高原优质杂交粳稻滇杂32大面积示范单产12.8 t/hm2的栽培技术

云南农业大学稻作研究所选育的优质高产抗病滇型杂交粳稻滇杂32,2004年在云南省保山市"百亩示范片"获得平均单产12.8 t/hm2,达到了12 t/hm2的中国超级稻第2期产量指标.从培育壮秧、规范移栽、合理施肥、合理灌溉、病虫害防治等方面介绍了其高产栽培技术措施.     

两系超级杂交稻百亩片平均单产12.26 t/hm2的栽培技术

2002年由国家杂交水稻工程技术研究中心选育的超级杂交稻新组合P88S／0293在龙山县的百亩示范片获得平均单产12.26t/hm^2，达到了12t/hm^2的我国超级稻第2期产量目标，成为长江中下游地区首个平均单产达到超级稻第2期产量指标中稻百亩片。从适期播种、培育壮秧、规范移栽、配方施肥、病虫防治，合理用水等方面对其栽培技术进行了详细介绍。     

超级杂交稻准两优527在湖南桂东的示范表现及高产栽培技术

准两优527(准S/R527)是湖南杂交水稻研究中心选育的两系超级杂交稻新组合.2003-2004年连续2 a在桂东进行"百亩片"栽培示范,经专家现场测产验收,平均单产分别为12.20和12.66 t/hm2,达到了中国超级稻育种第2期产量目标.从播种育秧、移栽、肥水管理到病虫综合防治等方面介绍了其高产栽培技术.     

超级杂交稻新组合P88S/0293在海南三亚单产超12 t/hm2的栽培技术

2003年国家杂交水稻工程技术研究中心在海南三亚示范种植的两系超级杂交稻新组合P88S/0293，经海南省专家现场验收，单产达12．4t/hm^2，创海南省水稻单产最高纪录。从适期播种、软盘育秧、小苗移栽、配方施肥、合理灌溉、病虫防治等方面介绍了其高产栽培技术。     

超级稻湘两优900百亩片单产16.35 t/hm~2超高产栽培技术

湘两优900(超优千号)是袁隆平院士团队最新培育的两系超级稻新组合,该组合株叶形态理想,根系发达,熟期适中,具有穗大粒多、结实率高、高产稳产等特点。2019年湘两优900在四川省德昌县进行百亩片超高产攻关示范,平均单产达16.35 t/hm~2。本文介绍了湘两优900的特征特性,单产16.35 t/hm~2的超高产栽培技术,并提出了进一步提高产量潜力的措施。     

旱地甘蔗“千亩万吨”高产新技术示范

介绍了旱地甘蔗"千亩万吨"目标提出后,农场进行的3年示范性探索并取得的重要进展.2007年1900 hm2甘蔗面积,实际入厂糖料蔗25.6万t,平均单产达134.9t/hm2;其中核心示范区第十三生产队连片甘蔗82.5 hm2率先实现"千亩万吨"目标,总产糖料蔗12811t,平均单产达155.28t/hm2.初步形成了"千亩万吨"高产、高糖、无公害、标准化栽培技术规程和昌菱特有的技术推广创新模式.     

水稻-油菜复种免耕直播试验示范总结

总结了2002～2004年石门县水稻-油菜免耕直播的试验示范结果.水稻2002年示范1.5 hm2,平均单产9.13 t/hm2,比翻耕移栽增产14.5%,2003年示范56.7 hm2,平均单产8.52 t/hm2,增产16.6%.油菜2002～2003年示范3.3 hm2,平均单产2.58 t/hm2,增产18.1%;2003～2004年示范13.3 hm2,平均单产2.09 t/hm2,增产11.4%.介绍了水稻-油菜复种免耕直播栽培的特点、栽培技术及存在的问题.     

宁化县烟后超级稻高产栽培技术

宁化县2008年全县超级稻种植面积达到1.22万hm2(其中烟后超级稻7 253.3 hm2,中稻4 980hm2),安排33.3 hm2以上核心片4个,主要组合为Ⅱ优航2号、Ⅱ优航1号、特优627等.经省、市农业部门组织专家对城南乡龙下窠村核心片进行现场测产验收,面积37.3 hm2加权平均产量10 582.5kg&m2(其中高产田块平均产量11 962.5 kg/hm2,中产田平均产量10 873.5 kg/hm2,低产田平均产量10 009.5 kg/hm2),比同类田对照增产1 210.5 kg/hm2,增幅12.9%,获得良好的示范增产效果.现将大面积产量水平超10.5 t/hm2栽培技术总结如下.     

超级杂交稻第3期目标攻关再度突破13.5t/hm~2

在2011年湖南隆回"百亩攻关片"获得单产13.90 t/hm2,实现超级杂交稻第3期13.5 t/hm2产量目标的基础上,2012年,湖南杂交水稻研究中心继续组织在溆浦、隆回、汝城、龙山和衡阳等5个县进行7个"百亩片"超级杂交稻第3期13.5 t/hm2攻关,在经受住了稻瘟病爆发等诸多不利因素严峻     

D优68大面积种植的高产经验

D优 6 8大面积 (2 .73万hm2 )种植 ,平均单产达 8.40t/hm2 ,最高单产达 11.2 7t/hm2 。丰产的主要原因有良好的气候条件 ,组合本身的优势和有效的栽培技术     

Alpha-amylase/subtilisin Inhibitor Levels in Australian Barleys

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the bifunctional alpha-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor (BASI) content of barley grain from 11 cultivars grown in six diverse locations in Australia. The inhibitor ranged from 119 to 254 μg/g in 57 barley samples. Genotype had a significant (P<0·05) effect on BASI content but there was no effect due to environment. Total protein varied independently of BASI and was influenced by environment and genotype. BASI content was higher (P<0·05) in malting barley than in feed barley and was correlated positively (r=0·29;P<0·05) with alpha-amylase activity in corresponding malts. The ELISA used monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies raised against purified BASI. In immunoblot analysis the monoclonal antibody showed high specificity for the inhibitor in barley and also detected the inhibitor in wheat. Low levels of inhibitor (mean 3·2 μg/g) were found in 12 Australian wheat cultivars using the ELISA developed for barley. The assay had a linear working range of 5–50 ng/mL with a detection limit of 2 ng/mL. Reproducibility between assays was good (CV=4·9%) but mean recoveries were high, ranging from 116–129% when purified inhibitor was added to barley extracts. The ELISA may have useful applications in brewing research and barley breeding programmes.     

Polymorphism of Low Mr Glutenin Subunits in Triticum tauschii

A collection of 173 Triticum tauschii accessions was analysed to evaluate the variability of low molecular weight (M_r) glutenin subunits. These proteins were analysed by one-step one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and were divided into B-, C- and D-subunits in accordance with their electrophoretic mobility. Extensive polymorphism, both in the number and electrophoretic mobility, was detected in lowM_r glutenin subunits present in T. tauschii. Thirty different patterns for B-subunits and forty-three for C-subunits were identified, some of which were with identical electrophoretic mobility than those observed in hexaploid wheat. Glutenin subunits with the same electrophoretic mobilities of low M_r D-glutenin subunits as well as subunits encoded at the Glu-D4 and Glu-D5 loci, were also detected in accessions of T. tauschii. These results provide new basic knowledge regarding the genetics variability of the low M_r glutenin subunits, as well as their potential to create novel germplasm for the improvement of wheat quality in breeding programs.     

橡胶树胶木兼优无性系杂交利用初报

杂交育种是巴西橡胶树品种遗传改良的重要途径。以近年来在中国引种试种成功的国外胶木兼优无性系为亲本之一进行人工杂交授粉工作,研究其杂交子代苗期的性状表现,为胶木兼优品种的创新利用提供参考依据。分析热垦509×热研87-4-26、热研78-2×热垦628和热研78-2×热垦523等3个杂交组合子代苗期生长、试割干胶产量、乳管分化能力等性状。结果表明：组合内各性状存在较大差异,不同杂交组合子代试割前年茎围增粗均大于8 cm,试割后年均茎围增粗4.5 cm以上,均优于对照RRIM600;组合热垦509×热研87-4-26子代的综合性状均表现较好,亲本的速生和高产性状能较好的遗传给后代,从该组合子代中选育出胶木兼优品种的可能性较大。     

Protein Inhibitors ofAlpha-amylase in Mature and Germinating Grain of Rye (Secale cereale)

The activities of endogenous (R-type) and exogenous acting (D-type) protein inhibitors ofalpha-amylase and the activities ofalpha- and total amylase were determined in milling fractions of rye. High D-type amylase inhibitor activities were detected in the embryo (255 IU/g) and in the endosperm fraction (64·9 IU/g), low inhibitor activities were found in the aleurone layer fraction (25·9 IU/g). The highest R-typealpha-amylase inhibitor activity was found in the aleurone layer fraction (32·6 IU/g), and the lowest value in the epidermis containing fraction (5·0 IU/g). The D- and R-typealpha-amylase inhibitor activities varied with growing conditions. D-type amylase inhibitor activities were found to be high in those samples which grew under drought conditions and low in samples cultivated under wet and cool weather. Higher R-typealpha-amylase inhibitor activities were found in rye genotypes cultivated under wet conditions and lower values under dry weather. There were small variations inalpha-amylase inhibitor activities between sprout-stable and sprout-sensitive rye genotypes. The D- and R-typealpha-amylase inhibitor activities of all varieties were stable during 72 h of germination. Similar soil conditions will therefore lead to differentialalpha-amylase inhibitor activities depending on weather conditions during growth.     

Acetylation of wheat straw hemicelluloses in N,N-dimethylacetamide/LiCl solvent system

Hemicellulose acetates were prepared under homogeneous reaction conditions in the system N,N-dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride by reacting the native hemicelluloses with acetic anhydride in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine within 72 h at 60–85°C. The products obtained were characterised by means of Fourier transform infrared chromatography, gel permeation chromatography, and thermal analysis. The degree of substitution of acetylated hemicelluloses ranged between 0.74 and 1.49 as a function of experimental conditions. Under an optimum reaction condition (85°C, 60 h), over 80% hydroxyl groups in native hemicelluloses were acetylated. The molecular weight measurements showed that a significant degradation and hydrolysis of the products appeared at only a prolonging period of 72 h. It was found that the thermal stability of the products increased by esterification.     

Genome-Wide Survey and Expression Analysis of P1B-ATPases in Rice,Maize and Sorghum

P_1B-type ATPase ion pumps that transport heavy metal ions across cellular membranes are essential for plant growth and development. To date, a genomic comparison overview of the family in rice, maize and sorghum is not yet available. In this study, a total of 31 heavy metal P_1B-type ATPase (HMA) genes were identified, including 9 in rice, 11 each from maize and sorghum. They were classified into two distinct subfamilies based on their sequence composition and phylogenetic relationship. Four pairs of HMA genes were expanded via gene duplication with tandemly duplicated. Comprehensive analyses were performed to investigate the expression profiles of HMA genes in various tissues by using quantitative real-time PCR. Some HMA members exhibited abundant and tissue-specific expression patterns. Moreover, most of the genes were found to be differentially expressed under the Cu/Cd treatment. This study will facilitate further studies on P_1B-type ATPase family and provide valuable hints for the functional validation in rice, maize and sorghum.     

铵硝配比对巴西香蕉生长和氮素营养的影响

采用水培法,在等氮条件下设置5种不同铵硝配比处理,探讨不同铵硝配比对巴西香蕉幼苗生长及其氮素营养特性的影响。结果表明,等氮条件下,适当地提高铵态氮比例可以提高香蕉的生物量;铵硝比为10∶90最适合香蕉的生长;增铵促进根系的生长,根系中铵、硝含量分别与培养液中铵态氮和硝态氮的含量有关。香蕉幼苗中氮的含量、累积量与铵硝配比有关,增加铵的比例地上部分氮含量和累积量高于全硝处理,促进氮的吸收和利用;铵硝配比影响香蕉叶绿素含量、光合速率以及硝酸还原酶活性,光合速率与叶绿素含量、硝酸盐含量与硝酸还原酶活性没有明显的正相关关系。在香蕉生长早期适当增加铵态氮供应可以促进香蕉根系的生长,有利于香蕉的早发、稳长。     

籼爪交和粳爪交杂种F1代性状间关系的研究

对229个籼爪交组合、98个粳爪交组合的农艺性状进行了相关分析,对籼爪交和粳爪交组合的单株粒重、结实率进行了通径分析,对籼爪交组合农艺性状和品质性状进行了典型相关分析.籼爪交和粳爪交组合间性状相关性表现不同,独立性强的性状籼爪交组合中为谷长、粳爪交组合中为谷宽,其余性状间表现出复杂的相关关系.籼爪交和粳爪交组合均表现每穗实粒数和单株穗数对单株粒重的直接正效应大;每穗实粒数多、单株穗数多且生育期短或适中是提高籼爪交组合单株粒重的选育方向;粳爪交杂种提高单株产量的育种方向是选育每穗实粒数多并且单株穗数也多的组合,同时要兼顾增加每穗总粒数.每穗实粒数对籼爪交杂种结实率的直接正效应大,籼爪交杂种结实率的提高主要依赖每穗实粒数的增加,而其它性状的选择和改良作用不大.提高粳爪交杂种结实率可从3个方面入手,即选育每穗实粒数较多、每穗总粒数较多、且千粒重较大的组合,但主要是提高每穗实粒数.农艺性状和品质性状间存在典型相关.     

基于葡萄柚叶片离体再生体系的研究

以10个葡萄柚品种种子萌发的无菌苗叶片为外植体,研究葡萄柚的离体再生体系。结果表明:在MS+1.0 mg/L 2,4-D+6%蔗糖培养基上,8个葡萄柚品种能诱导出愈伤组织,其中"星路比"品种诱导率最高为46.67%,将诱导的愈伤组织转移至相同培养基中可继代增殖;"帕利斯"、"星路比"、"泰国种"3个品种的叶愈伤组织接种于MS+3.0 mg/L 6-BA分化培养基上可分化出丛生芽,这些丛生芽在MS+0.2 mg/L 6-BA培养基上平均可增殖4~6个芽;丛生芽在1/2 MS+1.0 mg/L IBA生根培养基上可诱导出不定根。炼苗后,田间移栽成活率为78.18%。为后续葡萄柚良种选育及遗传转化体系的建立奠定基础。     

Involvement of Plasma Membrane Ca2+/H+ Antiporter in Cd2+ Tolerance

Cation exchangers(CAXs) belong to the cation/Ca2+ exchanger superfamily which have been extensively investigated in plant tonoplasts over the last decade.Recently,the roles of CAXs involved in heavy metal accumulation and tolerance in plants have been studied for phytoremediation and food security.In this mini review,we summarize the roles of the Ca2+/H+ antiporter in Ca2+ signal transduction,maintaining ion homeostasis and sequestering heavy metals into the vacuole.Moreover,we present a possible role of the plasma membrane Ca2+/H+ antiporter in heavy metal detoxification.