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒为抗原,免疫BALB/c小鼠,细胞融合后,经间接ELISA和血凝抑制试验(HI)筛选,获得了8株能稳定分泌抗禽流感病毒单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株。特异性试验证明,8株杂交瘤细胞株诱生小鼠腹水的特异ELISA抗体效价可达1∶3.2×103~1∶5.1×106,其中2株HI效价达212。8株单抗与H5亚型血凝素分型抗原不发生血凝,与减蛋综合征(EDS-76)病毒、传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)、新城疫病毒(NDV)均不反应。亚类鉴定证实,除1C7单抗为IgG2b外,其他7株均为IgG1亚类。Westernblotting试验分析初步表明,8株单抗至少针对纯化病毒粒子3种不同的蛋白抗原,其中3株针对核蛋白(NP),2株针对基质蛋白M1,2株针对血凝素HA/HA1。对感染细胞的Western blotting分析结果与纯化病毒结果基本一致,其中1株未明显沉淀纯化病毒粒子蛋白的单抗可以与感染细胞的M2蛋白多肽反应。     

钦州市禽流感免疫抗体水平监测及分析

钦州市2005年秋冬季高致病性禽流感免疫工作从10月底开始,总共调运禽流感灭活乳剂苗807.65万mL、禽流感鸡痘病毒载体重组苗1847.6万只份,对全市3217.94万只鸡、1088.9万只水禽进行突击免疫接种.     

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibody against avian influenza virus

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for detecting antibody to type A avian influenza (AI) virus. The sensitivity and group specificity of the AI-ELISA were compared with those of the agar-gel-precipitin test (AGPT) and the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test under conditions of both controlled and field exposure. During the course of temporal experimental infection (0-76 days) of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens with AI subtype Hav9N2, the AI-ELISA was able to detect specific AI antibody as early as 8 days postinoculation (PI), and it measured rising levels of antibody through 35 days PI, at which time the chickens were re-exposed to AI virus. Conversely, AGP tests were negative through 35 days PI, and HI tests began to detect low levels of AI antibody only at 21 days PI. Following a secondary infection at 35 days PI with the same AI subtype, all tests measured rising levels of AI-specific antibody (35-76 days PI). However, the AGP test was positive at only the 7- and 14-day samplings postsecondary immunization. Under field conditions, the AI-ELISA was able to detect serum AI antibody in flocks from which highly pathogenic AI was isolated, but the AGP tests of these sera were negative.     

Effect of route of administration on the efficacy of a recombinant fowlpox virus against H5N2 avian influenza.

A recombinant fowlpox vaccine virus containing the H5 hemagglutinin gene of avian influenza virus was administered to susceptible chickens via wing-web puncture, eye drop, instillation into the nares, and drinking water. Even though there was a negligible hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) serologic response, all 10 chickens vaccinated by wing-web puncture remained without obvious signs of disease and survived challenge with a highly pathogenic strain of H5N2 avian influenza virus. All unvaccinated chickens and those vaccinated by nasal and drinking-water routes died following challenge. Eight of 10 chickens vaccinated with the recombinant by eyedrop died. All vaccinates were negative on the agar gel precipitin (AGP) test, and only one chicken had a positive HI titer before challenge. All chickens that survived challenge had high levels of HI antibody and were positive on the AGP test, indicating that they were infected by the challenge virus.