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1.
《土壤通报》2017,(1):14-21
本研究利用多重线性回归方程,以地形因子为预测变量,构建关于土壤有机质的土壤景观模型,并以西南山地丘陵区的一块面积为2 km2的汇水盆地为研究区,对该区域的土壤有机质空间分布进行预测。在此基础之上,探讨最少可用多少个点来预测土壤有机质的空间分布,并使之预测精度不低于原始集合的精度;同时,找出最优土壤样点布局,确定不同地形部位的取样单元,使之预测精度最高。研究结果表明:在预测误差最小化的情况下,最少可用7个优化的样点就可以代替原始200个采样点,且优化的样点数为124时,模型预测土壤有机质空间分布的精度最高。优化后的土壤景观模型的拟合度比原始模型提高了3.28%,MAE降低了5.3%,RMSE降低了3.94%。  相似文献   

2.
采样尺度对土壤养分空间变异分析的影响   总被引:10,自引:2,他引:10  
以高密度土壤养分采样数据为数据源,通过随机抽取生成不同采样尺度的样点数据,分析采样尺度对土壤养分空间变异特征分析的影响。研究结果表明:区域土壤养分预测均值随采样尺度减小呈下降趋势,而变异系数增加;养分空间分布的全局趋势随采样尺度增大而增强,但不影响半方差模型;当采样尺度较大,样点间自相关较弱时,相对较少的样点也能满足区域统计参数估测分析需要,但不能用于空间变异特征和插值分析;当样点数大于最佳采样数时,养分统计参数、空间变异特征和插值分析随着采样尺度减小而精度提高,当采样尺度达到0.2左右时,能够满足中等空间变异的土壤养分空间插值分析需要;样点空间布局对相关距和空间插值分析精度的影响比采样尺度本身更为显著。  相似文献   

3.
采样设计是土壤地理研究中备受关注的重要问题。本文以区域尺度土壤属性制图为例,将多等级代表性采样与经典采样中的分层随机采样进行对比研究。以安徽宣城研究区的表层砂粒含量为目标要素,采集数量均为59个的两套样点,设计不同数量(46、58和59)的样点分组,采用两种制图方法进行制图并利用独立验证点进行评价。结果表明:1)无论是采用多元线性回归方法还是基于环境相似度的制图方法,在同等样点数量下,利用代表性样点所得土壤图精度均高于利用随机样点所得精度,并且利用少量代表性样点(46个)所得土壤图精度也高于利用多量随机样点(59个)所得精度;2)随着代表性较低样点的增加,土壤制图精度基本有一个提高的趋势,而采用随机样点所得土壤图的精度波动较大。因此,可认为多等级代表性采样方法是一种可用于区域尺度土壤调查的有效采样方法,且比分层随机采样高效、稳定。  相似文献   

4.
在精准农业的实施过程中,研究如何用较少的样本来反映田间信息的空间变异规律,再用科学的插值方法进行插值和预估是精准农业研究中的一个关键问题。以东北典型黑土区——吉林省榆树市为研究区域,在榆树市弓棚镇13号村内选择相对平整的地块进行土壤采样并测试其土壤养分。在对原始采样格网点按一定的样点间隔和布局进行抽取的基础上,利用克里格插值方法和BP神经网络方法分别进行空间插值,比较不同采样尺度(40m×40m,56m×56m,80m×80m,113m×113m,160m×160m五个尺度)对空间插值精度的影响。结果表明:(1)随着采样尺度的增大,碱解氮的空间结构系数C/(C0+C)有减小的趋势,表明采样间距以内的不可估计误差逐渐增大,其空间结构的表现能力在逐渐减弱;(2)Kriging插值精度总体优于BP神经网络,随着采样尺度的增加,两种模型的模拟精度都有所下降,BP神经网路的插值精度和Kriging模型的插值精度的差距逐渐减小;(3)两种模型在113m×113m尺度上插值精度都发生了突变,如考虑碱解氮的空间变异规律和经济因素,碱解氮的最佳采样尺度应在80~113m。  相似文献   

5.
基于空间模拟退火算法的耕地质量布样及优化方法   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
耕地质量监测是保障耕地资源的永续利用,实现耕地产能提升、加强耕地资源的管理、保护、合理利用的重要措施,对实现持续粮食安全具有重要意义。该文提出了基于空间模拟退火算法的耕地质量布样优化方法,以空间模拟退火算法为基础生成一组最优样本,构成基础监测网络,在此基础上,通过多期耕地等级成果数据提取属性发生变化的分等因素和对应发生变化的区域,生成潜在变化区,并结合研究区实际情况辅以专家知识和异常监测点,对基础样本点进行增加、删除、替换等优化操作,生成最终监测样点。以北京市大兴区为例,最终确定布设55个监测样点,结果表明,该方法布设的样点在耕地质量预测方面的精度高于传统的随机抽样和分层抽样方法,能有效地预测县域耕地质量并监控耕地质量的变化情况。  相似文献   

6.
巫振富  赵彦锋  齐力  陈杰 《土壤学报》2013,50(2):296-305
为研究复杂景观区土壤有机质预测模型的尺度效应,探讨不同空间尺度数据综合利用的问题,本文运用回归Kriging方法对河南省登封市土壤有机质进行预测,分析了不同空间尺度数据在建模过程中的作用和影响.结果表明:土壤有机质关于高程因子的趋势属于宏观趋势,以大尺度数据拟合该趋势值效果最优;小尺度数据不适合用于拟合土壤有机质的趋势值,但揭示了小尺度残差值的空间变异细节,增强了大尺度残差值的空间结构性,能够有效提高土壤有机质预测精度.因此,景观复杂区土壤有机质预测中,应基于大尺度数据模拟趋势值,大尺度数据和小尺度数据相结合拟合残差值的空间变异函数以预测残差值,最后趋势值加上残差值得到土壤有机质预测值.  相似文献   

7.
   利用自然成土作用变量,预测并制作栅格化的土壤有机质分布图,对发展热带数字化精细农业具有重要意义。   使用2006年云南省景洪市测土配方样点数据,应用BP神经网络(BPNN)、基于强分类器算法的BP神经网络模型(BPNN-Ada)、基于粒子群算法优化的BP神经网络(PSO-BPNN)、基于遗传算法优化的BP神经网络(GA-BPNN)和多元线性回归(MLR)对土壤有机质的含量预测并进行空间化制图。   ① 土壤样点X、Y坐标值能够有效提高算法精度且充分表现环境因子与土壤有机质空间分布上的协同关系。② 4种神经网络算法预测结果土壤有机质空间分布基本类似,均呈现南高北低的趋势。③ 研究区域内4种神经网络模型的在建模集拟合程度从高至低依此次为:BPNN-Ada > GA-BPNN > PSO-BPNN > BPNN,在建模集中PSO-BPNN和GA-BPNN与BPNN拟合精度一致,BPNN-Ada的拟合精度R2最高为0.98。在验证集的预测能力由高至低依次为:BPNN-Ada > GA-BPNN > PSO-BPNN > BPNN。BPNN-Ada有着最高的预测精度和算法稳定性:RMSE = 4.47、MAE = 3.3、MRE = 0.05、R2 = 0.976。   在景洪地区进行土壤有机质神经网络建模时加入地理坐标能够有效提高模型精度,且基于学习规则的神经网络优化算法效果要优于优化初始权重和阈值的神经网络算法及传统的BPNN算法。  相似文献   

8.
县域是实施农业绿色发展的基本单元,农田土壤中不仅耕层的有机质含量会对土壤肥力产生影响,深层有机质的作用也不可忽略,精确估算基于县域尺度农田深层有机质含量具有重要意义。该研究选定位于山西省运城市的永济市农田为研究区,采用多点混合取样法,获取了8个样地剖面的18层数据,共144个混合土样的有机质含量数据,建立了表层(0~20 cm)有机质含量估算深层有机质含量的模型,并进行深层有机质含量的估算。基于半变异函数、空间自相关理论分析了0~30、30~60、60~90、90~120、120~150和150~180 cm土层有机质含量的空间相关性和聚集特征,并进行了相关性检验,采用克里格插值方法对研究区农田各土层的有机质含量进行了预测。结果表明:1)土壤有机质含量随深度的增加呈负指数递减(R2=0.80,P0.01),各土层的有机质含量变异系数介于35.89%~47.84%之间,处于中等变异程度。2)通过建立的估算模型可以通过表层有机质含量估算出任意深度的有机质含量,且拟合精度R2达到了0.90(P0.01)。3)指数模型是反映该区域有机质含量空间结构特征的最佳模型(R20.80,RSS0.001),各土层的有机质含量均表现出了中等程度结构性特征,和空间正相关性特征(Moran’s I=0.26,P0.01),并存在显著的空间聚集特征和异常值现象。4)克里格插值可以较好地进行研究区各层有机质含量的预测,预测精度较高,稳定性较好,为县域尺度深层有机质的估算,调整农艺措施、提高土壤肥力、达到土壤减肥增效、绿色增产增效提供依据。  相似文献   

9.
辅助时序数据用于土壤盐分空间预测及采样研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
以普通克立格法作为参考,利用辅助数据的两种预测方法,即协同克立格法和回归克立格法对海涂区土壤盐分进行空间内插计算,并在目标变量的采样数目不断减少的情况下,利用80个检验样本,对比了这3种方法的预测精度。结果表明,不论目标变量的样品数目如何减少,利用了辅助变量的协同克立格法和回归克立格法的预测精度较普通克立格法都有了较大提高,而且回归克立格法的预测精度总体上要好于协同克立格法。对不同样品数目下3种方法的预测误差进行T检验发现,回归克立格法对普通克立格法和协同克立格法预测误差的减少在不同的样本数目下都达到了极显著水平。研究结果表明,利用连续几个时段上辅助的时序数据,来对同样点位上下一个时段的变量进行估值,可以较大地提高估值精度,节省采样成本。尤其是回归克立格法的回归部分可以是一般的线性模型,也可以是非线性模型,在预测时无疑更具灵活性。  相似文献   

10.
不同尺度下土壤养分空间变异特征的研究   总被引:42,自引:6,他引:42  
雷咏雯  危常州  李俊华  候振安  冶军  鲍柏杨 《土壤》2004,36(4):376-381,391
在不同取样尺度下采集了农田土壤样品并测定土壤有机质、全N和有效P含量,研究不同尺度下地统计学方法对土壤养分空间变异分析的适用性和空间插值质量。研究结果表明,大比例尺下土壤有机质含量、有效P含量、全N含量的分布呈正态分布,在中小比例尺下呈现轻微偏态分布。各养分空间变异系数存在明显空间变异(C.V.介于17%—27%之间),大比例尺下,空间变异较小;中小比例尺下,空间变异程度大(C.V.和峰度值较小)。在各种尺度下,土壤养分均存在典型的半方差结构,表明在各种取样比例尺下采用地统计学方法进行土壤养分空间变异分析都是可行的。在大中比例尺下,各养分块金系数介于0.28—0.38之间,表明土壤养分具有明显空间自相关;而在小比例尺下,块金系数介于0—0.17之间,表明土壤养分具有强烈空间自相关,其中有机质含量具有恒定的空间自相关(块金系数为0),有效P含量的空间自相关程度相对较弱;空间插值和交互检验结果表明,球状模型空间插值结果与实测结果符合性很好,交互检验均达到极显著水平。在小比例尺下其估计比大比例尺下精度更高。不同养分的空间预测结果质量不尽相同,土壤有机质含量空间预测符合度最高。  相似文献   

11.
    
Soil organic matter (SOM) plays a key role in soil, and is used to determine soil quality. Conventional soil property analysis is relatively slow, expensive and laborious. Although using a spectrometer can quickly assess a large amount of organic matter content, it is an expensive, complex and undefined process. This article presents a potential simple method for estimating black-SOM that uses a digital camera that is cheaper and easier to operate than a spectrometer. RGB (red, green and blue) image-intensity values of the soil from a digital camera were measured, to research the relationship between black-SOM and RGB. The results show the red image-intensity values provide the greatest correlation with SOM, with a correlation coefficient (r) reaching 0.73. A comparison with spectrometer results for SOM predictions shows that the best prediction result for the digital camera (R2 = 0.72, root-mean-square error [RMSE] = 0.40) is slightly better than the spectrometer (R2 = 0.65, RMSE = 0.45) at certain band points. Thus, a low-cost digital camera that is easy to operate can be used as an alternative tool for the rapid and accurate estimation of black-SOM content.  相似文献   

12.
土壤有机质周转计算机模拟原理   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10       下载免费PDF全文
土壤有机质变化与土壤肥力和大气CO2 变化有密切的关系 ,建立土壤有机质周转计算机模型并进行模拟是预测土壤有机质长期变化的重要手段。本文简要回顾了土壤有机质周转计算机模拟模型的发展和现有主要模型 (如RothC、CENTURY等 )的特点和应用范围 ,着重讨论了建模基本原理 ,包括模型结构和过程、主要因子选择、模拟和预测能力的检验和评估方法等 ,并分析了目前所存在的问题。  相似文献   

13.
为了研究耕作侵蚀对坡耕地土壤容重、有机质以及两者相互关系的影响,选择四川盆地中部的简阳县的坡耕地作为研究对象,采用模拟耕作的方法,通过对比模拟耕作前与5次、20次模拟耕作之后的土壤容重、有机质的水平以及垂直变化与分布规律,并探讨耕作侵蚀对两者关系变化的影响规律。研究结果表明:由于耕作侵蚀的搬运作用,5次和20次耕作之后坡顶位置的表层土壤被不断搬运至下坡位置,从而导致坡顶表层土壤容重增加;并且耕作过程中锄头的翻转作用改变了土壤容重在垂直方向的分布。耕作前土壤有机质在各坡面位置的垂直分布可用对数方程描述,然而5次和20次耕作之后其两者之间没有显示任何关系。耕作前土壤有机质含量与土壤容重呈现显著的负相关关系,5次和20次耕作之后,土壤有机质和土壤容重之间无相关关系。因此,耕作侵蚀改变土壤有机质和容重在水平和垂直方向的分布并且改变有机质和容重之间的关系。  相似文献   

14.
如何利用有限的样本数据来获得更为准确的土壤属性空间分布信息是土壤学研究的热点问题之一。利用福建省龙海市采集的1 133个耕地土壤样品,设计了结合地貌类型、土壤类型和土地利用类型等信息的5种克里格插值模型,研究县级尺度上土壤有机碳空间预测优化插值模型及其与样点密度的关系。结果表明:设计的5种插值模型预测精度均高于普通克里格法,但不同样点密度对插值结果影响较大。按0.5 km×0.5 km及以上的格网密度进行样点布设,采用土地利用现状类型结合土壤类型信息的普通克里格法(KDLTR)插值结果误差较小;按2 km×2 km的格网密度布设调查样点时,采用土壤类型信息的普通克里格法(KTR)插值结果误差较小;当格网大于4 km×4 km时,由于样点数少,各种模型的结果相差不大,可直接采用普通克里格法(KYJZ)进行插值。  相似文献   

15.
We examined the short-term effect of five organic amendments and compared them to plots fertilized with inorganic fertilizer and unfertilized plots on aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity, and on the OC and ON distribution in physically separated SOM fractions. After less than 1 year, the addition of organic amendments significantly increased ( P  <   0.01) the aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity. The stability index ranged between 0.97 and 1.76 and the hydraulic conductivity between 1.23 and 2.80 × 10−3 m/s for the plots receiving organic amendments, compared with 0.34–0.43, and 0.42–0.64 × 10−3 m/s, respectively, for the unamended plots. There were significant differences between the organic amendments (P <  0.01), although these results were not unequivocal for both soil physical parameters. The total OC and ON content were significantly increased ( P  <   0.05) by only two applications of organic fertilizers: between 1.10 and 1.51% OC for the amended plots versus 0.98–1.08% for the unamended and between 0.092 and 0.131% ON versus 0.092–0.098% respectively. The amount of OC and ON in the free particulate organic matter fraction was also significantly increased ( P  <   0.05), but there were no significant differences ( P  <   0.05) in the OC and ON content in the POM occluded in micro-aggregates and in the silt + clay-sized organic matter fraction. The results showed that even in less than 1 year pronounced effects on soil physical properties and on the distribution of OC and ON in the SOM fractions occurred.  相似文献   

16.
    
Soil microbial properties are widely used as indicators of soil quality. The interpretation of soil microbial processes, however, is difficult because of their regional and seasonal heterogeneity as well as the lack of reference values. One possibility to overcome these limitations to apply the fuzzy set theory. This approach more realistically describes ecological systems because it considers natural ambiguity and complexity. The present study applies a fuzzy rule-based classification model to define soil quality based on soil microbial biomass, N-mineralisation, enzyme activity data (urease, xylanase, phosphatase, arylsulfatase) and soil organic matter. The data have been collected from different grassland sites in the European Union over a period of 20 years. The fuzzy model is based on a rule system derived from a training set using simulated annealing as an optimisation algorithm. For each variable, nine triangular fuzzy sets were defined for consideration as possible rule arguments. The model uses the t-norm for combination of arguments, product inference, the weighted sum as rule combination and the maximum method for defuzzification. The output is the assignment of membership of the object to a given soil quality class. The soil quality classes (very poor, poor, medium, high, very high) were defined by five heavy metal contamination levels (very high, high, medium, low, no). A predefined number of fuzzy rules were assessed using a simulated annealing algorithm. The fuzzy model was validated by a test file by assigning the soils to the quality class with the highest response value. The fuzzy model yielded an overall coincidence of 88.8% between observed and simulated results. The most sensitive index of soil quality was microbial biomass. N-mineralisation was a good indicator for the high-quality soils, while urease and arylsulfatase were important indicators for heavily contaminated, poor soil quality. Xylanase and phosphatase behaved ambivalently. Including soil organic carbon in the model decreased its effectiveness by 6.5%. We suggest that the presented fuzzy model based on soil microbial properties could be applied not only to soil degradation, upscaling and prediction, but also to judge the response of soils to environmental changes.  相似文献   

17.
    
Abstract. This paper reviews current understanding of soil structure, the role of soil organic matter (SOM) in soil structure and evidence for or against better soil physical condition under organic farming. It also includes new data from farm case studies in the UK. Young SOM is especially important for soil structural development, improving ephemeral stability through fungal hyphae, extracellular polysaccharides, etc. Thus, to achieve aggregate stability and the advantages that this conveys, frequent input of fresh organic matter is required. Practices that add organic material are routinely a feature of organically farmed soils and the literature generally shows that, comparing like with like, organic farms had at least as good and sometimes better soil structure than conventionally managed farms. Our case studies confirmed this. In the reviewed papers, SOM was generally larger on the biodynamic/organic farms because of the organic additions and/or leys in the rotation. We can therefore hypothesize that, because it is especially the light fraction of SOM that is involved in soil structural development, soil structure will improve in a soil to which fresh organic residues are added regularly. Thus, we argue it is not the farming system per se that is important in promoting better physical condition, but the amount and quality of organic matter returned to a soil.  相似文献   

18.
Estimation of spatio‐temporal change of soil is needed for various purposes. Commonly used methods for the estimation have some shortcomings. To estimate spatio‐temporal change of soil organic matter (SOM) in Jiangsu province, China, this study explored benefits of digital soil maps (DSM) by handling mapping uncertainty using stochastic simulation. First, SOM maps on different dates, the 1980s and 2006–2007, were constructed using robust geostatistical methods. Then, sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) was used to generate 500 realizations of SOM in the area for the two dates. Finally, E‐type (i.e. conditional mean) temporal change of SOM and its associated uncertainty, probability and confidence interval were computed. Results showed that SOM increased in 70% of Jiangsu province and decreased in the remaining 30% during the past decades. As a whole, SOM increased by 0.22% on average. Spatial variance of SOM diminished, but the major spatial pattern was retained. The maps of probability and confidence intervals for SOM change gave more detailed information and credibility about this change. Comparatively, variance of spatio‐temporal change of SOM derived using SGS was much smaller than sum of separate kriging variances for the two dates, because of lower mapping variances derived using SGS. This suggests an advantage of the method based on digital soil maps with uncertainty dealt with using SGS for deriving spatio‐temporal change in soil.  相似文献   

19.
    
Over the last two decades, soil cultivation practices in the southern Argentinean Pampas have been changing from a 7 year cash-crop production system alternated with 2–3 years under pasture, to a continuous cropping system. A better understanding of the impact of the period of time a field has been under continuous cropping on a broad spectrum of soil properties related to soil quality is needed to target for sustainable cropping systems. The objectives of this study were to: (i) assess the relationship between physical and chemical soil parameters related to soil quality and (ii) identify soil quality indicators sensitive to soil changes under continuous cropping systems in the Argentinean Pampas.

Correlation analysis of the 29 soil attributes representing soil physical and chemical properties (independent variables) and years of continuous cropping (dependent variable) resulted in a significant correlation (p < 0.05) in 78 of the 420 soil attribute pairs. We detected a clear relationship between hydraulic conductivity at tension h (Kh) and structural porosity (ρe); ρe being a simple tool for monitoring soil hydraulic conditions.

Soil tillage practice (till or no-till) affected most of the soil parameters measured in our study. It was not possible to find only one indicator related to the years under continuous cropping regardless of the cultivation practice. We observed a significant relationship between years under continuous cropping and Kh under no-till (NT) and wheat fallow (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.70). Under these conditions, K−40 diminished as the number of years under continuous cropping increased.

The change in mean weight diameter (CMWD) was the only physical parameter related to the number of years under continuous cropping, explaining 36% of the variability in the number of years under continuous cropping (p < 0.001) The combination of three soil quality indicators (CMWD, partial R2 = 0.38; slope of the soil water retention curve at its inflexion point (S), partial R2 = 0.14 and cation exchange capacity (CEC), partial R2 = 0.13) was able to explain, in part, the years under continuous cropping (R2 = 0.65; p value > 0.001), a measure related to soil quality.  相似文献   


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