大口黑鲈北方亚种和佛罗里达亚种及其杂交子代的遗传分析

用18对微卫星引物对大口黑鲈北方亚种(Micropterus salmoides salmoides,N)、佛罗里达亚种(M.salmoides floridanus,F)及其正交子代(N♀×F♂)和反交子代(F♀×N♂)进行遗传多样性和遗传结构分析。结果表明,18对引物扩增出的等位基因数为2~8个,平均等位基因数为5.0。检测到6对(Jzl48、Jzl68、Jzl84、MiSaTPW76、Msal21、Mdo6和Mdo7)亚种间特异性引物,其中有2对引物(Jzl48和Mdo7)可以用来鉴别大口黑鲈北方亚种、佛罗里达亚种和其杂交子代。平均有效等位基因数、平均期望杂合度和平均多态信息含量均为杂交组合F♀×N♂最高,分别为3.199 7,0.638 9和0.570 6,平均观测杂合度为杂交组合N♀×F♂最高(0.848 8)。对亲代与杂交子代间的遗传分化分析表明,正反交子代均与北方亚种的遗传分化最小(0.092和0.119 6)。基于Nei’s遗传距离构建的UPGMA系统进化树显示正交子代N♀×F♂与母本N聚为一支,反交子代F♀×N♂与父本N聚为一支。     

大口黑鲈佛山和台湾群体自交与杂交子代的生长和形态差异分析

文章以大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)佛山群体和台湾群体为亲本,建立了佛山自交、台湾自交、正交子代(佛山♀×台湾♂)、反交子代(台湾♀×佛山♂) 4个试验群体,通过6个月的养殖试验,对其生长和形态差异进行了比较。结果显示,正反交子代的生长性能和体质量变异系数均高于2个亲代自交群体。形态分析结果表明,4个试验群体的形态差异主要集中于躯干的中部和尾部。前三主成分累计贡献率达92.9%,第一主成分贡献率为71.3%,主要反映躯体前、中部形态特征;第二主成分贡献率为16.6%,主要反映躯体后部特征。前二主成分因子得分散点图中4个群体重叠区域较小,可以完全区分。将可量性状和框架性状结合在一起所构建的逐步判定模型推测准确率最高(86.7%～96.0%)。研究结果可为大口黑鲈佛山群体、台湾群体及其杂交子代的生长与形态鉴定提供基础数据。     

大口黑鲈北方亚种, 佛罗里达亚种及“优鲈3号”杂交F1子代生长性能及遗传多样性分析

文章以大口黑鲈 (Micropterus salmoides) 佛山群体和台湾群体为亲本,建立了佛山自交、台湾自交、正交子代 (佛山♀×台湾♂)、反交子代 (台湾♀×佛山♂) 4个试验群体,通过6个月的养殖试验,对其生长和形态差异进行了比较。结果显示,正反交子代的生长性能和体质量变异系数均高于2个亲代自交群体。形态分析结果表明,4个试验群体的形态差异主要集中于躯干的中部和尾部。前三主成分累计贡献率达92.9%,第一主成分贡献率为71.3%,主要反映躯体前、中部形态特征;第二主成分贡献率为16.6%,主要反映躯体后部特征。前二主成分因子得分散点图中4个群体重叠区域较小,可以完全区分。将可量性状和框架性状结合在一起所构建的逐步判定模型推测准确率最高 (86.7%~96.0%)。研究结果可为大口黑鲈佛山群体、台湾群体及其杂交子代的生长与形态鉴定提供基础数据。     

大口黑鲈北方亚种群体和“优鲈1号”群体及其正反杂交子代的遗传和生长性能比较

为解决国内养殖的大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)群体遗传多样性下降问题,进一步培育快长和抗逆性强的大口黑鲈优良品种,以引进的大口黑鲈北方亚种群体(N)和大口黑鲈优鲈1号(G)为亲本,通过自交和正反杂交获得4个大口黑鲈群体,利用12对微卫星引物对其进行遗传多样性及遗传结构分析,采用金属丝线码(CWT)标记后在相同池塘养殖条件下对4个群体的生长性能进行比较分析。结果显示,12对微卫星引物在所有个体中均能扩增出清晰条带,在120尾样本中共扩增到126个等位基因,北方亚种自交群体(N)、优鲈1号自交群体(G)、正交群体NG[N(♀)×G(♂)]、反交群体GN[G(♀)×N(♂)]的平均期望杂合度(H_e)分别为0.491、0.454、0.553和0.519,平均观测杂合度(H_o)分别为0.519、0.480、0.729和0.664,平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.407、0.412、0.454和0.425。结果表明,正反交群体的遗传多样性均高于自交群体,其中NG群体的遗传多样性最高。对群体间的遗传分化分析表明,GN群体与N和G群体间遗传分化最大,分别为0.125和0.149。UPGMA聚类分析显示,N群体和G群体首先聚为一支,再与NG群体聚为一支,最后与GN群体聚合。对4个群体的3～12月龄的子代生长性状进行对比,GN群体的体质量绝对增长率(AGR)和特定增长率(SGR)分别为1.44 g·d~(-1)和1.04%·d~(-1),均高于其他群体。研究结果可为今后大口黑鲈良种培育和遗传改良提供科学依据。     

大口黑鲈仔、稚鱼生长和食性的观察

大口黑鲈仔、稚鱼生长和食性的观察陆伟民（上海水产大学，２０００９０）关键词大口黑鲈，仔、稚鱼，生长，食性ＯＢＳＥＲＶＡＴＩＯＮＯＮＧＲＯＷＴＨＡＮＤＦＥＥＤＩＮＧＨＡＢＩＴＳＯＦＬＡＲＧＥＭＯＵＴＨＢＡＳＳ，ＭＩＣＲＯＲＴＥＲＵＳＳＡＬＭＯＩＤＥＳ，...     

大口黑鲈形态性状对体重的影响效果分析

对大口黑鲈全长、体长、体高、体宽、眼间距、头长、吻长、尾柄长、尾柄高和体重共 10个性状进行测定,运用相关分析、通径分析和多元回归分析,剔除与体长存在显著共线性的全长、体高、头长,尾柄高及回归方程中不显著的吻长和尾柄长,计算以体宽、体长、眼间距 3个形态性状为自变量,体重为依变量的相关系数、通径系数、决定系数及相关指数,定量分析大口黑鲈形态性状对体重的影响效果。结果显示,3个形态性状与体重的相关系数（0.942,0.979,0.928）均达到极显著水平（P＜0.01）;通径分析中,3个形态性状对体重的通径系数亦达到极显著水平（P＜0.01）,它们是直接影响体重的重要指标,其中体宽（P⁴=0.599）对体重的直接影响最大。所选形态性状与体重的相关指数R²＝0.980 ,说明所选性状是影响体重的主要形态性状。应用逐步多元回归分析建立了以体重为依变量(Y),体宽(X⁴)、体长(X²)和眼间距(X⁵)为自变量的回归方程：LgY=1.065 + 0.765 LgX²＋1.441 LgX⁴+0.543 LgX⁵。以上形态性状对体重影响效果相关数据的获得为大口黑鲈选育测量指标的确定提供了理论依据。     

工厂化循环水养殖条件下大口黑鲈生长特点分析

在水温17.3～28.0℃下,将体质量(4.60±0.30) g的大口黑鲈饲养在4口60 m~3工厂化循环水养殖池中,放养密度67尾/m~3,投喂大口黑鲈专用浮性颗粒配合饲料,研究大口黑鲈在工厂化循环水养殖条件下的生长规律。试验结果显示,养殖195 d后,大口黑鲈平均体质量为(303.14±73.17) g、平均体长为(26.76±3.13) cm;体质量(m)与日龄(t)间呈指数关系:m=0.0651t~(1.6147),r~2=0.9974,平均体质量特定生长率为0.46%,平均体质量日增加量为(1.82±0.57) g;体长(L)与日龄间呈线性关系:L=0.0961t+9.1442,r~2=0.9766,平均体长特定生长率为0.15%,平均体长日增长量为(0.10±0.04) cm;体质量与体长符合幂函数:m=0.0132L~(3.0455),r~2=0.9828。在工厂化循环水养殖条件下大口黑鲈的相对增加量、特定生长率趋势基本一致,水温20℃以下明显影响其生长。     

复合型饲料添加剂对大口黑鲈生长和健康状况的影响

为探明由黄芪多糖、杜仲、酵母细胞壁、胆汁酸、L-肉碱等有机结合的复合型饲料添加剂对大口黑鲈生长和健康状况的影响,选取270尾平均体质量为(50.42±6.43)g的大口黑鲈,随机分为空白对照组(基础饲料)、试验组(基础饲料+0.01％复合型饲料添加剂)、阳性对照组(功能饲料)共3个处理组,每组3个平行,进行为期8周的养...     

大口黑鲈选育效果的初步分析

通过选择培育获得大口黑鲈群体选育子三代,对其选育效果进行初步评价。实验数据分析表明,经过三代的选育,大口黑鲈2个选育组在体长、体高和体重上均大于对照组,且差异极显著（P〈0.01）,选育组1和2的日增重率分别比对照组提高了25.32%和23.42%,平均每代的选育效应分别为8.44%和7.81%,而体重变异系数分别是26.8%和20.2%,相比对照组分别降低了9.8%和21.1%。试验结果表明,大口黑鲈的选育效果明显,F3代的生长性能有了显著性的提高,个体之间的生长速度更加趋于一致,同时,F3代仍具有较大的选育潜力,可继续对其进行选育。该研究为进一步通过选择育种培育大口黑鲈优良品种（系）奠定了基础。     

Effect of catch-and-release angling on growth of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides

Catch‐and‐release angling is popular in many parts of the world and plays an increasingly important role in management of recreational fisheries. Although the magnitude of catch‐and‐release mortality is well documented for many species, potential sublethal effects have been little studied. An experiment was conducted to assess directly the effects of catch‐and‐release angling on growth of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides Lacépède. Angling mortality was 0.00 ± 0.092% for largemouth bass caught on plastic grubs. There was no difference (P = 0.57) in weight gain between caught and uncaught fish over a 40‐day angling and recovery period. Although catch‐and‐release angling appears to have no effect on largemouth bass growth, previous studies documented sublethal effects on growth and reproduction in other species, suggesting that the occurrence and magnitude of sublethal effects vary among species.     

大口黑鲈生长性状的遗传参数和育种值估计

采用最佳线性无偏差预测法(BLUP法)对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)体质量、体长和体高的遗传参数和育种值进行估计.4月龄和6月龄的体质量遗传力分别为0.29±0.08和0.28±0.10、体长遗传力分别为0.31±0.08和0.26±0.10,6月龄的体高遗传力为0.29±0.10.这些性状的传力都属于中度遗传力(P＜0.01),表明在加性效应控制下,大口黑鲈生长性状具有较大的遗传改良潜力.6月龄的体质量与体长、体质量与体高及体长与体高的遗传相关分别为0.790±0.094、0.820±0.081和0.990±0.001,这些性状之间均表现为高的正遗传相关性(P＜0.01),说明在对体质量进行选择的同时,其他生长性状也可以获得相应的间接选择反应.从不同评定方法的秩相关来看,6月龄时综合育种值与体质量育种值、体长育种值以及体质量育种值与体长育种值的秩相关系数均达到了极显著(P＜0.01),分别为0.998、0.914和0.890,用综合育种值对大口黑鲈的评定名次排序与用单性状育种值排序的差异不大.本研究对大口黑鲈生长性状的遗传参数和育种值进行确定与分析,旨在为该物种的人工选育提供理论依据和技术参考.     

Diet composition of largemouth black bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède), in southern Portuguese reservoirs: its relation to habitat characteristics

Abstract  During the summer of 1990 the diet of Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède) was studied in four southern Portuguese reservoirs. The dominant food items were insects (especially Odonata and Ephemeroptera naiads, and Odonata and Hemiptera adults), the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard), and pumpkinseed sunfish, Lepomis gibbosus (L.). There was an increase in the consumption of L. gibbosus as bass changed from 100–200 mm total length to over 200 mm, and a corresponding decline in the insect and crayfish components. Carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and other benthic cyprinids were absent from the stomach contents. The association between the different prey consumed and the habitat characteristics are discussed in relation to the feeding ecology of largemouth bass, an exotic species in Portugal.     

维生素C对大口黑鲈生长与非特异性免疫的影响

以不同维生素C水平(添加量分别为0、500、1000、2000和4000mg·kg-1)的5种饲料喂养初始体重为19g左右的大口黑鲈1个月,每个处理50尾鱼,各处理3个重复,研究维生素C对大口黑鲈生长及非特异性免疫的影响。结果显示:饲料中添加维生素C能显著促进大口黑鲈的生长和脾体指数(P<0·05),然而对大口黑鲈的成活率以及肝体指数等不产生影响(P>0·05);饲料中添加维生素C能显著促进大口黑鲈血清中超氧化物歧化酶活力和溶菌酶活力(P<0·05);随着饲料中维生素C添加水平的提高,大口黑鲈肝脏中维生素C的积累量显著升高(P<0·05)。实验证明,Vc作为免疫刺激剂能有效地提高大口黑鲈的生长与非特异性免疫能力。     

加州鲈肌肉生长抑制素(MSTN)cDNA的克隆和序列分析

肌肉生长抑制素是抑制肌肉生长和发育的生长调控因子。对运用RT-PCR和RACE技术从加州鲈成鱼肌肉总RNA中扩增得到的MSTN cDNA全序列进行了序列分析。结果表明,加州鲈MSTN cDNA全长为1626bp,其开放阅读框为1 134bp,共编码377个氨基酸,前面的22个氨基酸为信号肽,中间有四个氨基酸(RARR)为蛋白水解加工位点;该基因总共有13个半胱氨酸残基,后面9个在蛋白水解加工位点之后的C端生物活性区,与其它脊椎动物比较,它们的位置完全一致,对该基因的结构和功能非常重要。与GenBank中已知的条纹狼鲈、金鲷、斑马鱼、虹鳟、斑点叉尾鮰、人、猪、鸡、鸽MSTN的ORF相比较,核苷酸序列同源性为63%~94.4%,氨基酸同源性为61.4%~96%,特别是在C端生物活性区氨基酸同源性为88.1%~100%,高度的保守性反映了该基因受到了高度的进化限制以及功能的重要性。加州鲈MSTN基因的克隆为研究该基因打靶和鱼类肌肉发育调控机理奠定了基础。     

大口黑鲈饲料中适宜的淀粉源及添加水平

以4种淀粉,蜡质玉米淀粉(L)、高直链玉米淀粉(Z)、小麦淀粉(X)和木薯淀粉(M),分别以5%和10%的添加量配制了8种等氮和等能(CP 48%,GE 18.5 MJ/kg)的饲料(L5、L10、Z5、Z10、X5、X10、M5和M10)。用上述饲料饲养初始体重为(23.46±0.19)g的大口黑鲈45 d,以评定大口黑鲈饲料的适宜淀粉源及添加水平。结果显示,饲料中淀粉的添加水平和淀粉源对大口黑鲈的生长、饲料利用、体组成和非特异性免疫指标均有显著影响。随着同一种淀粉的添加量从5%升至10%,L10、X10和M10组实验鱼的特定生长率和摄食率显著降低,但饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著升高,而Z5和Z10组间的上述指标的差异不显著;L10、X10和M10组的肝体比、脏体比和肝糖原含量均显著升高,但Z5和Z10组间的脏体比差异不显著;全鱼和肝的脂肪含量及肝的蛋白质含量均显著降低;L10组的红细胞数和红细胞压积、Z10组的血清甘油三酯及X10组的红细胞压积和血清甘油三酯水平显著降低;Z10组的血清补体活性显著降低;L5、Z5、X5和M5组的餐后3~12 h的血糖水平各自低于L10、Z10、X10和M10组。不同的淀粉源在相同的添加量的情况下,Z5组的淀粉表观消化率和肝体比显著地低于L5、X5和M5组,而脂肪沉积率显著高于L5、X5和M5组;M5组的蛋白质表观消化率显著低于L5、Z5和X5组;Z10组的淀粉表观消化率、肝体比、脏体比和肝糖原含量显著低于L10、X10和M10组,而脂肪沉积率显著高于L10、X10和M10组;M10组的蛋白质表观消化率显著低于L10、Z10和X10组。饲料中淀粉的添加水平和淀粉源对大口黑鲈的摄食率、特定生长率、蛋白质消化率、脂肪沉积率、肝体比、肝糖原含量、红细胞数、血清甘油三酯含量和血清补体活性均有显著的交互作用。本研究表明,饲料的淀粉源和水平对大口黑鲈的生长、体组成、血液学指标、餐后血糖和非特异性免疫指标均有不同程度的影响,饲料中添加5%的蜡质玉米淀粉、高直链玉米淀粉、小麦淀粉和木薯淀粉均无妨碍,但添加10%的淀粉水平唯有高直链玉米淀粉较为合适。     

Effect of dietary oxidized fish oil on growth performance,body composition,antioxidant defence mechanism and liver histology of juvenile largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides

Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing fresh fish oil (peroxide value, POV: 11.5 meq kg^?1, diet FR) and three degrees of oxidized fish oil (POV: 132, 277 and 555 meq kg^?1, diet OX₁₃₂, OX₂₇₇ and OX₅₅₅, respectively) were formulated to investigate the effects of dietary oxidized fish oil on growth performance, body composition, antioxidant defence mechanism and liver histology of juvenile largemouth bass. After a 12‐week feeding trail, a proportion of approximately 9% of Micropterus salmoides showed inflammation and haemorrhage at the base of dorsal, pectoral and tail fin in both groups OX₂₇₇ and OX₅₅₅. Fish fed oxidized oil diets obtained significantly higher (P < 0.05) weight gain and specific growth rate because of their remarkable higher feed intakes, compared with the fresh oil receiving group. The analysis of biometric parameters and body composition indicated significant differences (P < 0.05) in various test diets. The activities of hepatic catalase and superoxide dismutase were significantly stimulated (P < 0.05) by oxidized oil ingestion. Hepatic glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione‐S‐transferase activities were significantly higher (P < 0.05), and liver glutathione content was markedly lower (P < 0.05) in group OX₅₅₅ than the other treatments. Oxidized oil consumption resulted in marked depletion (P < 0.05) of vitamin E concentration in plasma, liver and muscle tissue, increased plasma and muscle malondialdehyde content along with decreased haematocrit value. Histological examinations indicated that hepatocytes with lipid vacuoles and nuclear migration were shown in groups OX₂₇₇ and OX₅₅₅. The overall results in this study suggested that an increased oxidative stress in M. salmoides fed oxidized lipid may account for their stimulated hepatic antioxidant defences, vitamin E depletion in plasma and certain tissues, and pathological changes. The detrimental effect of oxidation products on fish health and the unexpectedly enhanced feed intake of oxidized feeds in M. salmoides underline the importance that cares should be taken to minimize dietary oxidation products to the greatest extent possible.     

Lakeshore residential development and growth of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): a cross‐lakes comparison

Gaeta JW, Guarascio MJ, Sass GG, Carpenter SR. Lakeshore residential development and growth of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): a cross‐lakes comparison.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2011: 20: 92–101. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Lakeshore residential development is associated with changes in littoral habitat, riparian habitat, and ecosystem function with potential impacts ramifying through aquatic food webs. Effects of these changes on economically important game fishes may vary with fish size. We investigated largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) size‐specific growth rates across 16 lakes spanning the range of lakeshore residential development in Wisconsin’s Northern Highland Lake District using a longitudinal multilevel model. Growth rates of small fish had a strong positive relationship with lakeshore residential development. The strength of the relationship decreased with length and became increasingly negative for fish longer than 210 mm. This pattern may be driven by a release from density‐dependent growth, shifts in available prey sources, reduced macrophyte cover, or angling‐induced selection pressures. Regardless of the mechanism, our results indicate, relative to undeveloped lakes, largemouth bass in highly developed lakes take 1.5 growing seasons longer to enter the fishery (356 mm).