眼斑拟石首鱼人工育苗技术

眼斑拟石首鱼（Ｓｃｉａｅｎｏｐｓ　ｏｃｅｌｌａｔｕｓ）俗称美国红鱼（ｒｅｄ ｆｉｓｈ）、红拟石首鱼、黑斑石首鱼、黑斑红鲈、斑尾鲈（ｓｐｏｔ－ｔａｉｌ ｂａｓｓ）、红鼓鱼（ｒｅｄ ｄｒｕｍ）、海峡鲈（ｃｈａｎｎｅｌ ｂａｓｓ）等，属鲈形目、石首鱼科、拟石首鱼属，系暖水性、广温、广盐、溯河性鱼类。原产于美国东南海岸，我国台湾和青岛于１９８７年和１９９１年分别引进此鱼，目前已在我国南方以及北方部分地区大面积养殖，是池塘和网箱养殖的优良种类。本文简要介绍眼斑拟石首鱼全人工育苗技术。１ 亲鱼成熟及产卵量１．１ …     

眼斑拟石首鱼的人工养成技术

报道了眼斑拟石首鱼对生态环境的要求、食性、营养需求、生长特点以及苗种的选择、运输、养殖、病害防治等技术。     

眼斑拟石首鱼池塘养殖实用技术

介绍了眼斑拟石首鱼的一般形态 ,对生态环境的要求 ,以及苗种运输、网箱暂养、池塘养殖等技术     

眼斑拟石首鱼池塘养殖实用技术

介绍了眼斑拟石首鱼的形态特点,对生态环境的要求,以及苗种的选择、运输、网箱暂养、池塘养殖等技术。     

眼斑拟石首鱼苗种生产技术

介绍了眼斑拟石首鱼的生长与繁殖特性，亲鱼选择和采卵方法，以及受精与孵化技术，并提出了仔鱼前期、仔鱼后期、稚鱼期、幼鱼期的鱼苗培育措施。     

眼斑拟石首鱼的生长

引言 眼斑拟石首鱼(Sciaenops socellatus)亦称红鱼和斑尾鲈，产在墨西哥海湾大西洋至图斯潘的马萨诸塞，深受渔民和消费者的喜爱。由于美国严格限制野生群体的商业捕捞，故眼斑拟石首鱼已成为重要的商业养殖鱼类，公共机构的养殖兴趣日益提高，公私合资在德克萨斯建立了—个孵化场，生产眼斑拟石首鱼鱼种进行野外放养。     

眼斑拟石首鱼暴发性传染病病原初步研究

1999年 8～ 10月广东沿海网箱养殖的眼斑拟石首鱼 (Sciaenopocellatus)流行一种暴发性传染病 ,经抗菌药或杀虫剂处理均无效。为查明病因 ,取病鱼镜检 ,未发现寄生虫 ,也分离不到细菌。电镜观察 ,可见病鱼的脾脏细胞内有截面为六边形、直径约 15 0nm的病毒颗粒 ,且脾、肝、肾都有一定程度的病变 ;用 2对日本所报道的虹彩病毒特异引物进行PCR扩增 ,在病鱼的脾脏样品中扩增出 2条大小与所报道的虹彩病毒扩增产物吻合的特征带 ,故初步认定虹彩病毒是眼斑拟石首鱼暴发性传染病的主要致病原     

一种危害眼斑拟石首鱼的寄生涡虫及其防治

眼斑拟石首鱼(Sciaenops ocellatus)俗称美国红鱼,又称红鼓鱼,是福建水产养殖业中重要养殖鱼类之一。它们生长速度快,对饲料的适应性强,饵料转化率高,一年即可养成1kg重的成品鱼,出口韩国,价格好。较之养殖大黄鱼具有成本低,经济效益好,资金周转快,成活率高等优点。福建省罗源湾的水质适于养殖美国红鱼,因此,近年大量投苗养殖,但     

盐酸土霉素在奥尼罗非鱼体内的药代动力学及残留研究

在水温(25±2)℃条件下,以15 mg/kg鱼体重的剂量给奥尼罗非鱼单次口灌盐酸土霉素,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆和肌肉组织中的药物浓度,研究盐酸土霉素在奥尼罗非鱼体内的代谢及消除规律。结果显示:血药时间数据符合一级吸收二室开放模型,半衰期(T1/2Ka、T1/2α、T1/2β)分别为4.79、4.10、45.20 h,最大血药浓度为1.50μg/m L,达峰时间为7.30 h,药时曲线下面积(AUC)为42.35μg·h/m L。肌肉作为可食性组织,选取肌肉组织作为残留检测的靶组织,以0.1 mg/kg为最高残留限量,在本试验条件下,建议休药期不低于10 d。     

诺氟沙星在大菱鲆体内药代动力学及残留消除规律

利用高效液相色谱法分别测定了单次和多次混饲口灌大菱鲆诺氟沙星(NFLX)后鱼体主要组织中的NFLX含量。通过MCP-KP药动学程序对NFLX在大菱鲆体内的药代动力学及残留消除规律进行了分析研究。结果表明,以30mg/kg的剂量单次混饲口灌大菱鲆,NFLX在大菱鲆体内的达峰时间(Tmax)为2h,血、鳃、肾脏、肝脏、肌肉的达峰浓度(Cmax)分别为:8.365、7.519、1.871、6.485和4.060μg/g;NFLX在组织中的消除半衰期(T1/2)由小到大依次为:肝脏8.18h<肌肉12.39h<鳃丝15.29h<血液23.22h<肾脏23.25h。连续5d以30mg/kg的剂量混饲口灌大菱鲆,消除半衰期(T1/2)由小到大依次为:肌肉74.88h<血液98.16h<肝脏186.43h<鳃192.12h<肾脏200.45h。以上研究表明,诺氟沙星在大菱鲆体内的吸收较为迅速,有利于疾病的预防和治疗用药。在组织中以肾脏中的残留最为显著。使用诺氟沙星进行大菱鲆疾病的预防和治疗时,至少停药30d后方可上市销售。     

Red Drum,Sciaenops ocellatus,Production Diets

Abstract

The replacement of fish meal with soybean meal in fish diets has met with varying degrees of success. Quite often, poor responses to high soybean meal diets are due to a reduced palatability of the diet when fish meal is removed. Recent work has demonstrated that poultry by-product meal can be used as a substitute for fish meal in practical diets for juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), indicating it may have favorable palatability characteristics for this species. The present research was designed to evaluate the replacement of menhaden fish meal with solvent-extracted soybean meal in practical diets containing 20% poultry by-product meal and formulated to contain 44% protein and 10% lipid. Test diets were adjusted for phosphorus and methionine content to ensure that minimal dietary requirements were maintained. The response of red drum (mean initial weight 179 g) to diets containing fish meal ranging from 40 to 5% of the diet, as well as the response to a low fish meal diet supplemented with krill hydrolysate, were evaluated over a 14-week growth period. Final weights (percent gain) ranged from 588 g (237.8%) to 651 g (258.5%), with feed conversion efficiencies ranging from 62.1% to 69.9% and protein conversion efficiencies ranging from 27.8% to 30%. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed for diet intake, feed conversion efficiency, protein conversion efficiency, intraperitoneal fat ratio, or weight gain. Significant differences in protein intake and the hepatosomatic index were observed. The present findings suggest that fish meal can be reduced to 5% of the diet by replacing it with solvent-extracted soybean meal as well as methionine and phosphorus supplements. Although diets without poultry by-product meal were not tested, it is presumed that the poultry meal enhanced the palatability of the diets, allowing the replacement of fish meal with soybean meal.     

Dietary Threonine Requirement of Juvenile Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus

Threonine is an indispensable amino acid required by all animals for normal growth and metabolic functions. An experiment was conducted in a brackish water (5 ± 1 ppt) recirculating system to quantify the minimum dietary threonine requirement of juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus . The experimental diets contained 350/0 crude protein from red drum muscle and crystalline amino acids and 3.2 kcal available energy/g diet. Incremental levels of L-threonine were added to the diets and fed to juvenile red drum initially averaging 2.8 g/fish for 8 wk. Weight gain and feed efficiency of fish fed the various diets were significantly ( P < 0.05) affected and increased linearly as dietary threonine increased until plateauing around 0.8% of dry diet. Protein efficiency ratio and protein conversion efficiency values for fish fed the different diets also were significantly affected by threonine level and indicated requirement values of 0.8–0.9% of dry diet. Free threonine in plasma also significantly responded to increasing dietary threonine but indicated a slightly higher requirement value of approximately 1.0% of dry diet. Based on these data, the minimum threonine requirement of juvenile red drum was determined to be approximately 0.8% of dry diet (2.28% of dietary protein). This requirement level is similar to values reported for some other fish species. Based on this information diets may be formulated more precisely for aquacultural production of red drum.     

Dietary Phosphorus Requirement of Juvenile Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus

Eight isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets containing graded levels of inorganic phosphorus were fed to juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus for an 11 week period. Red drum were maintained in a brackish water (5–6 ppt) recirculating system. There were no significant differences in weight gain or feed conversion. However, survival was generally lower for fish fed deficient diets. Phosphorus supplements up to 0.86% increased bone calcium and scale ash, calcium, and phosphorus values. Bone ash and phosphorus were not significantly affected above 0.71% dietary phosphorus. It appears that approximately 0.86% dietary phosphorus is needed for maximum tissue mineralization of juvenile red drum.     

Dietary Lysine Requirement of Juvenile Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus

The dietary lysine requirement of juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus was reevaluated in two separate experiments. In the first experiment, lyophilized red drum muscle was combined with an L-form crystalline amino acid premix to yield diets containing approximately 35% protein on a dry-matter basis. Gradations (0.25%) of L-lysine HCl were added to the basal diet containing approximately 1.0% lysine. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of juvenile red drum initially weighing 6–7 g for 8 weeks. Based on growth and feed efficiency data, the lysine requirement (±SE) was determined to be 1.55% (±0.079%) of dry diet or 4.430% of dietary protein. In a second experiment, the lysine requirement of red drum was investigated with diets containing 35% intact protein from zein and red drum muscle. Each of the zein-based diets containing incremental levels of lysine was fed to triplicate groups of juvenile red drum initially weighing 1–2 g for 8 weeks. A crystalline amino acid test diet serving as a control in this experiment significantly outperformed the zein-based diets, and palatability of those diets was questionable due to an obvious change in feeding behavior of the fish. Due to the inferior performance of the fish fed the zein-based diets, the authors were not successful in determining a requirement with these diets. Thus, a lysine requirement of 1.55% of dry diet (4.43% of dietary protein) as determined in the first experiment is recommended for juvenile red drum.     

Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus Field Trials: Economic Implications

Abstract.– Although recent changes in coastal fisheries regulations in several Gulf states have renewed interest in the economic potential for culture of red drum S. ocellatus , few decision making tools with up-to-date information on production economics are available. From 1988 to 1995, estimates of investment costs, equipment specifications and typical input utilization in commercial-scale production were developed from field trials involving complete or partial grow-out of S. ocellatus . Operating costs and expected yields were subsequently estimated based on "best-case" data from a 70-wk production trial in which 5–7 cm fingerlings were stocked on 1 July and grown to marketable size by the following November, thus avoiding a second overwintering period and the associated risks of losses from freezing temperatures. To allow an evaluation of potential returns with earlier or staggered stocking dates, however, growth and mortality rates from the 70-wk trial were used in a computer-based simulation to estimate yields and costs associated with a hypothetical growout period beginning 1 April, deemed the earliest suitable date to avoid fingerling mortality resulting from abrupt or extreme cold temperatures. The April stocking simulation projected a preferred market size of 1.4 kg prior to a second overwintering period, with yield increasing from 3,454 kg/ha to 4,203 kg/ha and a reduction in breakeven costs from $5.97/kg to $5.53/kg. Partial budget analysis, based on a current average market price of $5.72/ kg, suggested April 1 stocking could result in a positive net change of $1,679 per ha over July 1 stocking.     

养殖美国红鱼鱼肉中挥发性成分的研究

通过固相微萃取和气质联用仪对养殖美国红鱼鱼肉中的挥发性成分进行萃取和分离鉴定,初步探明了我国养殖美国红鱼肉的气味组成.从鱼腹部肉和背部肉中分别检测出52种和54种有效挥发性成分(匹配度超过800),相同成分有42种.这些成分包括烃类、醇类、酮类、醛类、酯类和环状化合物,其中含量较高的是醇类、醛类、酮类,在腹部肉和背部肉中分别占挥发性化合物总数的30.47%、38.47%、13.14%和27.87%、41.54%、14.43%.美国红鱼的特征香气以青草味、脂香和瓜果类等香气为主,同时具有难闻的腥臭味;己醛和1-戊烯-3-醇对美国红鱼腥味的形成贡献最大,环境及其他挥发性风味组分的协同或累加作用对腥味的形成也有一定影响;与背肉相比,腹肉腥味明显(F0.01);1-辛烯-3-醇、4-庚烯醛、苯甲醛等物质与美国红鱼特征风味的形成密切相关.     

Toxicity of Chelated Copper to Juvenile Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus1

Acute toxicity of chelated copper to juvenile red drum (x?= 3.1 g) was determined in a static test at 25 C and 8 ppt salinity. The 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h LC₅₀s were 1.90, 0.84, 0.75, 0.64, and 0.52 mg/L copper, respectively. Effects of temperature and salinity on the 96 h LC₅₀ (0.5 mg/L copper) for juvenile red drum (x?= 5.0 g) were tested at two temperatures, 25 and 30 C, and three salinities, 0.5, 8, and 30 ppt. Temperature significantly affected mortality; mortality in 0.5 and 8 ppt salinities was significantly higher at 30 C than at 25 C. An increase in salinity significantly reduced the mortality of juvenile red drum. Total mortality occurred in 0.5 ppt salinity within 48 h at 25 C and within 12 h at 30 C. Total mortality occurred in 8 ppt salinity within 72 h at 25 C and within 48 h at 30 C. No mortality occurred during 96 h in 30 ppt salinity at 25 C or 30 C.     

美国红鱼大规格苗种培育试验

经6个月室内人工育苗，共培育出约10cm的大规格美国红鱼苗种10.8万尾，其中从仔鱼到全长3cm的苗种成活率为75％，3－10cm大规格苗种的成活率为725。育苗中饵料系列为轮虫（2－20d）、卤虫无节幼体（12－26d）、配合饵粒（14d以后）。     

Tolerance of Juvenile Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus to Rapidly Decreasing Water Temperatures

This study assessed the potential mortality of pond-reared juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus subjected to rapid declines in water temperature simulating cold front activity. Fish acclimated in an earthen pond at ambient temperature and photoperiod were introduced into a recirculating aquarium and biofiltration system when pond water temperatures decreased to 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, and 10 C. Fish were stocked according to size group into 10 aquaria containing filtered pond water at 9 ± 1‰ salinity and temperature matching the acclimation temperature. Fish were acclimated to the aquaria for 3 d, subjected to a 6 C decrease over 24 h, and then held for 72 h. No mortalities were observed in any trial. The results suggest that if juvenile red drum are maintained in water with salinity around 9‰, they should survive the passage of most cold fronts.     

Evaluation of Elevated Dietary Aluminum and Iron on Red Drum,Sciaenops ocellatus

This study was conducted to determine if relatively high dietary levels of aluminum and iron might affect growth, mortality, and mineral content of red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, because algae coproduct may have rather high aluminum and iron levels due to the algae harvesting and extracting processes. Experimental diets were prepared by supplementing different levels of aluminum (1000, 2000, 4000, 8000, and 3000 mg/kg diet) from aluminum sulfate, or iron (1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 mg/kg diet) from ferric sulfate, or a combination of aluminum and iron (4000 mg Al/kg and 4000 mg Fe/kg) to a basal diet which was formulated from practical ingredients and analyzed to contain an average of 526 mg Fe/kg and 1940 mg Al/kg diet. The feeding trial was conducted in a recirculating system consisting of 38‐L aquaria maintained at 7 ppt salinity with synthetic seawater and sodium chloride. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 12 juvenile red drum initially averaging 4.5 g/fish for 7 wk. At the end of the feeding period, there were no significant differences in average weight gain, feed efficiency, or hepatosomatic index of fish fed the various diets. Significant differences were found in liver iron concentration (P = 0.045) but not iron concentration of whole body or muscle tissues. In regard to aluminum content of the liver, whole body, and muscle tissues, detectable levels were not recorded. Based on these results, it does not appear that extremely high levels of aluminum or iron adversely affect juvenile red drum, and thus elevated levels of these minerals should not limit the use of algal coproducts in diet formulations.