球茎大麦在大麦育种上的应用研究：Ⅱ.球茎大麦向栽培大麦的种质转移

本文介绍栽培大麦与球茎大麦种 种的产生及其细胞学鉴定结果。二者杂交成胚率平均可达４８．４３％,胚培成苗率平均可达２５．６４％。杂种Ｆ１染色体数为２１,通过Ｃ－带鉴定表明,７条为母本栽培大麦染色体,１４条为父本球茎大麦染色体。     

球茎大麦在大麦育种上的应用：Ⅰ.大麦单倍体的诱导与加倍单倍体的 …

以三种栽培大麦品种为母本,三种球茎大麦为父本进行杂交,诱导栽培大麦单倍体,结果杂交成胚率平均为４７．９％。幼胚离体培养成苗率平均为５４．０％。这些胚培苗的根尖细胞染色体数目分别含有７,１４,２１条,不同组合杂交含有的染色体数目不同,所有含有７条染色体的后代,其染色体Ｃ－带带型显示为父本栽培大麦的染色体,表明该后代为栽培大麦单倍体,用滴加０．０４％秋水仙素的Ｋｎｏｐ溶液进行单倍体植株的染色体加倍,结     

球茎大麦在大麦育种上的应用——Ⅰ.大麦单倍体的诱导与加倍单倍体的产生

以三种栽培大麦品种为母本,三种球茎大麦为父本进行杂交。诱导栽培大麦单倍体,结果杂交成胚率平均为47.9％,幼胚离体培养成苗率平均为54.0％。这些胚培苗的根尖细胞染色体数目分别含有7,14,21条,不同组合杂交后代含有的染色体数目不同,所有含有7条染色体的后代,其染色体C-带带型显示为父本栽培大麦的染色体,表明该后代为栽培大麦单倍体,用滴加0.04％秋水仙素的Knop溶液进行单倍体植株的染色体加倍,结果加倍率达90％以上,另外,我们还讨论了染色体消失法诱导单倍体的优越性及其机理。     

栽培大麦（Hordeum vulgareL.）与纤毛鹅观草（Roegneria ciliar…

采用幼胚培养技术，获得了栽培大麦与纤毛鹅观草之间的属间杂种。研究了杂种Ｆ１，Ｆ２和ＢＣ１的形态和细胞学特点。结果表明：杂种形态介于双亲之间，不同生育阶段其主要特征分别倾向双亲这定。在结实率和主要经济性状上Ｆ２和ＢＣ１较Ｆ１有相当大的提高，但生育期进不大。根尖染色体计数和花粉母细胞减数分裂构型分析表明：Ｆ１，Ｆ２和ＢＣ１均为混倍全。Ｆ１平均染色体数为２２．１４条，其中以２８条染色体的细胞所占比例较高     

小麦与无融合生殖披碱草(Elymus rectisetus)属间杂种F1的形态学和细胞遗传学研究

Elymus rectisetus( Nees in L ehm ) A.L ove et Connor是目前小麦族 ( Triticeae)中发现的唯一的无融合生殖种。本研究以普通小麦 ( Triticum aestivum L.;2 n=6x=4 2 ,AABBDD)为母本 ,以E.rectisetus( 2 n=6x=4 2 ,SSYYWW)为父本进行杂交 ,经过幼胚拯救获得了属间杂种 F1。杂种 F1分蘖力强 ,具有多年生习性 ,其形态特征偏向于父本。杂种 F1高度雄性不育 ,自交不结实。对杂种根尖体细胞的细胞学观察发现 ,杂种 F1体细胞染色体数 2 n=9x=63( SSYYWWABD) ,其中 2 1条来自普通小麦 ,4 2条来自 E.rectisetus。花粉母细胞染色体配对频率为 :2 2 .69 16.15rod 3.0 1ring 0 .83 0 .0 1 。小麦白粉病抗性鉴定结果表明 ,杂种 F1及父本 E.rectisetus表现免疫 ,而母本Fukuhokomugi高度感染白粉病。上述杂种的获得为将 E.rectisetus无融合生殖基因及抗白粉病基因向小麦中转育奠定了基础。     

中国春小麦(6x)×苏联球茎大麦(4x)属间杂交的研究初报

本试验选用抗病性较强的球茎大麦(2n=28)为父本,以普通小麦(2n=42)为母本,进行属间杂交,授粉24小时后,在母本柱头上滴赤霉酸,促使幼胚生长,以中国春单体5B 为母本杂交,获得了少量结实的杂交种子;以中国春为母本的,则结合离体培养杂种幼胚,以获得属间杂种。杂种自花不育,而以中国春单体5B 与之回交,获得三株回交一代杂种(B相似文献   

普通小麦与野生大麦的属间杂交

通过活体/离体幼胚培养获得了智利大麦(Hordeum chilense,2n=2x=14)、海大麦(H.marinum,2n=2x=14)及平展大麦(H.depressum,2n=4x=28)与普通小麦(Triticum aestivum,2n=6x=42)之间的属间杂种。智利大麦×小麦及海大麦×小麦杂种在形态上偏向父本小麦,而平展大麦×小麦杂种除穗部性状外,其形态明显偏向母本。所有杂种均自交不孕     

模拟干旱胁迫下大麦叶片保护性酶的发育遗传分析

为明确大麦抗旱生理性状的发育遗传,在大麦抗旱育种中加以利用。采用ADMP(加性-显性-母本-父本)遗传模型及条件方差分析方法,分析了模拟干旱胁迫下的大麦叶片4种保护性酶(超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GSHR))的发育遗传效应。结果表明,在不同发育阶段4种保护性酶的遗传效应不尽相同,在遗传效应类别、遗传表达量上存在差异;随着生育进程推进,4种保护性酶的条件遗传主效应表现出一定依时空波动和间歇性。在出苗-拔节阶段,以SOD的显性效应强,GSHR的母本效应最强;在拔节-开花阶段,SOD、POD存在较大的加性遗传效应,GSHR存在最大值的父本效应;在开花-灌浆阶段,SOD、POD的加性遗传效应高于相应的显性遗传效应,SOD、CAT被检测到较大的母本遗传效应,GSHR的父本效应最强。根据研究结果可知,在不同生育阶段以保护性酶指标进行抗旱鉴定时,可如下进行:出苗-拔节阶段,对高代材料或亲本而言,适宜测定GSHR;对F1或F2而言,适宜测定SOD。拔节-开花阶段,对高代材料或亲本而言,适宜测定SOD、POD;对F1或F2而言,适宜测定POD。开花-灌浆阶段,对高代材料或亲本而言,适宜测定SOD、POD、CAT、GSHR;对F1或F2而言,适宜测定POD。     

中间堰麦草与小麦杂交后代的细胞遗传学及性状特点的研究

中间偃麦草作父本与小麦品种烟农15杂交,杂交结实率为71.72%,杂种F1在套袋自交和开放授粉条件下的自交结实率分别为32.05%和69.66%。以7个杂种世代为材料,对其细胞遗传学及性状特点进行研究。结果表明,F1 PMC MI染色体的联会频率较高,细胞内二价体数目平均为13.73个;F2和F3两个自交世代的染色体数目显著多于双亲和F1的42     

栽培大麦（Hordeum vulgare L.）与纤毛鹅观草（Roegneria ciliaris (Trin) Nevski）属间杂种F1、F2和BC1的形态和细胞学研究

采用幼胚培养技术,获得了栽培大麦纤毛鹅观草之间的属间杂种。研究了杂种F1,F2和BC1的形态和细胞学特点。结果表明：杂种形态介于双亲之间,不同生育阶段其主要特征分别倾向双亲之一。在结实率和主要经济性状上F2和BC1较F1有相当大的提高,但生育期进展不大。根尖染色体计数和花粉母细胞减数分裂构型分析表明：F1、F2和BC1     

In-vitro Fertilization of Ovules of Some Species of Brassicaceae*

The method of in-vitro fertilization of ovules can be successfully applied to various species of Brassincaceae. Mature embryos and plants were obtained after in-vitro pollinating the ovules of Arabis caucasica, Brassica napus, B. oleracea var. sabellica (kale), B. oleracea var. italica (broccoli), Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Moricandia arvensis and Sisymbrium Loeselli. In the case of Sinapis alba fertilization and embryo development did not occur. The same method has been successfully used for obtaining hybrid immature embryos at different stages of development from crosses between B. napus X D. tenuifolia, B. napus X M. arvensis, B. oleracea var. italica X D. tenuifolia, D. tenuifolia x B. napus, D. tenuifolia. X M. arvensis and D. tenuifolia X S. Loeselli. The present findings show that in-vitro pollination of ovules of various species of Brassicaceae makes it possible to (a) perform the whole process of fertilization and embryogenesis; and (b) obtain intergeneric hybrid embryos.     

Successful interspecific hybridization between Cucumis sativus L. and C. hystrix Chakr.

Interspecific F₁ hybrids were obtained from a cross between Cucumis sativus L. (2n = 2x = 14) and C. hystrix Chakr. (2n = 2x = 24). Controlled crossing resulted in fruit containing embryos which were excised and rescued on a Murashige and Skoog solid medium. A total of 59 vigorous plants were obtained from a fruit containing 159 embryos (37.3% regeneration rate). Hybrid plants were morphologically uniform. The multiple branching habit, densely brown hairs (especially on corolla and pistil), orange-yellow collora, and ovate fruit of F₁ hybrid plants were similar to that of the C. hystrix paternal parent. While appearance of the first pistillate flower was more similar to that of C. sativus maternal parent than to C. hystrix, staminate flower appearance was mid-parent in occurence. The diameter and internode length of stem, shape and size of leaves and flowers were intermediate when compared to the parents. An elongated green, trilobate style/stigma which was not apparent in either parent was observed in staminate flowers of F₁ plants. Similarly, the style/stigma of pistillate flower of F₁ plants were longger when compared to their parents. The brown pubescence observed on pistillate flowers of the F₁ and C. hystrix was not observed on the C. sativus parent. The somatic chromosome number of F₁ plants was 19. Two morphologically distinct groups of chromosomes were observed in the F₁ hybrid; 7 relatively large chromosomes characteristic of C. sativus, and 12 smaller chromosomes characteristic of C. hystrix. Analysis of malate dehydrogenase isozyme banding patterns provided additional comfirmation of hybridity. Reciprocal crossing of F₁ plants to either parent and self-crossing indicated that the hybrids were male and female sterile. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Parental effects on crossability,embryo differentiation and plantlet recovery in wheat x rye hybrids

Summary One hexaploid wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivem) and two tetraploid wheat lines (T. durum) were crossed with seventeen inbred lines of rye (Secale cereale). Seed set, degree of hybrid embryo differentiation at the time of excision for in vitro culture and recovery of amphihaploid plantlets from various embryo categories were studied. Degree of embryo differentiation was predominantly determined by maternal wheats, paternal rye genotypes appearing to be of minor importance. T. aestivum x rye hybrid embryos were superior to those produced from T. durum for degree of differentiation. The proportion of plantlets developing from differentiated embryos was high for all wheat parents, whereas undifferentiated embryos were mostly unsuitable for plantlet production. The results revealed that cross-incompatibility in hexaploid wheat x rye crosses was due to failure of fertilization, while in tetraploid wheat x rye crosses it was caused by lack of embryo differentiation. Correlation analyses showed that seed set provided a criterion to predict the amphihaploid plantlets to be expected from a particular wheat x rye combination.     

Interspecific hybridization in the genus Arachis through embryo culture

Summary The embryos of a cultivated tetraploid peanut (Arachis hypogaea), a wild diploid species (A. villosa), and their hybrid embryos, which generally abort in nature, were cultured in vitro and the plants have been successfully transferred to the soil. The hybrids showed triploid chromosome number (3x=30). The significance of wide hybridization in peanut-improvement programs is discussed.     

Wide hybridization between wheat (Triticum L.) and lymegrass (Leymus Hochst.)

A total of 240 F₁ hybrids was made beween wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell. (2n = 6x = 42) and T. carthlicum Nevski (2n = 4x = 28)) and perennial lymegrass (North European Leymus arenarius (L.) Hochst. (2n = 8x = 56) and North American L. mollis (Trin.) Pilger (2n = 4x = 28)). The wide crosses yielded embryos in 20% of caryopses and 96% of the embryos developed into normal hybrid plants. The hybrids were vegetatively vigorous, with evidence of the Leymus rhizomatous habit. Those deriving from L. arenarius survived overwintering in Iceland, but the hybrids L. mollis did not, whereas in a milder environment, both showed perenniality. Cytogenetic analysis of root tip cells before the plants were treated with colchicine showed that 21 out of 28 hybrids investigated had chromosome mosaics, with a population of both amphihaploid and amphidiploid cells. This spontaneous doubling of somatic chromosomes occurred in all cross combinations, with the highest average frequency of diploid cells (28%) in T. carthlicum × L. arenarius crosses. A few selfed seeds have been obtained from a T. aestivum × L. arenarius hybrid. All the hybrids were treated twice with colchicine, but the treatment appeared to have little or no effect on the frequency of chromosome doubling in the hybrids deriving from T. aestivum. The frequency of diploid cells, however, increased significantly (e.g. to 80%) in the hybrids deriving from the T. carthlicum parent. Genomic in situ hybridization confirmed the hybridity of the plants and showed that the hybrids were amphiploids containing genomes of both wheat and lymegrass. In situ hybridization using ribosomal DNA probe differentiated chromosomes of L. mollis, L. arenarius from those of wheat. The hybrids are being backcrossed with lymegrass pollen, aiming to domesticate the wild, perennial species. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Overcoming the barrier to interspecific hybridization of Fagopyrum esculentum with Fagopyrum tataricum

Summary Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) was successfully hybridized with common buckwheat (F. esculentum), both diploid (2n=16), using the latter as male parent during bud pollination. The barrier normally encountered in such hybridization was overcome by enhancing the cross-compatibility of the two species, which was accomplished by synthesizing a unique genotype of common buckwheat. This novel plant was produced by selecting common buckwheat plants that exhibited, at isozyme loci PGM, SKDH and ADH, alleles with similar mobility to those found in tartary and then transferring these alleles to a single plant through six generations of breeding. Ovule culture was used to rescue the 7–10 day old embryos. On the rescue-culture medium 41% of the hybrid embryos formed calli larger than 200 m in diameter. Most ceased to grow before reaching 1500 m, but four out of 263 cultured ovules continued to grow as callus. One of these differentiated and formed callus with buds and shoots from which cloned plants were produced. The remaining embryos either did not grow at all or formed very small calli. When tartary was crossed with the original genotype of common buckwheat, only 22% of the hybrid embryos formed small calli and none differentiated. Hybridity of the calli and the plantlets was determined by RAPD and isozyme analysis, respectively. Flowers produced by the hybrid plants were of the same type (homomorphic) and size as those of tartary, but with white sepals like common buckwheat.Abbreviations CTAB cetyltrimethylammonium bromide - GA₃ gibberellic acid - IAA indoleacetic acid - IBA indolebutyric acid - PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone     

Interspecific hybridization between Cicer arietinum and C. pinnatifidum

An interspecific hybrid between Cicer arietinum cv. GL 769 and a wild species C. pinnatifidum was obtained after emasculation, pollination and application of growth regulators. Ovules were cultured and embryos were later dissected to obtain hybrid plants. These plants were albinos and morphologically resembled C. pinnatifidum. Shrivelled seeds were also obtained in 2% of the crosses, which on germination gave rise to albino plants. These plants did not survive beyond 20 days. The hybrid nature of these plants was confirmed by esterase isozyme studies. Hybrid shoots obtained from germinating embryos were cultured on modified ML-6 medium with BAP 2 mg/1, IAA 0.5 mg/1, where they turned green after 3–4 weeks. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies on leaf sections from green hybrid shoots showed an improvement in the chloroplast structure, with better organized grana.     

Interspecific hybrids of Cyclamen persicum Mill. and C. purpurascens Mill. produced by ovule culture

Summary Interspecific crosses were made to introduce the scent of flowers of C. purpurascens into C. persicum cultivars and ovule culture was used to rescue the abortive hybrid embryos. Cultivars of C. persicum diploid (CPD, 2n=2×=48) and C. persicum tetraploid (CPT, 2n=4×=96) were the pistillate parents and wild species of C. purpurascens (CP, 2n=34) were staminate parents. After pollination, crossed ovaries were collected periodically and examined using paraffin sections. Histological observations suggested that both hybrid ovules of CPD x CP and CPT x CP should be transferred to culture medium 35 days after pollination. Based up on this observation, crossed ovaries were collected 28 days after pollination and ovules with placenta were transferred to MS (1962) medium containing 3% sucrose. These ovules were cultured in the dark at 25° C. The hybrids (2n=41) derived from CPD x CP had the scent of C. purpurascens, whereas the hybrids (2n=65) derived from CPT x CP had the scent of C. persicum. Although both hybrids had complete genomes from the parents and produced a few viable pollen grains, they failed to yield viable seeds by self- and cross-pollination with fertile pollen grains of C. persicum cultivars.Abbreviations CPD C. persicum diploid - CPT C. persicum tetraploid - CP C. purpurascens     

鼠、兔核质杂交及早期胚胎发育的研究

以2~8细胞期鼠胚细胞为供体核,选用注射hCG后15h、17h的兔卵母细胞为受体胞质,施加1.6 kv/cm、160、两次脉冲的电场条件,间隔20min,融合液为含Ca、Mg的0.3mol/L甘露醇,适于鼠、兔种间EOBC的融合激活。小鼠2—细胞、4—细胞期胚细胞与兔去核卵母细胞融合率高于8—细胞期胚细胞,分别为83%、80%及62.5%,桑囊胚发育率差异不显著。体细胞共同培养系统和Taurine能显著提高鼠、兔核质杂交胚的体外发育能力。