广西东亚飞蝗蝗区的蝗虫种类及其识别

广西的蝗虫种类繁多,已报道的达140余种,许多种类为农林生产上的重要害虫.其中,东亚飞蝗是我国历史上的重大害虫,在广西亦有800多年的成灾历史.近年来,在广西农区除东亚飞蝗外,尚有印度黄脊蝗、稻蝗、棉蝗等多种蝗虫对农作物造成局部、甚至较大范围的危害.为了掌握南亚热带蝗区的蝗虫发生动态,以便更有效地控制蝗害,作者于1990～1991年对广西岩溶内涝蝗区、岩溶泛涝蝗区以及左江、右江、郁江、柳江、红水河等江河流域的历史性蝗区的蝗虫进行了初步调查和总结,并编制简易分类检索表,以其为有关部门的蝗区飞蝗发生动态监测和指导防治工作提供参考.     

协调应用蝗虫微孢子虫与卡死克防治东亚飞蝗

在天津市大港区东亚飞蝗发生区,采用条带交替式超低量喷雾,施用蝗虫微孢子虫与卡死克防治东亚飞蝗,３个处理的卡死克（５％水剂）使用量均为１５０ｍｌ／ｈｍ２,微孢子虫使用量分别为１５×１０９、２２．５×１０９和３０×１０９孢子／ｈｍ２。处理时东亚飞蝗为３龄末盛期,虫口密度分别为２６．３８、１１．６３和２９．８８头／ｍ２。防治后第７天虫口减退率分别为８９．６５％、７５．９１％和８９．７６％,存活蝗虫的感病率分别为３７．５％、５５．０％和５２．５％。     

海南省撩荒地生态系统飞蝗的持续控制

针对海南蝗区飞蝗每年发生4代、世代重叠、发生为害时间长等特点，提出了应用蝗虫微孢子虫持续控制海南蝗区飞蝗灾害的新技术。研究结果表明，在第2代飞蝗发生期应用蝗虫微孢子虫防治低、中密度蝗群和采用蝗虫微孢子虫与卡死克互补协调应用技术防治高密度蝗群，处理后5周，校正虫口减退率分别达76．6％－97．2％和79．8％－88．3％；且存活蝗虫感病率分别达33．6％－95．0％和23．3％－26．7％。蝗虫微孢子虫防治第3代高密度蝻群，处理后2周，校正虫口减退率达50％左右，群居型蝗虫占整个蝻群的比例下降了90％以上，存活蝗虫感病率也在10％以上。1998年蝗虫微孢子虫处理地区，1999年蝗虫的虫口密度仍在防治指标以下，且存活蝗虫感病率达10．5％－31．3％。初步认为，在低、中密度下，每hm^2施用30个单位的微孢子虫，在高密度下，每hm^2施用45个单位的微孢子虫及卡死克（105ml/hm^2）与微孢子虫（60单元／hm^2）协调应用技术治理蝗群，均能达到预期效果。     

东亚飞蝗对马拉硫磷抗性研究初报

马拉硫磷是当前防治东亚飞蝗的主要农药。通过东亚飞蝗对马拉硫磷的抗药性测定,结果表明,用点滴法测定东亚飞蝗抗性为2.9倍,用浸虫法测定东亚飞蝗抗性为4.5倍。     

蝗虫微孢子虫对雌性东亚飞蝗生殖器官侵染的初步观察

蝗虫微孢子虫（Ｎｏｓｅｍａｌｏｃｕｓｔａｅ）侵染蝗虫的靶组织主要为脂肪体（Ｃａｎｎｉｎｇ，１９５３；Ｈｅｎ－ｒｙａｎｄＯｍａ，１９８１），在蝗虫的围心细胞及神经组织，以及后肠、生殖腺中也发现有病原。在感病的摩门螽斯（Ａｎａｂｒｕｓｓｉｍｐｌｅｘ）体中...     

生态调控对东亚飞蝗的控制作用研究

东亚飞蝗的成活率,在野生植物中以取食荻和稗者最高,在栽培作物中以取食小麦、玉米最高。生殖力,在野生植物中以取食食狗芽牙根最强,在栽培作物中以取食高粱最强。据此,应用以植被改造为主的生态调控技术,可以形成不利东亚飞蝗的发生、繁衍,而有利天敌繁衍和觅食的生态环境,从而抑制东亚飞蝗的发生。生态控制区在战略上还对飞蝗的迁移起到了隔离作用,但种植棉花、苜蓿、冬枣等不同作物的生态控制区的控蝗效果有一定差异。     

异源微孢子虫对两种蝗虫致病性的观察

以异源微孢子虫对两种蝗虫进行了室内致病性试验。结果表明，有4种微孢子虫可感染东亚飞蝗，其中以杂拟谷盗微粒子虫感染率最高，达96．7％，玉米螟微粒子虫也较高，为92．3％，欧洲玉米螟微粒子虫和斜纹夜蛾微粒子虫对东亚飞蝗的感染率较低，分别为69．2％、43．5％；处理后30d，杂拟谷盗微粒子虫、玉米螟微粒子虫、欧洲玉米螟微粒子虫和斜纹夜蛾微粒子虫对东亚飞蝗的累计致死率分别为77．4％、92．3％、57．7％、47．8％。对黄脊竹蝗仅有杂拟谷盗微粒子虫和玉米螟微粒子虫可感染，其感染率分别为100％、14．3％，但致死率较低。     

几种昆虫几丁质抑制剂对东亚飞蝗的毒力测定和应用评价

在室内筛选了 5种昆虫几丁质抑制剂和 1种常规杀蝗药剂对东亚飞蝗的毒效。结果表明 ,5种昆虫生长调节剂中 ,以毒饵中药剂有效含量计 ,卡死克毒效最高 ,对 4龄蝻的LC₅₀为26.5(16.5～38.0)mg/kg ,LT₅₀为4.946d ,抑太保次之,LC₅₀为284.4(133.8～449.2)mg/kg,LT₅₀为5.227d ,其余 3种毒效较低 ;但从性能价格评估 ,则以卡死克和灭幼脲较优 ,虽然致死时间较常规杀蝗剂长 ,但由于其高选择性 ,对非靶标生物影响很小 ,对环境比较安全 ,在生产上应用价值较高。常规杀蝗药剂高效氯氰菊酯对天敌和非靶标生物影响较大     

东亚飞蝗的长期预测预报技术研究

东亚飞蝗的发生面积、发生程度主要受残蝗面积、密度和降水条件的影响;库、湖蝗区的宜蝗面积主要受库、湖水位的影响。同时,东亚飞蝗的发生期主要受蝗卵发育期温度条件的影响。利用上述因子分别对东亚飞蝗的发生面积、发生程度及密度、3龄盛期进行预报,简便易行,准确可靠,时效性强,对指导防治工作十分有益。     

不连续气体交换循环呼吸模式下西藏飞蝗和东亚飞蝗的呼吸特征参数

为解析西藏飞蝗对青藏高原干燥低氧环境的呼吸适应机制,本研究比较不连续气体交换循环(discontinuous gas exchange,DGC)呼吸模式下西藏飞蝗Locusta migratoria tibetensis与东亚飞蝗L.m.manilensis的呼吸特征参数.结果 表明:西藏飞蝗和东亚飞蝗4、5龄蝗蝻及雄...     

调控东亚飞蝗体温的主要环境因子分析

为明确东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis体温在常年发生区与环境因子之间的关系,于2015—2016年采用直接抓取和网捕方法在天津市北大港蝗区捕捉东亚飞蝗的秋蝗和夏蝗,测量其瞬时体温以及周围4类8个环境指标,应用因子分析法评价东亚飞蝗体温与环境因子的关系。结果表明,东亚飞蝗白天体温比夜间高,平均体温高于26.5℃;且体温在白天出现2次高峰,分别是上午11点左右的49.0℃和下午14点左右的47.2℃。无论是夏蝗还是秋蝗,其体温均随着龄期增加呈现上升趋势,2～5龄蝗蝻、成虫的平均体温依次为36.9、37.0、37.6、37.2、38.0℃。因子分析结果表明,植被冠层温度是影响飞蝗体温的关键因子,飞蝗所处地面温度对其体温影响最大;风速和植株高度是影响飞蝗体温的重要分因子;植株高度与体温成负相关。表明植被冠层温度与东亚飞蝗的体温变化最为密切。     

嗜线虫致病杆菌HB310菌株对东亚飞蝗的生物活性

通过生物测定比较了9种昆虫病原线虫共生菌对东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis 4龄蝗蝻的杀虫活性,其中嗜线虫致病杆菌Xenorhabdus nematophila HB310菌株(以下简称Xn HB310)对4龄蝗蝻的活性最高;采用浸叶法进一步测定了Xn HB310菌液对不同虫态的东亚飞蝗的毒力。结果表明:在饲喂96 h 后,Xn HB310菌液对2龄蝗蝻、4龄蝗蝻和成虫的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为2.97×105、4.90×105和6.24×105 CFU/mL,致死中时间(LT50)分别为51.48、52.59和64.34 h。研究还发现该菌株对东亚飞蝗具有明显的拒食活性,处理48 h 后Xn HB310菌液对2龄蝗蝻、4龄蝗蝻和成虫的拒食中浓度(AFC50)分别为1.15×105、2.36×105和3.16×105 CFU/mL。通过点滴或剪除东亚飞蝗成虫感觉器官的方法,证实了Xn HB310菌液对东亚飞蝗产生拒食作用的器官是下颚须和下唇须,剪除下颚须和下唇须及两者均剪除的拒食率分别为37.36%、51.28%和100%。研究结果表明,嗜线虫致病杆菌Xn HB310菌液对东亚飞蝗的杀虫速度快且活性高,具有开发为防治东亚飞蝗杀虫剂的潜力。     

东亚飞蝗FK506结合蛋白基因克隆及其免疫功能分析

为明确东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis免疫相关FK506结合蛋白(FK506 binding protein,FKBP)的功能,了解FKBP对金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae侵染东亚飞蝗的影响,分离克隆获得FKBP46基因及其纯化蛋白,采用荧光定量PCR方法测定...     

西藏飞蝗研究进展

西藏飞蝗Locusta migratoria tibetensis是为害小麦Triticum aestivum、青稞Hordeum vulgare等禾本科作物及牧草的重要高原害虫,具有发生面积大、繁殖能力强和为害重等特点,在西藏自治区雅鲁藏布江沿岸、青海省玉树藏族自治州和四川省甘孜藏族自治州等地均有过多次暴发的历史记录,给当地农牧业造成了严重的经济损失。为全面了解西藏飞蝗的发生规律及其相关研究进展,本文主要综述了西藏飞蝗的地理分布、形态学特征、生物学特性、生态学特征和防治措施等内容,同时对西藏飞蝗未来的研究方向以及综合防控进行了展望。     

Characterizations of general esterases in relation to malathion susceptibility in two field populations of the oriental migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen)

General esterases were characterized and compared from two populations of the oriental migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis, collected from Huanghua and Pingshan Counties, Hebei Province, China. General esterases were most concentrated in the thorax and abdomen, which contained 46.1 and 36.1% of total esterase activity in females, and 42.7 and 36.0% in males, respectively, when α-naphthyl acetate was used as a substrate. There was no distinct difference in esterase banding patterns in different body regions for the substrates α-naphthyl acetate and β-naphthyl acetate on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). However, the general esterase activities in the Huanghua population were 1.8-fold higher than those in the Pingshan population in both females and males. Increased esterase activity in the Huanghua population appeared to be mainly due to several additional esterase bands detected on non-denaturing PAGE. Inhibition studies of general esterases using four inhibitors, including paraoxon, malaoxon, eserine, and carbaryl, indicated that most general esterases in the two populations were B-type. The increased esterase activity in the Huanghua population appeared to be associated with a 1.8-fold decreased susceptibility to malathion. Such differences may attribute to the difference in control practices for the locust between Huanghua and Pingshan Counties.     

Increased activity and reduced sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase associated with malathion resistance in a field population of the oriental migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen)

The susceptibility to malathion, and the activity and sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 1.1.1.7) were compared between two populations of the oriental migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen) collected from Wudi County of Shandong Province in East China and Huangliu County of Hainan Province in South China. Huangliu population showed 8.5-fold resistance to malathion compared with Wudi population. AChE from Huangliu population showed 4.8-fold higher activity than that from Wudi population toward the model substrate acetylthiocholine (ATC). Kinetic studies indicated that AChE from Huangliu population had 2.6-fold lower affinity, but 5.0-fold higher catalytic activity toward ATC than AChE from Wudi population. Significantly increased activity of AChE in Huangliu population was also confirmed by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Inhibition kinetics revealed that AChE from Huangliu population was 9.8-, 2.4-, 8.0- and 7.7-fold less sensitive to inhibition by paraoxon, malaoxon, chlopyrifos oxon, demeton-S-methyl, respectively, than that from Wudi population. Our studies revealed that a mild resistance to malathion in Huangliu population was associated with reduced sensitivity and increased catalytic activity of AChE. Our results suggest that alterations of AChE may play an important role conferring or contribute to malathion resistance in Huangliu population of the locust.     

Comparative studies of acetylcholinesterases purified from two field populations of the oriental migratory locust (Locusta migratoria manilensis): implications of insecticide resistance

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was purified by affinity chromatography from two populations of the oriental migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen), collected from Huanghua and Pingshan Counties, Hebei Province of China. The purification factors and yields were 1661-fold and 19.3%, respectively, for the Huanghua population, and 3897-fold and 39.6% for the Pingshan population. Both the purification factor and yield were significantly lower in the Huanghua population than in the Pingshan population. AChE activity was almost completely inhibited by 10⁻⁶ M eserine and BW284C51, but ?5.8% of AChE activity was inhibited by ethopropazine at the same concentration, suggesting that purified AChE from either population was a typical insect AChE. However, AChE purified from the Huanghua population was 62-, 2.0-, and 1.6-fold less sensitive to inhibition by the three organophosphate compounds, chlorpyrifos oxon, demeton-S-methyl, and paraoxon, respectively, than that from the Pingshan population. Significantly lower purification factor and low yield associated with reduced sensitivity of AChE to inhibition by the organophosphates indicated that AChE purified from the Huanghua population was biochemically and pharmacologically different from that of the Pingshan population. Reduced sensitivity of AChE appeared to contribute to organophosphate resistance in the locust from Huanghua County, where insecticides have commonly been used to manage outbreaks of the locust.     

FKBP46对飞蝗卵滞育具有促进作用

为验证FK506结合蛋白46(FK506 binding protein 46,FKBP46)在调节飞蝗Locusta migratoria滞育中的作用,首先从飞蝗中克隆FKBP46,然后合成双链RNA,将其注入到飞蝗雌成虫体内进行干扰,观察干扰后钙调磷酸酶（calcineurin,Ca N）的活性和卵滞育率的变化。结果显示,短日照条件下,RNA干扰FKBP46后飞蝗卵滞育率显著降低,由97.44%降至78.59%;在长日照条件下,RNA干扰FKBP46后,所有飞蝗卵均成功孵化,与对照组无显著差异;FKBP46基因沉默后,飞蝗后足中Ca N活性分别从0.24 U/g上调至0.29 U/g,脂肪体中Ca N活性从0.21 U/g上调至0.30 U/g。表明在短日照条件下FKBP46负调控Ca N影响飞蝗滞育,FKBP46的沉默效应表明该调控基因可能是基于RNA干扰的飞蝗滞育控制的理想靶点。     

蝗虫微孢子虫的基因组学研究进展及应用现状

蝗虫微孢子虫Antonospora locustae是蝗虫生物防治过程中的重要病原微生物.本文主要讨论蝗虫微孢子虫基因组的研究进展,明确蝗虫微孢子虫基因组独特的压缩特征,了解蝗虫微孢子虫获取能量的途径.此外,本文对蝗虫微孢子虫在我国蝗虫的防治中的应用现状进行综述,并探讨未来基于基因组测序技术开发的治蝗新方法.