现代农药喷施技术及装备研究进展

从喷雾器械、喷雾技术、喷雾效果、雾滴分布和沉积等方面介绍了我国在非智能喷雾领域取得的成果;阐述了仿形喷雾、对靶喷雾、变量喷雾和直接施药技术等智能喷雾技术及装备的研究进展;介绍了国外智能喷雾技术和喷雾器械开发情况;最后得出喷施对象生物量的实时检测是目前农药喷施领域的研究难点,基于机器视觉的植物参数检测是研究的热点,自动化、智能化和精确化是现代农药喷施技术及装备的发展趋势的结论.     

喷雾参数对雾滴飘移性能影响的试验研究——基于风幕式喷杆喷雾机

飘移是评价农药喷雾效果的重要指标。在室内封闭宽敞的环境下测量风幕式喷杆喷雾机在不同的喷雾工作参数下的飘移率指标,为风幕式喷杆喷雾参数的优化和防飘喷雾技术的研究提供理论依据。结果表明:喷头喷施角对飘移率指标有显著的影响,改变喷头与风幕的水平和垂直距离或风机频率对雾滴飘失的影响相对于喷施角度的改变都不显著。     

喷杆高度调节系统设计与试验

对喷杆高度进行调节是提高喷杆喷雾机喷雾质量的有效途径。为了使喷杆喷雾机在大田喷雾作业过程中喷雾高度能够随田间地面的起伏变化而变化,设计了3段式的高度自动调节喷杆,采用3个安装在3段喷杆上的接触传感器实时检测喷杆与地面的高度,通过控制器控制液压油缸来调整每段喷杆的高度,从而达到仿形的目的。同时,对喷杆喷雾机的总体布局结构、高度检测关键部件和液压控制系统原理进行了设计分析,阐述了喷杆仿形原理,设计了喷杆高度调节控制系统,并通过试验检测喷杆高度变化范围和田间仿形效果。试验表明,延时时间T1为1s时,喷杆高度能够平稳地保持在45~53.3cm,并且在喷雾机行走速度不大于4.02km/h的情况下,喷杆高度调节系统能够很好地实现大田喷杆仿形功能。     

果园风送式施药技术发展现状

近年来,果园风送式喷雾技术得到了广泛应用,在病虫害防治与农药减量增效方面效果显著。文章主要梳理了国内近年来有关喷雾机气流场研究、雾滴沉积研究和雾滴飘移等方面的研究,结合我国果园种植特点提出果园风送式施药技术发展方向。在此基础上提出了冠层结构变化的研究以及喷雾机的多技术集成化将是果园风送式喷雾机的未来趋势。     

飘移控制喷雾施药技术研究进展

农药雾滴飘移是造成药液流失、环境污染、病害防治效果低的重要原因。非目标的雾滴飘失导致了水土污染,人畜中毒,环境恶化等大量问题。为了增强作物种植中施药喷雾对病虫害的防治效果,提高化学农药的使用效率,节省农民的种植成本,减轻农药对环境的污染和人员的伤害,针对喷雾过程中现存的大量问题,结合了目前国内农药的使用现状及相关飘移控制技术的发展,通过对辅助式喷雾、低量低压喷雾、变量喷雾、静电喷雾、抗飘移喷头和农药改善配方的使用等几个方面综述了目前防飘移技术的研究进展,并对其进行综合,提出了一种可行的缓解农药污染的防飘移方案。     

国内外农业施药技术研究进展

本文简要介绍了雾滴尺寸的分类和测量方法,分析了不同的雾滴尺寸、飘移对喷雾效果的影响,简介了我国在农药使用中存在的问题及当前国外控制雾滴飘移的先进技术,为国内研究有效控制雾滴飘移,提高农药效果的技术提供参考。     

3WPZ-4型风送式葡萄喷雾机设计与试验

为解决施药作业过程中劳动强度大、农药利用率低、流失严重,成本高等问题,结合超声波靶标探测、多柔性出风管风送与气流辅助式精量施药、精量喷雾控制等核心技术,设计与PT-115型多功能自走式底盘配套使用的3WPZ-4型葡萄喷雾机,该喷雾机喷药葡萄行距2.5~3.5m,喷雾行数4行,作业速度4.0~6.0km/h,药箱容量1600L,额定喷雾压力0.5~1.0MPa。4年生酿酒葡萄园施药作业结果表明,3WPZ-4型风送式葡萄喷雾机在额定喷雾压力时,喷雾量为37.4~78.7L/min,雾滴体积中径为132.1~251.1μm。为测试开发的施药系统喷雾性能,将精准对靶系统关闭,使用1.2mm喷嘴,喷雾压力1.0MPa,无风送时,施药量为801.2L/hm2,药液沉积率最低为53.24%,地面流失率最大为15.53%,飘移率最高为31.23%;使用1.5mm喷嘴,喷雾压力1.0MPa,有风送时,施药量为1005.4L/hm2,药液沉积率最高为71.90%,飘移率最低为15.68%;使用1.2mm喷嘴,喷雾压力0.5MPa,有风送时,施药量为408.4L/hm2,药液地面流失率最低为10.77%;无辅助风时药液平均沉积率为58.83%,平均地面流失率为14.48%,平均飘移率为26.69%,有辅助风时药液平均沉积率为68.94%,平均地面流失率为12.08%,平均飘移率为18.98%,使用辅助风使药液平均沉积率提高了17.2%,平均地面流失率降低了16.56%,平均飘移率降低了28.87%。启动精准对靶系统,试验中精准对靶系统喷雾量平均误差2.90%,药液平均沉积率为65.76%,平均地面流失率为13.40%,平均飘移率为20.84%。     

小型无人飞行喷雾机喷雾性能试验研究与分析

为解决大豆生长中后期的植保喷雾作业难度较大的问题,研制了一种小型无人飞行喷雾机。为了研究该喷雾机在大豆田喷雾作业的可靠性与稳定性,试验采用聚酯卡、荧光分光光度计、卡罗米特纸卡等对飞行喷雾机的喷雾沉积量、沉积密度及分布均匀性等参数进行取样和分析,研究分析了小型无人喷雾机的飞行高度、速度等工作参数对喷雾沉积均匀性及浓度等的影响。结果表明:该喷雾机喷雾均匀,工作效率高,整体喷雾效果较好,不同作业高度和飞行速度时在大豆各冠层雾滴沉积效果和分布均匀性的变异系数不同。对试验样本进行数据分析并结合实际的喷洒效果得出:当飞行高度控制在植被上方1.5~2.0m、飞行速度控制在3~5m/s时,该小型无人飞行喷雾机喷施农药效果较好。     

超高地隙风幕式喷杆喷雾机施药性能试验

对超高地隙自走式喷杆喷雾机风幕系统进行田间试验,研究了喷雾压力、喷雾机作业速度、风幕出口风速及植物冠层特性对雾滴沉积量、沉积量均匀程度以及飘移率的影响。研究结果表明,风幕出口风速是雾滴沉积量、沉积均匀程度和飘移率的决定因素,风幕出口风速与雾滴穿透性能呈正相关关系,风幕系统能够有效地减少雾滴的飘移;植物冠层的特性对雾滴穿透性能有较显著影响;相同作业速度时,增大喷雾压力可使雾滴单位面积沉积量增加,提高喷雾沉积效果,但对穿透性能影响不大;喷雾机作业速度对雾滴沉积量也有一定的影响,但影响较小。     

果园自动对靶喷雾机的研制

将红外探测技术、自动控制技术使用于喷雾机上,研制了新型的农药喷雾机具——果园自动对靶喷雾机。本文详细介绍了喷雾机的对靶喷雾技术。试验表明该机具有良好的性能,较好地解决了现行果园中存在的浪费农药、污染环境等问题。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。