甘肃省马铃薯粉痂病品种抗病性及防治药剂筛选

由马铃薯粉痂病菌Spongospora subterranea引起的粉痂病已成为甘肃省马铃薯生产上的重要病害之一,发生面积及危害程度均呈逐年增加的趋势,严重威胁马铃薯产业的健康可持续发展。研究马铃薯不同品种对粉痂菌的抗性并筛选高效防治药剂,是控制该病扩散蔓延最为直接和有效的手段,对马铃薯粉痂病的综合治理具有重要意义。本试验对甘肃省马铃薯主栽品种对粉痂病抗病性及田间防治药剂开展了系统研究,抗病性测定结果表明：22个品种块茎上均可感染粉痂病,发病率为25.00%～100.00%,病情指数为6.67～68.33,平均病情指数为29.45。从发病率和病情指数综合评价,‘冀张薯12号’对粉痂病有较好的抗性。田间药剂筛选试验结果表明：10亿cfu/g多黏类芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂100倍液和0.3%四霉素水剂50倍液播前种薯浸种处理均对马铃薯粉痂病有较好的防治效果,防效分别为60.50%和60.22%,显著高于其他处理;0.3%四霉素水剂30倍液和10亿cfu/g多黏类芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂45倍液于马铃薯花期时进行灌根处理,对粉痂病的防效分别为56.00%和52.87%,显著高于其他处理。因此,甘肃省马铃...     

云南马铃薯粉痂病发生情况初步研究

马铃薯粉痂病由Spongospora subterranea f.sp.subterranea引起,是典型的土传病害,主要危害块茎和根部。2004年调查了昭通市和会泽县7个乡镇,8个马铃薯品种的粉痂病发生情况。在调查的品种中,会-2发病最轻,平均发病率27%。会泽县马铃薯粉痂病平均发病率59%,昭通市马铃薯粉痂病平均发病率35%。分析土壤中氮、磷、钾、有机质含量及pH与发病率的关系。PB06发病率与土壤中氮、有机质呈正相关,与磷、钾、pH呈负相关,其中与钾含量相关系数为0.693。会-2发病率与土壤pH、钾含量呈负相关,相关系数分别为0.384、0.858,其中与钾含量相关性显著;与磷、有机质含量呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.727、0.323;与氮含量呈正相关,相关系数为0.993,相关性显著。     

大同市玉米茎基腐病发生情况及规律调查

为明确玉米茎基腐病的发生情况及规律,2016—2019年对山西省大同市5个县(区)玉米种植区开展相关调查。结果表明,不同玉米品种中,诚信16和龙生19发病率和病情指数显著低于其他品种;不同县(区)立地条件与玉米茎基腐病发生密切相关。调查3县(区)低洼地发病率和病指均显著高于其他2种立地条件,旱坡地最低;不同栽培模式下,轮作1年玉米茎基腐病平均发病率和病情指数最低,分别为13.6%、10.35,连作4年时茎基腐病的平均发病率达到33.50%,病指为30.54,显著高于其他栽培模式;不同生育期玉米茎基腐病发病情况存在显著差异,尤其是成熟期发病率最高,发病率为38.70%,病情指数达40.40,显著高于其他生育期。     

马铃薯粉痂病综合防治技术初探

近年来,粉痂病已成为云南省马铃薯生产上的重要病害之一,但目前还没有有效防治粉痂病的药剂和措施。本试验于2005年对云南省马铃薯粉痂病的综合防治技术进行了大田试验和温室盆栽试验。结果表明:在大田试验和温室盆栽试验中,品种会-2对马铃薯粉痂病均表现较高的抗性,在播种穴中施用适量的豆饼进行处理均能较好地防止粉痂病的发生,其他处理的防治效果则不明显。     

云南省会泽县马铃薯粉痂病发生情况调查分析初报

马铃薯粉痂病[Spongospora subterranea (Wallr.) Lagerh.]是近年在会泽县新发生的病害,在高温、多雨、品种感病的情况下发病严重,不但影响马铃薯的产量,更重要的是影响马铃薯的商品性和病原菌传播。为此,本县植保站根据本县马铃薯的种植区域和品种布局,开展了不同品种、不同土壤及不同海拔种植区马铃薯粉痂病发病程度调查,旨在为当地马铃薯粉痂病的研究和防治提供依据。     

云南马铃薯粉痂病病原研究

马铃薯粉痂菌(Spongospora subterranea f.sp.subterranea)是引起马铃薯粉痂病的病原。本试验对云南省马铃薯产区的马铃薯粉痂菌进行了研究,通过光学和扫描电子显微镜对病原菌进行了描述。光学显微镜观察到了典型的海绵状蜂窝结构;扫描电子显微镜观察到的休眠孢子囊结构与国外观察的一致,证明了马铃薯粉痂菌在云南省马铃薯主产区的存在。     

西兰花轮作及其残体还田对土壤中病原菌微菌核数量、黄萎病发生及马铃薯产量的影响

为明确西兰花轮作及其残体还田对土壤中病原菌大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae微菌核数量、马铃薯黄萎病发生以及马铃薯产量的影响,分别于2017-2018年和2018-2019年在内蒙古自治区乌兰察布市凉城县岱海镇元山子农场人工病圃和锡林郭勒盟正蓝旗上都镇菜园村自然病圃开展田间试验,利用NP-10培养基测定不同处理土壤中的大丽轮枝菌微菌核数量,并对马铃薯地上叶片和地下块茎上黄萎病的发病率、病情指数以及马铃薯总产量和商品薯产量进行调查。结果显示,以马铃薯连作方式为对照,西兰花轮作及其残体还田后土壤中大丽轮枝菌微菌核的数量明显减少,其中在人工病圃于7、8和9月调查时分别降低了8.46%、36.41%和36.27%,在自然病圃于7、8和9月调查时则分别降低了7.22%、38.06%和48.84%;马铃薯地上叶片和地下块茎上黄萎病的发病率和病情指数均显著降低,在人工病圃对黄萎病的防效为32.91%和54.82%,在自然病圃对黄萎病的防效为46.72%和34.78%;马铃薯总产量和商品薯产量均有所提高,在人工病圃分别增产27.74%和40.08%,在自然病圃分别增产7.12%和8.77%。表明西兰花作为理想的轮作作物可应用于马铃薯黄萎病的有效防控。     

中国苹果枝干轮纹病发生和防治情况

2008年5～6月,对我国山东等7个苹果主产省市的88个果园苹果枝干轮纹病发生和防治情况进行了调查。结果显示,苹果枝干轮纹病的总体发病率达77.6%。随着树龄的增大,枝干轮纹病危害加重,发病率和病情指数均提高。4～10年生果树发病率为56.7%,病情指数为37.0;11～17年树龄的果树发病率为78.7%,病情指数为53.8;18～24年树龄的果树发病率为91.5%,病情指数为70.8;25年以上树龄的果树发病率为100.0%,病情指数为95.3。不同省份之间苹果枝干轮纹病的发生程度存在一定差异：该病在山东、河南和北京的危害相对较重,而在山西和陕西的危害相对较轻;几个主栽品种之间无明显差异。在枝干轮纹病的化学防治中,石硫合剂是最常用的药剂,其次是多菌灵。已被禁用于无公害果园生产中的福美胂仍然在不少果园中使用。     

稻褐鞘病空间分布型及抽样技术研究

水稻褐鞘病是南方稻区普遍发生的一种病害,一般发病率为10～16%,感病品种的发病率高达90%以上,为了对该病的发生规律和调查分析方法提供理论依据,我们于1990年10月水稻黄熟期、当病情稳定后,在上高县李家村对该病的空间分布型进行了测定.     

内蒙古自治区主栽马铃薯品种对黄萎病的抗性鉴定

为明确内蒙古自治区主栽马铃薯品种对黄萎病的抗性情况,于2016年分别在内蒙古自治区乌兰察布市凉城县、锡林郭勒盟正蓝旗、锡林郭勒盟多伦县3个试验田对16个马铃薯品种抗性进行鉴定。试验采用室内与田间鉴定相结合,通过调查地上部植株和地下部块茎的发病程度评价马铃薯品种的抗性。室内抗性鉴定结果显示,在所测定的16个马铃薯品种中,抗病品种有3个(10≤病情指数20),占总品种的18.75%;中抗品种有8个(20≤病情指数35),占总品种的50.00%;感病品种有5个(病情指数≥35),占总品种的31.25%,未发现免疫和高抗品种。田间人工病圃和自然病圃抗性鉴定结果显示,部分品种在不同地区的抗性表现不稳定,其中合作88在不同地区的抗性水平较强,适合在黄萎病流行地区种植,从而达到防病增产的目的。     

Effect of soil inoculum level and environmental factors on potato powdery scab caused by Spongospora subterranea

The effects of soil inoculum level and three environmental factors (soil type, soil moisture regime and temperature) on the incidence and severity of powdery scab caused by Spongospora subterranea were investigated in potato plants grown under controlled environmental conditions. Symptoms of powdery scab on tubers were assessed visually, after which DNA was extracted from tuber peelings and quantified in a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay using primers and a TaqMan® probe specific to S. subterranea to establish tuber infection levels. Soil inoculum concentration of S. subterranea did not significantly affect the incidence and severity of either tuber infection or powdery scab symptoms at maturity. No significant differences in disease incidence and severity were found between sandy, loamy and clay soils, although the two lighter soils yielded more powdery scab than clay soil. Constant dampness of the soil resulted in significantly more disease than a fluctuating moisture regime. Infection and disease levels were high at all three temperatures tested (9, 12 and 17°C), but symptoms were most severe at 12°C. The percentage of plants with infected tubers did not increase after tuber initiation, although the amount of S. subterranea DNA detected in tubers and the severity of powdery scab symptoms increased in mature plants. Latent tuber infections were found to be common, especially under conditions suboptimal for disease development. This new information may be important for the prevention of powdery scab in potato-growing areas around the world.     

Somaclonal selection in potato for resistance to common scab provides concurrent resistance to powdery scab

Variant somaclones of potato cultivar Russet Burbank, selected for resistance to common scab using in vitro cell selection techniques, were tested for resistance to powdery scab, another important disease of potato caused by Spongospora subterranea. This pathogen also invades roots, producing root galls. Most variants consistently showed increased resistance to powdery scab, both in field and glasshouse challenge, when compared to the parental cultivar, several significantly so. On average, the best variant reduced powdery scab incidence by 51% and severity (tuber surface coverage) by 64%. In contrast, no improvement in the extent of root infection and root galling was seen. These results suggest host interactions during root and tuber infection are distinct. Correlation analyses of disease indices amongst the selected variants showed no association between Sp. subterranea root infection and gall scores, nor between root infection and tuber disease severity. However, a weak positive association was found between root gall score and tuber disease, and a strong correlation between tuber disease incidence and severity scores. Interestingly, positive correlations were also found between the extent of powdery and common scab resistance expressed and both incidence and severity of these diseases within the variants, suggesting a common defence mechanism. The role of thaxtomin A in selecting for concurrent resistance to both diseases is discussed.     

我国小麦产区间病害发生与损失差异比较研究

为系统全面地掌握我国各产区小麦病害的发生情况,本文重点分析了我国小麦五大产区(华东麦区、华中麦区、华北麦区、西北麦区和西南麦区)小麦锈病、赤霉病、白粉病、纹枯病、黑穗病、根腐病和全蚀病的发生及防控情况。结果表明：我国小麦病害发生危害具有区域性特点,华东和华中麦区小麦纹枯病和赤霉病发病面积较大,且造成产量损失占比远超其余三大产区;华北麦区以白粉病发生最重;西北和西南麦区锈病和白粉病发生最重。我国小麦病害防治效果显著,华东和华中麦区赤霉病、纹枯病的年均挽回损失率均在80%以上;华北麦区年均挽回损失率最高的病害是白粉病(84.43%);西北和西南麦区对锈病年均挽回损失率分别为78.20%和85.26%;黑穗病、根腐病和全蚀病挽回损失率较低。     

Root infection of potato by Spongospora subterranea: knowledge review and evidence for decreased plant productivity

Information is reviewed on root infection of potato by the plasmodiophorid Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea. This pathogen has long been recognized as the cause of root galls (hyperplasia) and the economically important disease powdery scab on tubers (modified stolons). The significance for plant productivity of the zoosporangium stages of the pathogen in potato roots has only recently begun to be documented. Two experiments are described that assessed effects of S. subterranea root infection on potato plant root function and productivity. A greenhouse experiment measured root function and plant parameters for eight potato cultivars with markedly different susceptibilities to tuber powdery scab. Water uptake and plant growth were reduced by S. subterranea inoculation in all eight cultivars. The magnitudes of these negative effects, and intensities of root hyperplasia, differed among the cultivars, but were not related to respective susceptibilities to tuber powdery scab. A field trial assessed root function and plant productivity for a cultivar (Iwa) that is very susceptible to Spongospora tuber and root diseases. Soil water content beneath uninoculated plants was consistently less than for inoculated plants, indicating that inoculation reduced water uptake (root function). Inoculation reduced shoot and root dry weights, and reduced weight of tubers per plant by 42%. Spongospora subterranea causes three diseases of potato: root membrane dysfunction, root hyperplasia and tuber powdery scab. The root diseases caused by the pathogen are likely to be important both for powdery scab management and for deleterious effects on potato crop yields.     

Relationship between Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea soil inoculum level,host resistance and powdery scab on potato tubers in the field

The relationship between initial soil inoculum level of Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea (Sss) and the incidence and severity of powdery scab on potato tubers at harvest was investigated. In all experiments soil inoculum level of Sss (sporeballs/g soil) was measured using a quantitative real‐time PCR assay. Of 113 commercial potato fields across the UK, soil inoculum was detected in 75%, ranging from 0 to 148 Sss sporeballs/g soil. When arbitrary soil inoculum threshold values of 0, <10 and >10 sporeballs/g soil were set, it was observed that the number of progeny crops developing powdery scab increased with the level of inoculum quantified in the field soil preplanting. In four field trials carried out to investigate the link between the amount of inoculum added to the soil and disease development, disease incidence and severity on progeny tubers was found to be significantly (P < 0·01) greater in plots with increasing levels of inoculum incorporated. There was a cultivar effect in all years, with disease incidence and severity scores being significantly greater in cvs Agria and Estima than in Nicola (P < 0·01).     

Prevalence and distribution of Potato mop‐top virus in Scotland

This study was undertaken to determine the current occurrence in Scottish seed potato crops of Potato mop‐top virus (PMTV), which is transmitted by Spongospora subterranea and causes spraing (brown arcs and lines) in the flesh of potato tubers, rendering them unsaleable. In 2004, a stratified survey of four commonly grown cultivars was conducted, while in 2007 and 2008, only samples from powdery scab‐affected crops were collected. The incidence of crops in which infection by PMTV was present was 37·5% in the stratified survey in 2004, but was greater in surveys in which tubers with powdery scab were tested (47·2% in 2007 and 44·6% in 2008). Similarly, the frequency of crops with incidences of more than 10% tuber infection was lower (9·4%) in 2004 than in 2007 (25·4%) and in 2008 (26·2%). Significant differences in crop infection were found amongst the four major seed‐producing regions and the counties within these regions. The incidence of crop and tuber infection was least for class Pre‐basic seed potatoes and greatest for class Super Elite 3 and Elite seed potatoes. The results indicate that the prevalence of PMTV has not increased since surveys in the early 1970s.     

Effect of temperature on the transmission of Potato mop-top virus from seed tuber and by its vector, Spongospora subterranea

Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) causes disease in both the growing plant and tubers (spraing) of potato and is transmitted by the plasmodiophorid Spongospora subterranea , the cause of powdery scab. The effect of temperature during plant growth on the transmission of PMTV from infected seed tubers and from infested growing media was investigated in a series of glasshouse experiments. Symptoms developed on foliage of plants derived from infected seed tubers but none developed when PMTV was transmitted by S. subterranea in soil. The incidence of foliar symptoms was greatest on plants grown at 12°C, less at 16°C, few at 20°C and absent at 24°C. The transmission of PMTV from infected seed tubers was not significantly affected by temperatures between 12 and 24°C, but when the virus was transmitted by S. subterranea , minimal tuber infection occurred at 24°C and no differences were recorded at temperatures between 12 and 20°C. The incidence of powdery scab on tubers was greatest at 12 and 16°C and very low at 20 and 24°C. However, the incidence and severity of root galling caused by S. subterranea , was greatest at 20 and very low at 24°C. The incidence of powdery scab was greater on tubers of plants derived from infected seed tubers grown in a fluctuating temperature regime of 12 h at 20°C followed by 24 h at 12°C than on those grown at a constant 20°C, whereas the incidence of tuber infection by PMTV and spraing was similar for both regimes. This demonstrates that infection of roots can occur at a higher temperature than that for powdery scab on tubers and that this root infection can enable the transmission of PMTV into the potato plant.     

云南省3个海拔区域滇牡丹主要叶部病害发生动态分析

为了解云南省滇牡丹叶部病害的发生动态, 本研究开展了3个海拔区域滇牡丹主要叶部病害周年调查及病原真菌初步鉴定, 并探讨海拔高度、温度和降雨量对滇牡丹病害发生的影响。结果表明, 3个海拔区域滇牡丹主要叶部病害为黑斑病、红斑病和炭疽病, 病原菌分别为链格孢属Alternaria、枝孢属Cladosporium和刺盘孢属Colletotrichum的真菌。其中黑斑病和炭疽病在稗子乡(2 000 m)发病较重, 其次是梁王山(2 400 m)和香格里拉(3 400 m), 发病率和病情指数呈现随海拔升高逐渐下降的趋势。此外, 稗子乡的病害发生动态与月平均温度、降雨量的变化规律基本趋于一致, 且3种病害的发病程度与月平均温度、降雨量显著相关。综上所述, 低海拔且温湿度较大的区域滇牡丹叶部病害发生较重, 本研究为滇牡丹病害防治提供了参考依据。     

甘肃平凉苹果病虫害调查初报

采用大面积普查的方法对甘肃省平凉市苹果病虫害的发生种类?发生程度?分布特点?危害程度等进行了系统调查?调查发现全市苹果病虫害至少54种, 其中害虫37种, 病害17种, 优势病虫害9种?苹果树腐烂病?斑点落叶病?花叶病毒病和金纹细蛾是普遍发生的优势病虫害, 以苹果树腐烂病和斑点落叶病发生最重, 前者病株率为19.72%~30.54%, 后者病园率?病叶率和病情指数分别达到95.83%~100.00%?11.11%~95.56%和2.22~34.56; 苹果黑星病?褐斑病?锈病?白粉病和绣线菊蚜是局部发生的优势病虫害, 其中苹果黑星病仅分布于静宁?庄浪和灵台县, 且呈严重发生和迅速扩散态势, 病园率?病叶率?病情指数分别达到66.67%~100.00%?7.26%~35.71%和1.74~10.78, 苹果褐斑病在崆峒?崇信?泾川县(区)重或较重发生, 苹果锈病在泾川?庄浪县较重发生, 苹果白粉病在崇信县中度发生, 苹果绣线菊蚜除在个别果园发生较重外, 整体呈轻度以下发生?由病害引起的苹果叶片提早脱落现象在六盘山以东普遍和严重发生, 落叶率达到11.89%~58.67%, 是影响苹果产量和质量的关键因素之一?