通风改善发芽糙米微波连续干燥均匀性

为了提高发芽糙米微波干燥的均匀性,采用台架试验、计算模拟和理论分析相结合的研究方法,分析微波干燥机内料层上微波能分布规律,研究微波干燥时风速对发芽糙米干燥均匀性影响。结果表明:在波导馈口平行的微波干燥机上,馈口间存在耗损和反射,微波能利用率降低;在微波干燥过程中,通入室温空气带走发芽糙米蒸发出的水蒸气:风速低携带水蒸气能力弱,而风速高会导致气流分布不均匀,合适风速在0.5~1.0 m/s。在微波干燥时引入通风方式,可提高微波干燥均匀性,从干燥工艺方面解决因电场分布引起干燥均匀性差的问题。研究结果为微波干燥机的干燥腔结构设计和干燥工艺优化提供依据。     

气流改善泡沫树莓果浆微波干燥均匀性提高能量利用率

为满足浆果低能耗、高品质的生产过程的需要,采用理论分析、数值模拟与台架试验相结合的方法,研究气流与微波协同作用对泡沫果浆干燥均匀性和微波能利用率的影响规律。结果表明:在气流与微波协同干燥中由于物料的介电特性指标及表观导热、气体渗流、气相导热、液相导热等系数变化,从而影响泡沫果浆料层中传热、传质过程。泡沫果浆传热及传质系数变化,影响泡沫果浆内部热传导及水分传递,温度及含水率直接影响泡沫果浆介电特性指标,进而影响物料微波能吸收。气流在料层边界热对流量及料层内的热传导量是表征气流、微波协同作用的主要指标,当料层边界热对流量与内部热传导量比值低于27.79时,气流与微波协同作用产生正向效应,提高微波能利用率;当料层边界热对流量与内部热传导量比值高于27.79时,此协同作用产生负向效应,降低微波能利用率;气流携带泡沫果浆中蒸发出的水蒸气,降低物料表层湿空气压力,导致泡沫果浆气泡的产生和破裂,强化传热传质过程,进而提高料层内温度及含水率分布均匀性。当气流速度小于1.5m/s时,气流速度与干燥均匀性呈显著正相关;当气流速度大于1.5m/s时,气流速度对物料干燥均匀性影响不显著;在气流速度为1.5m/s时,干燥时间短,微波能利用率最高,相比无通风时提高了17.57%,微波能吸收量、温度及含水率分布的均匀度分别提高了20%、19%及27%,符合低能耗、高品质的浆果干燥生产要求,研究结果为浆果微波泡沫干燥工艺优化提供依据。     

黑加仑果浆微波辅助泡沫干燥特性

为了研究微波辅助泡沫干燥方法对黑加仑果浆脱水的适用性,该文选择了合适黑加仑果浆起泡添加剂,并研究了起泡黑加仑果浆的微波干燥特性。选择食品级单甘酯和大豆分离蛋白作为起泡剂,发现其添加量对黑加仑果浆起泡特性有显著的影响,添加6.0%单甘酯和3.0%大豆分离蛋白作为起泡剂,以0.5%的羧甲基纤维素10 mL作为稳定剂,结果表明,加入这组添加剂的果浆在搅拌6 min时,得到的泡沫果浆具有较高膨胀性和稳定性。采用微波辅助泡沫干燥方法对起泡黑加仑果浆进行干燥,试验发现,随着初始微波强度的增大和料层厚度减小,物料的干燥强度显著增加。对比试验的结果表明,微波泡沫干燥速度及干品的色泽品质均优于热风泡沫干燥的。在连续带式微波干燥设备中,起泡黑加仑果浆推荐工艺参数为：初始微波强度14.0 W/g,料层厚度5 mm。因此,微波辅助泡沫干燥技术适用于黑加仑果浆脱水加工。     

微波干燥稻谷和糙米的能量效率

对厚层及均匀平铺载荷条件下稻谷和糙米的微波干燥过程中的能量效率问题进行了研究。根据本研究的实验数据,如果干燥方法和工艺安排合理,微波干燥稻谷和糙米可达到较高的能量效率,甚至可达到高于传统干燥方法。在微波干燥过程中安排一定的间歇时间以发挥照射后期作用、间歇照射作用或缓苏作用,可以有效地提高微波干燥过程中的能量效率。有2h间歇的干燥工艺的能量效率是没有间歇的干燥工艺的能量效率的5倍。载荷形式对微波干燥过程中的能量效率影响也较大。微波干燥中建议采用薄层载荷形式。     

喷液包埋技术提高微波泡沫干燥后树莓浆果品质

为了在微波泡沫干燥浆果果浆后期喷施大豆分离蛋白和麦芽糊精混合液,使浆果干品表面形成可以降低活性成分降解的包埋层,研究了喷液包埋条件对果浆的干燥特性影响规律,分析了喷液包埋技术对浆果干品中活性成分的保护原因。选择树莓果浆为研究物料,采用微波泡沫干燥工艺,以微波强度、保护液成分质量比和起泡果浆与保护液质量比为影响因素,以物料含水率、干燥温度、活性成分降解率为目标因素,应用电镜对树莓果浆干品微观结构进行观察分析,应用高效液相色谱技术测定干品花青素成分。结果表明浆果微波泡沫干燥中的起泡剂与喷液包埋中保护液成分相近,工艺步骤衔接密切,不影响果浆干燥速度与温度;保护液可使干燥后干品表层形成致密包埋层,有效削弱氧气、光照对活性成分的降解作用,提高矢车菊色素与天竺葵色素2种花青素成分保存量(保存率75%);在微波强度14 W/g,大豆分离蛋白与麦芽糊精质量比3∶7,起泡果浆与保护液质量比4∶1的工艺条件下,可获得花青素和维生素C保留率高的树莓干品(提高20%)。在微波泡沫干燥过程中实施包埋技术可保护干燥后果浆中的活性物质,保证浆果制品营养价值。     

功率输入模式对浆果微波加热均匀性的影响

提高干燥均匀性是微波技术在食品、农产品热加工研究的重要问题。为分析微波功率输入模式对浆状食品物料的温度及水分均匀性影响,以浆果果浆为高水分、高黏度、富含热敏性成分代表性物料,引入温度离散值（VT）、水分离散值（VM）、热区分布值（HTD）、温度对比值（CON）指标表征加热均匀性,解析连续和间歇变功率输入模式对浆果微波加热均匀性影响的原因。结果表明：在微波输入功率为800 W的微波加热过程中,果浆中依次出现缓慢升温（I）、温度稳定（II）和快速升温（III）3个阶段,其中温度离散值与热区分布值在升温区增加、在温度稳定区降低;水分离散值持续上升,温度对比值增大至温度稳定区、在快速升温区减小;在浆果微波干燥后期,果浆料层内冷、热点间温度差引起不均匀性减弱。微波在浆果物料边角产生过热效应是引起加热不均匀性主要原因。间歇变功率微波加热工艺可以改善均匀性,随功率转换点的减小,果浆温度离散值、水分离散值、和热区分布值的均匀度改善率增大;微波功率比的减小可提高加热均匀度,但当微波功率比低于0.5时会导致加热效率低;间歇时间的增大可以进一步提高果浆均匀度改善率,但间歇时间超过8 min后对果浆均匀度的改善程度减缓;选用微波功率转换点为第Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段交界、微波功率比0.5、间歇时间8 min更利于提高加热均匀性与加热效率。研究结果为浆果类物料微波加热均匀性的评价提供数学模型,优化得到的变功率输入参数为提高浆果果浆的微波干燥均匀性提供技术参考。     

香菜微波干燥的试验研究

以提高蔬菜干制品质为目的,考察干燥因素对香菜微波干燥生产率及其品质的影响,用正交试验设计方法,探讨干燥功率、物料层厚度及排湿风速对香菜微波干燥特性及干制香菜品质和能耗的影响,利用极差分析和方差分析确定香菜微波干燥最优工艺参数。结果表明：不同微波干燥参数对香菜微波干燥特性和干制品质及能耗有不同的影响,风速对物料干燥速率、香菜干制品的品质指标影响最大,物料脱水过程主要处于恒速阶段,微波干燥功率为1．125W／g,物料层厚度为1．5cm,风速为60m／min时,可确保香菜干燥后的食用价值且便于储存,而且能耗较低。     

响应面法优化酒糟微波间歇干燥工艺

为了优化酒糟干燥工艺,保证酒糟干燥后品质,选择微波间歇干燥方法进行试验研究。以干燥速率、能耗、品质为目标,利用隶属度的综合评分法对3个目标综合评分。根据响应面中心组合设计理论,用响应面法探讨了微波功率、糟层厚度、脉冲比对酒糟微波间歇干燥工艺的影响,建立了二次多项式回归模型,并对干燥工艺参数进行了优化。结果表明,3个因素对综合分的影响大小依次为：脉冲比＞糟层厚度＞微波功率;酒糟微波间歇干燥的最佳工艺参数为：微波功率为480 W、糟层厚度为2.78 cm、脉冲比为6.625,此时得到最大综合分为0.723。为进一步研究酒糟微波干燥设备及工艺提供了理论依据。     

脉冲电场预处理胡萝卜片微波干燥试验

为考察脉冲电场预处理对胡萝卜片微波干燥特性的影响,以胡萝卜片微波干燥单位时间降水率和复水率作为试验指标,设计了4因素（脉冲频率、电场强度、微波功率密度和切片厚度）二次回归正交组合试验,得出经预处理后胡萝卜片微波干燥失水速率曲线。用SPSS软件进行回归分析,得到预处理后胡萝卜片微波干燥动力学方程和各指标回归方程,并对指标进行了综合优化。结果表明：经脉冲电场预处理后胡萝卜片微波干燥动力学方程分段适用Page模型;脉冲频率和电场强度对胡萝卜片微波干燥单位时间降水率影响显著;脉冲频率对复水率影响显著,电场强度对复水率影响不显著;最优工艺组合为脉冲频率30 Hz、电场强度2.0 kV/cm、微波功率密度1.0 W/g和切片厚度4.0 mm;在最优工艺条件下,胡萝卜片单位时间降水率和复水率均得到提高。     

微波干燥预处理对苹果渣提取果胶的影响

利用微波干燥技术对湿苹果渣进行预处理,研究了微波干燥预处理对苹果渣提取果胶的影响.以探索一种新的干燥方法和提高果胶品质.结果表明:微波能量越大,苹果渣组织结构破碎越严重,其复水能力越弱;但对苹果渣颜色无显著影响;微波干燥预处理能显著提高果胶得率,微波预处理条件为300 W、15 min、7.5×10-2kW·h或500 W、10 min、8.3×10-2kW·h时微波预处理苹果皮渣的果胶提取得率比对照提高了50%左右,是较为适宜的微波处理条件,但微波能量大于8.3×10-2kW·h时,对果胶得率有不利影响;微波干燥预处理对果胶半乳糖醛酸含量无显著性影响,但显著提高了果胶的酯化度、固有黏度和黏均分子质量.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.