TDR在土壤盐分测试中的试验研究

提供了用TDR土壤水分测试仪在测试土壤含水率的同时可测到土壤含盐总量的方法。以黄河上游宁夏惠农县典型的黄河淤积平原的主要质地土壤为基础。利用德国产TRIME-T3管式TDR土壤水分测量系统在测试田间土壤含水率时表示出的VOL和LEVEL值．经过与电导法测定的土壤含盐总量的拟合，得出它们与土壤含盐总量的函数关系。通过统计原理对该方程的检验．表明了方程的显著性和可用性。     

棉花膜下滴灌田间土壤水分的时空变异规律研究

在新疆库尔勒市包头湖农场48 m×56 m(一根支管控制)的范围内,布置土壤水分监测点共计64个.利用地统计学方法,研究了棉花膜下滴灌条件下田问土壤含水率在空间和时间上的变异规律,以便为棉花膜下滴灌自动化灌溉系统中墒情监测传感器的合理布设及墒情预测提供理论依据.结果表明,各测次的田间土壤含水率具有中等程度的空间相关性;随着土层深度的增加,土壤含水率空间相关度降低.灌水前的空间相关度略小于灌水后的空间相关度;随着时间的推移,土壤含水率的空间相关度降低.     

滴灌条件下核桃土壤水分空间变异性

在新疆阿克苏地区温宿县核桃林场30 m×60 m(一根支管控制)的范围内,布置土壤水分监测点共计435个.利用地统计学方法,研究了核桃在滴灌条件下田间土壤含水率在空间上的变异规律,以便为核桃滴灌自动化灌溉系统中墒情监测传感器的合理布设及墒情预测提供理论依据.结果表明,滴灌条件下的采样幅度一定时,增大采样间距对土壤水分变...     

基于Hydrus-1D的滴灌土壤水分运移数值模拟

为探索滴灌土壤水分运移、土壤水分再分布及土壤水力特性参数等,利用Hydrus-1D软件对室内有机玻璃箱滴灌条件下土壤水分运动进行了模拟,并对其土壤导水率和土壤水分特征曲线进行了求解和拟合,并利用均方根误差RMSE和决定系数R2进行评价。结果表明Hydrus1-D软件对滴灌条件下土壤水分分布的模拟具有较高的精度,在滴头处实测的土壤含水率和模拟的土壤含水率其RMSE和R2可以达到0.021 6和0.856 2,并对土壤水分特征曲线和扩散率曲线进行了模拟,发现其能较好满足V-G模型和指数函数关系,说明Hydrus1-D软件可普遍用在分析评价土壤水分的有效性,研究土壤水分运动等方面。     

秸秆还田下土壤水分时间稳定性与玉米穗质量的相关性

为揭示黑土区秸秆还田条件下农田土壤水分时间稳定性与玉米穗质量的相互关系,基于TDR法测得的土壤含水率(2017年6—9月)及称量法测得的玉米穗质量,在确定秸秆还田条件下农田土壤水分时间稳定性特征的基础上,量化分析其时间稳定性与玉米穗质量在单一尺度和多尺度上的相关特征。结果表明:随土层深度增加,土壤水分时间稳定性逐渐增强,且较深土层(40～60 cm、60～80 cm)土壤含水率较高的测点时间稳定性较强;随土层深度变化,土壤水分代表性测点有所不同,利用代表性测点土壤含水率可确定研究区域土壤最低含水率、最高含水率和平均含水率等信息,可为土壤水分估算与调控提供科学指导;时间稳定性与穗粒质量、穗轴质量相关程度随土层深度的变化趋势在单一尺度和多尺度上不同,大部分土层土壤水分时间稳定性与穗粒质量、穗轴质量的多尺度相关程度均大于单一尺度相关程度。多尺度相关分析能更深入地确定土壤水分时间稳定性与穗质量的相互关系,进而为深入揭示土壤水分对作物产量的影响机制提供理论依据。     

滴灌葡萄的双线源水分分布特征及计划湿润层深度计算研究

通过葡萄的大田试验,分析了不同灌水量下滴灌双线源的土壤水分分布特征和湿润范围,并得出了适宜滴灌葡萄的土壤计划湿润层深度。结果表明:在灌水定额分别为0.40、0.67、1.11、1.60m3/hm2时,湿润宽度与灌水定额存在较好的对数函数关系。土壤含水量达到田间持水率、土壤最小含水率的土体范围随着灌水定额的增加而扩大。线源处土壤含水量在深度为0～30cm范围内达到一个最大值。根据水量平衡方程,利用代入法反算出滴灌葡萄适宜的土壤计划湿润层深度为0.3m,为滴灌技术的设计和灌溉制度决策提供了一定的依据。     

水分传感器埋设深度及个数对墒情精度的影响

在灌溉预报过程中,要利用土壤水分传感器监测土壤墒情,同一剖面土壤水分传感器埋设数量越多,测墒精度就越高,在实际应用时,就要求减少土壤水分传感器的埋设数量以降低系统的成本,并保证一定的测墒精度。选取4个试验区,在0～100 cm土层深度内,采用取土烘干法测得5个测试深度土壤水分数据。分析了0～60和0～100 cm土壤剖面平均含水率与监测点含水率的相关关系,并设置了1个监测点和2个监测点不同组合的对比,分别计算了各种情况下土壤剖面平均含水率与监测点含水率的相关系数(R2)、平均相对误差(δR)以及均方根误差(RMSE)。研究结果显示:一个监测点时,40 cm深度的含水率能较好地反映0～60 cm土壤剖面平均含水率,R2达到0.95以上; 0～100 cm土壤剖面平均含水率用60 cm深度含水率反映,R2能达到0.93。两个监测点时,20/50 cm处的含水率与0～60 cm土壤剖面平均含水率的相关性最高,R2为0.994; 0～100 cm土壤剖面平均含水率与40/70 cm处的含水率相关性最高,各试验区平均的R2为0.965。     

冻结作用下土壤电导率变化特征的室内试验研究

为了研究土壤冻结过程中土壤液态含水率和土壤质地对电导率变化特征的影响,采用TDR对恒温冻结过程中3种质地(沙土、沙壤土、黏土)土壤在3种初始土壤含水率(10%、15%、20%)条件下的土壤液态含水率和电导率进行了监测。结果表明:在恒温冻结过程中,土壤液态含水率随冻结时间的增加而减小;土壤电导率随液态含水率的降低而减小,初始土壤含水率越高,电导率降低值越大,S20、R20和N20降低值分别为2.11、2.50和2.47 dS/m;土壤黏粒含量越多,土壤电导率越高。冻结过程中土壤电导率与土壤液态含水率较好地符合对数函数关系,沙壤土拟合效果较好,R~2均大于0.945。研究结果可为我国季节性冻土区农业生产和土壤盐渍化防治提供参考。     

利用电容式传感器连续监测土壤硝态氮质量分数的试验研究

通过室内和田间试验,研究土壤硝态氮质量分数与电容式传感器监测的土壤电导率、含水率和温度的定量关系。在室内以NH4NO3分析纯为溶质,进行了溶液质量浓度0～10g/L的7次土柱试验;在2009年和2010年春玉米生育期内监测了不同滴灌水量条件下土壤电导率、含水率和温度动态变化。结果表明,土壤电导率能较好的反映土壤硝态氮质量分数的变化;土壤硝态氮质量分数与电导率、含水率和温度之间的关系可用二次多项式描述,且3个土壤参数对土壤硝态氮质量分数的影响均达到了极显著水平(P≤0.01);由于回归模型的拟合精度受土壤初始养分盐分质量分数及空间变异等因素的影响,为获得较高的预测精度,应进行田间标定。     

基于低频滤波法的T-TDR含水率测量方法研究

为了解决T-TDR(Thermo-time domain reflectometry)探针短,土壤含水率测量效果差等技术问题,提出了一种低频滤波法LFF(Low frequency filter)进行TDR波形分析的计算模型。通过对TDR波形快速傅里叶变换,得到组成TDR波形的频谱,对其低频滤波后重新快速傅里叶反变换,可实现LFF变换。试验通过4种土壤,每种5个含水率的20个土样进行测试,通过LFF法和传统WINTDR法对比,结果表明LFF法具有较好的计算结果,其与干燥法的决定系数R2达0.983 5。LFF法不仅有效提高了T-TDR短针土壤含水率的测试精度,还简化了土壤含水率测试校验程序,提高了测试效率。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。