不同土地利用方式对黑土有机无机复合体的影响

采用超声波分散、颗粒大小分组法研究不同土地利用方式下黑土有机无机复合体组成及有机碳的分布特征。不同土地利用方式下黑土均以细砂级复合体为主,有机碳含量随粒径增加而减少,C/N比随粒径增加而增加。NP和NPM处理比NF处理土壤<20μm粒级复合体含量减少,>20μm复合体含量增加;草地与裸地相比<20μm粒级复合体含量减少,>20μm复合体含量增加。土地利用方式不同,土壤固碳的机制是不同的,草地生态系统的土壤固碳潜力高于农田土壤。施肥和有机质的输入使土壤各粒级复合体中的有机碳含量增加;使>20μm粒级复合体固持的SOC量比例增加,表明在土壤有机质含量增加的情况下,有机质有向大粒级复合体的积累增加。     

巫山县坡改梯地区不同土地利用方式下土壤质量研究

为了探讨坡改梯地区不同土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响，在巫山县选择了5种不同的土地利用方式，依次为经济作物、粮食作物、豆科植物、经果林和撂荒地等，用因子分析法对其土壤质量进行定量研究。试验结果表明，各土地利用方式土壤质量综合指数从大到小排序为撂荒地（0．609）＞粮食作物（0．519）＞经济作物（0．479）＞经果林（0.248）＞豆科植物（0．063）。其中，撂荒地土壤质量综合指数最高，印证了撂荒地可以在一定程度上恢复地力、培肥土壤；经济作物和粮食作物种类丰富，两者土壤质量综合指数较接近；经果林和豆科植物土壤质量综合指数相对较低，这是因为经果林能产生一种抑制有机质生成的物质，而豆科植物能产生高氮的土壤条件，促使作物从土壤中吸收更多的磷，使土壤质量降低。     

岷江流域不同土地利用方式下紫色土壤活性有机碳分布特征及其影响因子

作为土壤质量的重要指标,土壤活性有机碳（SLOC）在土壤许多物理、化学和生物特性中发挥着重要作用。通过对不同土地利用方式土壤进行采样和分析,系统地研究和比较了四川省岷江流域不同土地利用方式（次生林、人工林、灌草丛和坡耕地）SLOC分布特征及其影响因子。结果表明:岷江流域不同土地利用方式土壤机械组成不尽一致,土壤总孔隙度与土壤容重变化趋势相反。不同土地利用方式对土壤养分具有较大影响,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾均呈现出一致性规律,大致表现为次生林和灌草丛高于人工林和坡耕地,而不同土地利用方式土壤全磷差异并不显著（p > 0.05）。不同土地利用方式SLOC均呈现出一致性规律,大致表现为次生林和灌草丛高于人工林和坡耕地。不同土地利用方式SLOC垂直方向随土层深度的增加表现出递增趋势,并且降低幅度逐渐减小,坡耕地、灌草丛、次生林和人工林SLOC从表层至底层逐渐递减,呈“T”形分布,“表聚性”较为明显。人工林、灌草丛和坡耕地在10—20 cm SLOC/SOC比例最高,而次生林0—10 cm SLOC/SOC比例最高,不同土地利用方式SLOC/SOC比例均在30—40 cm最低。相关性分析表明,不同土地利用方式SLOC与SOC和全氮均呈极显著正相关性（p < 0.01）,与土壤容重均呈负相关。表明SLOC受土壤养分和机械组成影响较大,其中SOC和全氮是不同土地利用方式SLOC变化的重要影响因素。SLOC与土壤有机碳之间呈极显著正相关关系（R²=0.9961）,说明SLOC能够作为研究不同土地利用方式SOC动态变化的一个敏感性指标而提前反映土壤碳库的动态变化,其含量在很大程度上依赖于所处生境下SOC含量。     

新疆精河流域不同土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响

通过精河流域不同土地利用类型和农田耕作措施对土壤质量的影响研究发现:①土壤盐渍化程度呈梯度变化,即从洪积扇下部经冲积平原至沙漠,依次出现中盐渍土-强盐渍土-盐土-非盐渍土类型。②天然绿洲的土壤有机质、速效钾、有效磷和碱解氮平均含量最高。荒漠土壤的养分含量很低,但养分含量与盐渍化成正相关,因此利用盐生植物资源增加盐成土荒漠的植被盖度,也是改良盐碱土的良好途径。③人工绿洲土壤有机质和速效钾的含量水平相对较低,主要是只重视施用化肥,却忽视诸如有机肥与化肥结合使用等利于有机质和钾肥积累的耕作措施。④人工绿洲各养分要素的变异系数最低,这是由于近年来精河流域以棉花作为主要的农作物种植,化肥的施用水平较为一致。⑤土壤水溶性盐分（全盐量）随耕作年限的增长表现出先降低又升高的趋势;土壤养分含量的指标变化趋势也基本相似,即先增加而后开始下降,其中有机质含量变化较为明显。主要与多年来棉花长期连作、不合理的灌溉及农田重用轻养等有关。     

土默川平原盐渍化土地不同利用方式的土壤质量评价

为评价盐渍化土地经不同利用方式后对土壤质量的影响,以土默川平原盐渍化土壤为研究对象,针对区域内的5种土地利用方式(盐荒地、改良地、牧草地、农田地、林地),采用主成分分析法从32项土壤物理、化学、生物学指标中选取关键指标,计算土壤质量综合指数以评价土壤质量,为该地区建立可持续的土地利用模式和区域生态恢复提供理论依据。结果表明:不同土地利用方式下的土壤物理、化学、生物性状存在一定差异。总体来看,林地、牧草地、农田地和改良地均能有效降低土壤盐渍化程度,改善土壤物理性状,增加土壤养分和微生物数量;表征土默川平原土壤质量的关键指标包括2～5 mm团聚体的有机碳、全盐量、饱和含水量、细菌、铵态氮和氯离子,其权重分别为0.35、0.23、0.17、0.10、0.08和0.06;4个土壤质量指数的结果表明,农田地、林地和牧草地的土壤质量指数均高于盐荒地、改良地。     

九曲溪生态保护区不同土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响

对九曲溪生态保护区5种典型的土地利用方式(次生林、人工林、经济林、茶园、稻田)0—20 cm表层土壤性状进行分析,并选取与土壤肥力质量关系密切的土壤容重、pH值、有机碳、全氮、全磷、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾作为土壤质量评价指标,运用土壤质量综合指数评价不同土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响,结果表明:5种土地利用方式各评价指标均表现出差异显著(P<0.05);与次生林相比,其他土地利用方式的土壤容重增加,土壤孔隙状况、持水性能及大部分土壤养分呈下降的趋势,人为施肥使茶园土壤有效磷含量明显高于其他土地利用方式;5种土地利用方式按土壤质量综合指数排序为次生林(4.046)>竹林经济林(2.944)>稻田(2.632)>马尾松人工林(2.478)>茶园(0.569)。因此,在水热条件较好的南方地区,采取封山育林和种植阔叶林的植被恢复措施更有利于提高土壤质量。     

宁夏黄土区不同植物群落土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响

本文研究了宁夏南部山区典型植物群落土地不同利用方式下土壤质量的变化。结果表明:（1）典型长芒草群落土地,开垦地比封禁地土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾养分含量明显降低,降低幅度分别为19.5%、20.1%、17.6%、13.0%、77.8% 和47.5%。脲酶活性为开垦地封禁地,蔗糖酶则表现为封禁地开垦地,中性磷酸酶差异不明显。（2）铁杆蒿群落土地三种利用方式下:放牧地土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效钾等养分含量较封禁地与开垦地有一定幅度的增加;放牧地的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和中性磷酸酶活性均高于封禁和开垦的同土层土壤,封禁地的脲酶和蔗糖酶次之,开垦地的脲酶和蔗糖酶活性最小,开垦地的中性磷酸酶活性高于封禁地。脲酶活性在土层之间变化较小,最高为放牧地表层177.6 mg/(kg.h),最低为开垦地表下层114.5 mg/(kg#8226;h),蔗糖酶活性层次之间变化明显,其中放牧地表层为表下层的3倍左右。长芒草群落土壤表层各级微团聚体表现为封禁地远大于开垦地,铁杆蒿群落土地不同利用方式下各级微团聚体表现不同,结构系数表现为表层表下层,保持率则为表层表下层。结构系数与保持率均表现为封禁地放牧地开垦地。（3）在轻度放牧条件下,土壤养分状况、酶活性有所提高,但土壤微团聚体中的结构系数与保持率则明显降低。     

宁南山区不同土地利用方式土壤质量评价

运用层次分析法对研究区域的土壤进行了较为全面、较为科学的评价依据隶属函数确定了各评价指标的隶属度,实现了原始数据的归一化处理;同时也利用主成分分析法确立了各评价因子的权重分配问题.通过对研究区域土壤质量的评价,充分表明了土地利用方式不同对于土壤的改良效果存在明显差别灌木林地>天然草地>农地>人工草地>果园.     

伊金霍洛旗不同土地利用方式下的土壤养分特征

为分析内蒙古鄂尔多斯市伊金霍洛旗在4类土地利用方式(灌木林地、采矿用地、天然牧草地和农地)下,土壤养分质量分数的差异性,运用野外采样和室内化验、分析相结合的方法,测定4种土地类型在0～30 cm土层的土壤有机质和全量氮磷钾质量分数及pH值.结果表明:1)4类土地在0～ 30 cm土层的土壤有机质和全氮质量分数存在显著差异,土壤全磷量和全钾量差异不显著(P＜0.05),土壤有机质质量分数依次为农地＞天然牧草地＞灌木林地＞采矿用地,土壤全量氮磷钾最大值分别为天然牧草地、天然牧草地和灌木林地,最小值分别为采矿用地、灌木林地和天然牧草地;2)在垂直剖面上,采矿用地和天然牧草地的有机质质量分数随着土层深度的增加逐渐减小,农地和灌木林地的有机质质量分数最大值出现在20～30 cm深度的土层,4类土地的土壤全氮量和全磷量均有随土层深度的增加而下降的趋势,全钾量随土层深度的变化不明显.4类土地的土壤全氮和全钾质量分数整体而言较为理想,全磷和有机质质量分数欠缺.农地全磷质量分数基本能满足主要作物的生长需求,有机质和全氮质量分数不能满足主要作物的生长需求.本研究可为内蒙古中部工矿开采区土地合理利用以及退化的生态环境恢复等提供科学依据.     

不同土地利用方式下土壤动物对凋落物的分解作用及影响因素

土壤动物通过掘穴、取食等活动对凋落物分解起着重要作用。除凋落物本身质量外,气候因子是影响土壤动物对凋落物分解的重要外界因素。然而,目前尚不清楚不同土地利用方式下土壤动物在凋落物分解中的贡献大小是否具有差异,以及气候因子对这一过程的调控作用是否相同。本文运用Meta分析方法,量化土壤动物群对凋落物分解率的影响大小,提取了中国地理范围内56篇文献的308条研究（检索论文发表时间截至2021年5月31日）,研究气候因子调控不同土地利用方式下土壤动物对凋落物分解速率的影响。结果表明,土壤动物平均增加了8.10%凋落物的分解。在林地、草地和耕地等不同土地利用方式间,土壤动物对凋落物分解的促进作用均达显著水平（P <0.01）,其中在耕地的促进作用最强（12.36%）。土壤动物对凋落物分解的效应值与温度、降水量、海拔、凋落物袋尺寸、试验时长等因素相关。在林地,土壤动物的效应值随低温月（1月）、高温月（7月）平均温度及年均温的增加显著增加（P <0.01）;在草地,土壤动物效应值与低温月、高温月平均温度及年均温的相关关系均不显著（P> 0.05）,但却表现出随低温月、高温月平均温度...     

Size spectra of soil nematode assemblages under different land use types

Although the slopes of size spectra (plots of abundance on organism size) have been widely used to assess aquatic and terrestrial communities, size spectra have not been used to assess soil nematode communities. Two forms of size spectra (one based on the average biomass of nematode genera and another based on the average biomass of nematode size classes were used to assess the soil nematode communities in managed forage land and cropland, and in naturally developed grass-shrubland and secondary forests in a karst peak-cluster depression area. R² values were larger for size spectra based on nematode size classes than on genera. The slopes of the size spectra for total nematodes were more negative in forage land and cropland than in grass-shrubland and secondary forests, which was consistent with disturbance of the soil nematode community by agricultural management. The results suggest that size spectra analysis is applicable to soil nematodes; they can reveal different land use types and may reveal the degree to which the soil nematodes in particular and the soil community in general have been disturbed. Size spectra may be more useful if based on nematode size classes rather than on genera.     

黄河三角洲盐碱地不同利用方式土壤理化性质

为了缓解土壤盐碱性,保证土壤可持续利用,研究了黄河三角洲典型土地利用类型撂荒地、棉田、苜蓿地和梨园土壤理化性质.结果表明:棉田土壤容重较高,而孔隙度和毛管孔隙度低,由于棉田灌水压盐措施,抬高了地下水位,土壤返盐严重.苜蓿地由于管理粗放,对土壤扰动少,容重较低,孔隙度和毛管孔隙度较高,盐碱度较低;每年对苜蓿的采收显著降低了苜蓿地土壤有机质和养分含量,而豆科固氮菌的存在,使表层速效氮含量较高.梨园位于黄河三角洲土壤质地较好的区域,且有机肥料施用一定程度上缓解了土壤板结,盐碱度较低.撂荒地表层土壤理化指标均显著优于棉田,在退化土壤恢复中具有较好的效果.     

Vertical distribution of soil nematodes under different land use types in an aquic brown soil

A field investigation was conducted at the Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology to study the vertical distribution of nematode communities down to a depth of 150 cm under four land use types (paddy field, maize field, fallow field and woodland) in an aquic brown soil of Northeast China. The results showed that the numbers of total nematodes and trophic groups exhibited a gradual decrease trend with depth under different land use types. The numbers of total nematodes, bacterivores, fungivores, and plant parasites were positively correlated with the contents of TOC, total N, and alkali N in the four land use types. The majority of nematodes were present in the 0–30 cm soil layers. No significant effects were found on the number of total nematodes at all depths among the maize field, fallow field and woodland. Bacterivores were found to be the most abundant group in the paddy field, while plant parasites were observed to be the most abundant group in the maize field, fallow field and woodland. The number of fungivores at the depths of 0–5 and 5–10 cm was higher in the maize field than in the other land use types. Omnivores-predators were found in relatively low numbers under each land use type, with a higher presence in the fallow field and woodland at the depths of 0–5, 5–10, 10–20 cm compared with the paddy and maize fields. 54 genera were observed throughout the four land use types in our study. The woodland treatment supporting greater basal resource inputs tended to result in a higher diversity of nematodes. The number of genera reached a maximum at the depth of 5–10 cm under each land use type. The faunal profiles showed that soil food webs in the fallow field and woodland were structured, and those in the paddy and maize fields were stressed. The faunal analysis provided a useful tool for diagnostic interpretation of the condition of upper soil layers.     

不同土地利用方式土壤对铜、镉离子的吸附解吸特征

采用一次平衡法对Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺在城市及城郊农田、林地、草地3种土地利用方式土壤中的吸附解吸过程进行比较研究, 结果表明: Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺在3种土地利用方式土壤中的吸附量均随平衡液浓度的增加而增大, Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺在农田土壤上的吸附量均高于林地和草地土壤。分别用Langmuir和Freunlich两种等温吸附方程对吸附过程进行拟合, 3种土壤对Cu²⁺的吸附过程运用Langmuir方程拟合效果好, 而对Cd²⁺的吸附过程运用Freunlich方程拟合效果更好。Cu²⁺在3种土壤的解吸量大小顺序为农田>林地>草地, Cd²⁺在3种土壤的解吸量大小顺序为农田>草地>林地。两种离子在3种土壤中的动态吸附是个快速反应的过程, 随时间延长, 吸附反应趋于平衡。运用双常数函数方程和Elovich方程能较好地拟合重金属在土壤上的吸附动力学过程。Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺的吸附与土壤黏粒含量、有机质含量、CEC和pH均有关。     

Soil particulate organic carbon under different land use and management

Abstract. Changes in particulate organic carbon (POC) relative to total organic carbon (TOC) were measured in soils from five agronomic trial sites in New South Wales, Australia. These sites covered a wide range of different land use and management practices. POC made up 42–74% of TOC and tended to be greater under pasture and more conservative management than traditional cropping regimes. It was the form of organic carbon preferentially lost when soils under long-term pasture were brought under cultivation. It was also the dominant form of organic carbon accumulating under more conservative management practices (direct drilling, stubble retained and organic farming). Across all sites, changes in POC accounted for 81.2% (range 69–94%) of the changes in total organic carbon caused by differences in land use and management. Significant differences were found between pasture and cropped soils in the carbon content in the <53 μm fraction, particularly for hardsetting soils. However, even with these, POC was a more sensitive indicator of change caused by land use and management practices than TOC. The current method for measuring POC involves dispersion using sodium hexametaphosphate. The dispersing agent was found to extract 4–19 % of the TOC, leading to a significant under-estimation of POC.     

Soil microaggregates stability under different land use types in southeastern Nigeria

Low water stability of soil microaggregates accentuated by increased intensity of cultivation, high soil erodibility and climatic erosivity has become a major cause of increased water erosion process on agricultural lands in Imo State, southeastern Nigeria. Consequently; it has remained one of the most serious soil physical constraints to increased and sustained high level crop production in the area. Thus, this study was conducted in 2006 to quantify the effects of different land use types (LUTs) on the water stability of their various soil microaggregates in the area. Six LUTs [natural forest (NF); oil palm plantation (OPP); plantain plantation (PP); rubber plantation (RP); bush fallow (BF) and continuous cassava cropping (CCC)] were chosen for the study. Under each LUT, traverses were cut at equal intervals to obtain three plots per LUT that served as replications. From each plot, bulk samples were collected from 15 sampling points at 0–20 cm soil depth for determination of aggregate stability and other soil properties. The soil microaggregate stability was measured by clay dispersion ratio (CDR) and aggregated silt and clay, ASC (%) indices. Results showed that the CDR obtained from soil under NF LUT was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower (implying higher microaggregate stability) than what were obtained from other LUT soils. Conversely, the CDR of soils under CCC was significantly higher (indicating lower microaggregate stability) than what were obtained under other LUT soils. The relative increase (%) in CDR or decrease in microaggregate stability over the control (NF soil) were 16.67, 54.76, 57.14 and 78.57 for soils under OP, PP, RP, BF and CCC LUTs respectively. Similarly, the ASC (%) under NF soil was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher (indicating higher microaggregate stability) than those of other LUT soils. Contrarily, the ASC (%) of CCC, soil was significantly lower (lower microaggregate stability) than other LUT soils. The relative reduction (%) in ASC or microaggregate stability of the soils over the control (NF soil) stood at 25.37, 44.03, 44.03, 44.03 and 62.69 for soils under OPP, PP, RP, BF and CCC LUTs respectively.     

耕地不同利用方式下的土壤养分状况分析

以山东青州市为例,在对耕地土壤养分状况进行全面的调查分析,获取大量土壤养分数据的基础上,以数理统计方法对5种耕地利用方式下17种土壤养分状况的差异性进行分析,进而系统地探讨了耕地不同利用方式对土壤养分状况的影响。研究结果表明：耕地不同利用方式对土壤有机质及大量元素、交换性钙、镁、有效硅、锌、硼、土壤pH值和全盐含量有显著影响。由于菜地高施肥量及高产出的影响,大部分菜地土壤养分的含量明显高于粮田,但有效硅含量粮田则远高于菜地。粮田土壤pH值高于菜地,全盐含量菜地高于粮田。在旱地、水浇地粮田和露天菜地中有效磷含量变异最大,但设施菜地中全氮、有效硫含量的变异最大。研究结果对于探明耕地利用对土壤的养分状况的影响,对研究区耕地资源的合理利用与保护将具有积极意义。     

喀斯特坡地不同土地利用类型土壤水分差异性研究

对比分析桂西北喀斯特坡地5种土地利用类型0~20cm表层土壤含水量的差异,结果表明:喀斯特生境条件下坡地土壤含水量受降水的影响明显,雨季和旱季差异显著。各土地利用类型间,灌丛类型由于枯枝落叶层而增强了土壤的保水持水能力;生态恢复林(板栗、木豆)种植初期,土表接近于裸地,蒸发强烈,应采取一定的蓄水保墒措施;混种有匍匐类作物的复垦坡耕地,其土壤水分条件则与撂荒多年草地相似。比较土壤层间含水量的季节差异,灌丛类型土壤有明显的层间蓄水补水能力。喀斯特山地应通过建立合理的土地利用类型,改变地表覆被状况进而改善土壤水分条件,为生态重建服务。