高效液相色谱法检测鸡蛋中四环素类药物残留方法研究

试验旨在建立同时检测鸡蛋中土霉素、四环素、金霉素和多西环素4种四环素类药物残留的高效液相色谱法。将鸡蛋样品用0.1 mol/L Na₂EDTA-Mcllvaine缓冲溶液提取,通过Oasis MAX固相萃取柱净化,以乙腈—三氟乙酸(0.01 mol/mL)为流动相,梯度洗脱,反相液相色谱分离测定。结果显示,4种四环素类药物在30~1 000 ng/g范围内呈良好线性关系,检出限为10 ng/g,定量限为50 ng/g,平均回收率为67.3%~81.4%,日内相对标准偏差为2.7%~14.3%,日间相对标准偏差为0.9%~5.0%。本研究建立的高效液相色谱法可同时检测鸡蛋中的土霉素、四环素、金霉素和多西环素的药物残留,该方法灵敏度、准确度和精密度较高,操作快速、简单。     

鸡组织中磺胺对甲氧嘧啶和二甲氧苄啶残留的HPLC-MS/MS测定

建立了同时测定鸡组织中残留的磺胺对甲氧嘧啶(SMD)和二甲氧苄啶(DVD)了的高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)。样品经乙腈提取,取部分提取液用正己烷脱脂后于氮气吹干,残渣用流动相溶解并定容后上机检测,外标法定量。采用C18色谱柱,流动相为乙腈和1mL/L甲酸水溶液。选择1个母离子和2个子离子进行反应监测,对磺胺对甲氧嘧啶和二甲氧苄啶残留进行定性,选择信号最强的子离子进行定量。结果显示,SMD和DVD分别在1ng/mL~200ng/mL和0.5ng/mL~100ng/mL范围内呈良好线性关系,相关系数R20.992。通过空白样品添加回收试验,所有基质中SMD和DVD的定量限分别为10μg/kg和5μg/kg,SMD和DVD分别在50、100、200μg/kg和25、50、100μg/kg 3个添加水平下的回收率为71.7%~115.0%,相对标准偏差为1.8%~13.2%,该方法定量限低,灵敏度高,重现性好,符合相关研究的要求。     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱快速检测猪肉中的沃尼妙林残留

建立了检测猪肉样品中新型兽药盐酸沃尼妙林残留的快速超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）确证方法。样品使用乙腈提取,在提取过程中同时加入正己烷去除脂质杂质,离心后取乙腈提取液,浓缩至干,用1 mL 0.1%甲酸水∶乙腈（60∶40,V∶V）复溶上机。以反相C18柱作为分离柱,0.1%甲酸乙腈和0.1%甲酸水为流动相,进行梯度洗脱。方法的检测限为10μg/kg,定量限为20μg/kg;在三个浓度水平（20、50、100μg/kg）下进行添加实验,平均回收率均大于92.60%,批内相对标准偏差为1.31%~6.80%,批间相对标准偏差为3.02%~4.60%。此方法简便迅速且稳定有效,适合快速检测猪肌肉中的沃尼妙林残留。     

猪肉及猪肝中四环素类药物残留量测定的高效液相色谱法

采用高效液相色谱法建立了猪肉及猪肝中土霉素、四环素、金霉素、多西环素残留量的检测方法。试样中的四环素类药物经Na2EDTA-Mcllvaine缓冲溶液提取,硫酸和钨酸钠溶液沉淀蛋白,HLB及LCX固相萃取柱净化,高效液相色谱法测定。以0.01 mol/L三氟乙酸-乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱,检测波长为340 nm。结果显示：四种四环素类药物在0.05~5 μg/mL质量浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,决定系数大于0.999。本方法在猪肉中的检测限为20 μg/kg,定量限为50 μg/kg;在猪肝中的检测限为50 μg/kg,定量限为100 μg/kg。在空白猪肉组织中添加50~200 μg/kg浓度,平均回收率为62.8%~114.4%,日内相对标准偏差为0.5%~6.6%,日间相对标准偏差为21%~5.4%;在空白猪肝组织中添加100~600 μg/kg浓度,平均回收率为602%~111.9%,日内相对标准偏差为0.3%~3.1%,日间相对标准偏差为1.1%~3.5%。该方法各项技术指标均能满足残留检测要求,且重现性良好,适用于猪肉及猪肝中四环素类药物残留量的测定。     

动源性食品中常见氟喹诺酮类残留检测前处理的优化

建立了一个检测动物源性食品中6种氟喹诺酮类药物残留的高效液相色谱方法。对不同基质的样品前处理条件经行了优化：鱼、肉及肝脏样品经过乙腈-0.1 mol/L磷酸二氢钾缓冲液提取,正己烷洗涤去除油脂;蛋及乳制品样品经过乙腈提取,正己烷洗涤去除油脂。目标化合物采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测器检测,外标法定量。添加10、20、50、100μg/kg浓度水平时,回收率在82%~105%之间,相对标准偏差在4%~12%之间,方法的检出限为诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、沙拉沙星及单诺沙星为5.0μg/kg、恩诺沙星、达氟沙星为3.0μg/kg。方法操作简单、实用,基质干扰小,灵敏度高,可以满足动源性食品中氟喹诺酮类药物残留检测的需要。     

鸡蛋中阿莫西林残留HPLC-DAD检测方法的建立

为了能够准确地测定鸡蛋中阿莫西林的残留,本试验建立了高效液相色谱-二级管阵列检测器(HPLC-DAD)方法来检测鸡蛋中阿莫西林残留。采用乙腈沉淀蛋白提取鸡蛋液中的阿莫西林,以超纯水饱和的二氯甲烷作为进一步萃取纯化的溶剂,0.01 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(pH=5.5)和乙腈溶液为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为230 nm,样品进样量为20μL,柱温为30℃的色谱条件对鸡蛋中阿莫西林残留进行检测。结果显示,阿莫西林的质量浓度范围为0.05～100.00μg/mL,与峰面积具有良好的线性关系(R²=0.999 8);该方法的重复性、精密度和稳定性均良好,相对标准偏差在2.0%以内;平均加样回收率介于82.89%～89.92%,相对标准偏差介于1.68%～2.71%;阿莫西林检测限为0.025μg/mL,定量限为0.050μg/mL。结果表明,本试验所建立的HPLC-DAD方法操作过程简便、稳定性好、灵敏度高,可适用于鸡蛋中阿莫西林残留的准确检测。     

高效液相色谱法测定牛组织中三氯苯唑及其代谢物残留量的研究

建立了一种可同时检测牛组织中三氯苯唑及其代谢物三氯苯唑酮药物残留的高效液相色谱-紫外检测法。牛组织样品经乙腈提取,异辛烷去脂肪,PPL柱净化。以0.02 mol/L乙酸铵溶液和乙腈溶液为流动相,流速为1.0 m L/min,检测波长296 nm。结果表明,三氯苯唑、三氯苯唑酮在20~1200 ng/m L范围内,峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系,R2均大于0.999。方法的最低定量限为50μg/kg。三氯苯唑、三氯苯唑酮在50~600μg/kg的浓度添加水平上,其回收率在70%~100%范围内,批内、批间的相对标准偏差小于20%。     

高效液相色谱法检测鸡可食性组织中的磺胺氯吡嗪残留

对建立的一种鸡组织中磺胺氯吡嗪钠残留检测的高效液相色谱法进行复核验证。鸡组织样品中磺胺氯吡嗪钠残留经乙腈提取,正己烷去脂肪,MCX固相萃取小柱净化。采用高效液相色谱紫外检测器检测,流动相为乙腈-0.02mol/L磷酸二氢钾水溶液(35:65,V/V),紫外检测波长为272nm,外标法定量。结果显示,磺胺氯吡嗪钠标准工作液在0.04~20.0μg/mL范围内具有良好的线性关系(R^2=0.9999)。在鸡肌肉、肝脏、肾脏、皮脂各组织中添加浓度分别为40、100、200μg/kg时,各组织样品中磺胺氯吡嗪钠的回收率范围为74.70%~93.67%。磺胺氯吡嗪钠的检测限为20μg/kg,定量限为40μg/kg。复核验证的鸡组织中磺胺氯吡嗪钠残留检测高效液相色谱法可行,方法简便快捷,回收率高,适合鸡组织中磺胺氯吡嗪的残留检测。     

高效液相色谱法检测鱼肉组织中金霉素、多西环素、米诺环素的残留

建立了鱼肉组织中金霉素、多西环素、米诺环素的多残留检测的高效液相色谱法(HPLC)。样品经0.1mol/LED-TA-McIlvaine缓冲液(pH4.0)提取离心后,上清液用Oasis HLB固相萃取小柱净化,选用安捷伦Eclipse plus C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,粒径5μm),以乙腈:甲醇:0.01mol/L草酸溶液(2﹕1﹕7)为流动相,流速0.5mL/min,350nm波长处测定,外标法定量。其3种药物浓度在25~200ng/mL时均与峰面积呈良好的线性关系。结果表明,3种目标物质在鱼肉组织中的检测限为25μg/kg,定量限为50μg/kg。在不同浓度添加水平下测定,平均回收率在76.5%～89.1%,批内、批间变异系数均在10.00%以内。     

UPLC-MS/MS检测牛奶中头孢哌酮代谢消除规律研究

本文建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测牛奶中头孢哌酮的浓度,并对其在血液中残留消除进行研究。样品经过乙腈提取、氮吹、HLB柱净化后,经Acquity UPLC BEH Shield RP18(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)分离,以乙腈和0.02%甲酸水为流动相,采用多反应监测模式,方法的最低定量限低于2.0μg/L,在2.0~100μg/L浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数0.9938,通过2、20、100μg/L浓度的加标回收实验表明,回收率在75.8%~94.6%之间,RSD%在2.43%~8.95%之间,满足于牛奶中头孢哌酮类药物残留检测要求;结果表明静脉注射给药后头孢哌酮在6 h内牛奶中药物含量即可达到峰值,60 h左右牛奶中药物残留消除到低于检测限。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -