Magnesium pemolone: lack of facilitation in human learning, memory, and performance tests

Either a placebo or 25 or 37.5 milligrams of magnesium pemoline was administered on a doubleblind basis to three intelligencematched groups of normal, adult males. Learning and 24-hour retention tests included verbal learning, motor learning, and classical conditioning. Short-term memory tests were administered through both the visual and auditory modalities. Arm-hand steadiness and visual reaction time performance tests were included. The only measures revealing significant group differences showed the performance of subjects given pemoline was inferior to that of subjects given a placebo.     

采用双任务范式使被试将工作记忆信息保存在工作记忆当中并完成选择性注意任务,结果发现:视觉空间工作记忆负荷不能使熟悉面孔的干扰效应消失,语义工作记忆负荷使熟悉面孔的干扰效应在高知觉负荷条件下消失.因此,熟悉面孔在高知觉负荷条件下可能是以语义的方式存储在工作记忆当中,在低知觉负荷条件下可能是同时存储在视觉空间工作记忆和语义工作记忆中.

采用双任务范式使被试将工作记忆信息保存在工作记忆当中并完成选择性注意任务,结果发现:视觉空间工作记忆负荷不能使熟悉面孔的干扰效应消失,语义工作记忆负荷使熟悉面孔的干扰效应在高知觉负荷条件下消失.因此,熟悉面孔在高知觉负荷条件下可能是以语义的方式存储在工作记忆当中,在低知觉负荷条件下可能是同时存储在视觉空间工作记忆和语义工作记忆中.     

Operant control of neural events in humans

Human subjects were trained by traditional methods of instrumental conditioning to change the amplitude of a late component of the auditory evoked potential with and without oscilloscopic feedback of their performance.     

Objective assessment of hypnotically induced time distortion

The objective precision of operant conditioning methodology validates the power of hypnosis to induce alterations in time perception. Personal tempo was systematically modified by instructions to trained hypnotic subjects, with significant behavioral effects observed on a variety of response rate measures.     

Conditioning of a free operant response in planaria

The response of breaking a photoelectric cell beam was automatically recorded and reinforced. Termination of an intense light was the reinforcement in an escape conditioning situation. The rate of response for the experimental subjects was significantly different from that of controls matched for equivalent changes in light intensity.     

Deafferentation in monkeys: effect on conditioned grasp response

A preliminary technique was developed for conditioning grasp response in monkeys, for use in studying the effect of damage to the central nervous system on skilled movement. That subjects were able to learn this response with a deafferented hand, in the absence of vision, indicated that purposive movements of the distal musculature are less under the control of peripheral feedback than had been generally believed.     

Learning: classical and avoidance conditioning the mollusk Pleurobranchaea

Naive specimens of the marine gastropod Pleurobranchaea withdraw from tactile stimulation of the oral veil and show feeding responses to food chemicals. Experimental subjects, trained by pairing touch (conditioned stimullus) with food chemicals (unconditioned stimulus), soon acquired a classically conditioned feeding response to touch alone. Control subjects that received touch alone or unpaired touch and food chemicals showed significantly fewer feeding responses to touch than did experimentals. Classically conditioned specimens were used for avoidance conditioning. Subjects that received aversive electrical stimulation when they did not withdraw from touch rapidly learned to withdraw rather than to feed in response to touch alone. Controls that received touch alone or unpaired touch and shock continued to exhibit the feeding response to touch alone. The learned responses persisted for up to 2 weeks without reinforcement before extinction, and could be demonstrated in the isolated nervous system.     

非语言交际在跨文化交际中的作用

具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程就是跨文化交际。本文着重探讨了跨文化交际中的非语言交际。非语言交际与语言交际不同,它的交际行为和交际手段主要有:体态语、副语言、客体语和环境语。前两类可以称为“非语言行为”,后两类可称为“非语言手段”。我们可以通过对非语言行为之间的文化差异的了解,从而提高跨文化交际的能力。     

英语文字的概率表达

对于事件发生的概率表征形式主要可分为数字表征和文字表征.本文探讨了英文文字概率表达研究的意义和兴起,并回顾了英语文字概率表达在这半个世纪里的研究内容、研究方法及研究发现:(1)文字概率的数值转化,(2)文字概率表征的语义信息和(3)概率表征的使用偏好.最后探讨了汉语文字概率表达的意义和前景.     

污泥调理技术发展与研究

污泥脱水是污泥处理与处置前必不可少的步骤,而污泥调理是污泥脱水工艺中的重要环节,其主要作用是改善污泥的沉降性能和脱水性能,提高后续设备对污泥的脱水效率。该文主要介绍了化学、生物、物理和联合4种调理技术对污泥脱水性能的影响及其各自的优缺点,并通过比较各种调理技术,展望了今后污泥脱水过程中调理技术的发展方向。     

减少微波与切片回潮出口水分置信度的差异

为了解决微波松散回潮比切片回潮后的出口水分置信度偏低问题,以5 500kg/h片烟生产线配置为例,通过对两种回潮工序工艺流程、回潮筒体结构改造以及片烟处理方式等方面进行比较,以提高微波松散回潮后出口水分置信度,达到减少与切片回潮的差异的目的。     

真空回潮对安徽皖南烟叶质量的影响

[目的]探讨真空回潮对皖南烟叶质量的影响。[方法]试验对皖南地区生产的烟叶上部、中部、下部3个部位分别采取不同工艺条件真空回潮处理验证和对比分析,以考察其常规化学成分、香味成分、感官质量的差异。[结果]试验表明,采用真空回潮处理,随着真空回潮强度的增强,烟叶中的总糖含量下降,而其他物质变化无明显规律;香味成分总含量总体呈下降趋势,高等级烟叶具有焦甜香特征物质的化合物下降明显;感官质量高档烟叶总得分先升后降,而中档烟叶总得分呈上升趋势;焦甜香香韵指数高档烟叶略有下降,中档烟叶先升后降。[结论]研究可为皖南地区的烤烟生产中真空回潮工序选择及工艺参数设置提供参考依据。     

PEG渗调处理对植物种子的影响

PEG渗调处理作为促进种子萌发的一种有效技术,已用于许多植物种子的研究。介绍了PEG渗调处理对植物种子的影响,并讨论了PEG渗调处理植物种子的应用前景与局限性。     

顺应—关联模式下言语礼貌的运作机制探析

本文在顺应—关联模式下探讨了言语礼貌的运作机制。可以看出,语境的动态性贯穿言语礼貌交际的始终,是保证言语礼貌交际成功的前提。言语礼貌交际中的话语和语境之间是相互顺应的。礼貌效果是动态生成的。     

Lateralized suppression of dichotically presented digits after commissural section in man

Right-handed patients with surgical disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres cannot report verbal input to the left ear if diferent verbal stimuli have been channeled simultaneously to the right ear. With monaural stimulation, they show equal accuracy of report for the two ears. These findings highlight the dominance of the contralateral over the ipsilateral auditory projection system. Suppression of right-ear input is obtained in nonverbal tests. Dissociation between verbal and left-hand stereognostic responses indicate a right-left dichotomy for auditory experience in the disconnected hemispheres.     

The in vitro Classical Conditioning of the Gill Withdrawal Reflex of Aplysia californica

Associative learning has been demonstrated in a reduced siphon, mantle, gill, and abdominal ganglion preparation of Aplysia. The preparations learned to respond to a previously neutral stimulus as a consequence of training in a classical conditioning paradigm. Backward conditioning, presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone, or presentation of the unconditioned stimulus at some random interval after presentation of the conditioned stimulus failed to produce conditioning. This model system can be used to study the neural mechanisms underlying associative learning.     

Rational choice, context dependence, and the value of information in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)

Both human and nonhuman decision-makers can deviate from optimal choice by making context-dependent choices. Because ignoring context information can be beneficial, this is called a "less-is-more effect." The fact that organisms are so sensitive to the context is thus paradoxical and calls for the inclusion of an ecological perspective. In an experiment with starlings, adding cues that identified the context impaired performance in simultaneous prey choices but improved it in sequential prey encounters, in which subjects could reject opportunities in order to search instead in the background. Because sequential prey encounters are likely to be more frequent in nature, storing and using contextual information appears to be ecologically rational on balance by conditioning acceptance of each opportunity to the relative richness of the background, even if this causes context-dependent suboptimal preferences in (less-frequent) simultaneous choices. In ecologically relevant scenarios, more information seems to be more.     

跨文化交际中非言语行为的得体性策略研究

人类交际有两种渠道：言语和非言语。非言语指的是言语行为以外的所有交际行为。本文在阐述跨文化交际及非言语行为概念、功能的同时,重点论述了影响跨文化交际中非言语行为的因素和如何培养得体的非言语行为,以期实现成功的跨文化交际。     

不同安全利用技术对琼北地区稻菜轮作系统镉削减的效果

为探讨不同安全利用技术在海南镉污染耕地上的应用效果,以琼北地区轻中度镉污染稻菜轮作耕地为研究对象,比较了6种安全利用技术对辣椒和稻米中Cd积累的削减效果,以及9种钝化剂对稻米Cd积累的影响。结果表明,各项安全利用技术的降Cd效果由高到低依次为优化施肥+土壤调理+叶面阻控>土壤调理+叶面阻控>优化施肥+叶面阻控>土壤调理>叶面阻控>优化施肥,在辣椒和稻米上的降Cd率分别为61.6%~91.5%、49.4%~91.3%,6项安全利用措施下辣椒Cd暴露的膳食安全风险均可接受,但仅优化施肥+土壤调理+叶面阻控和土壤调理+叶面阻控处理下稻米Cd暴露的膳食安全风险在可接受范围内。施用9种钝化剂均可显著(P<0.05)降低稻米Cd含量,但降Cd率差别较大,变化范围在29.7%~77.0%。其中,生物炭和磷复合钝化剂(生物炭+磷矿粉、生物炭+活化磷矿粉)、蚯蚓粪和铁磷复合钝化剂(蚯蚓粪+零价铁+磷矿粉)的施用效果最佳,稻米降Cd率在 68%以上。针对海南轻中度镉污染耕地,宜采用优化施肥+土壤调理+叶面阻控和土壤调理+叶面阻控的联合措施,其中土壤调理技术中的钝化剂推荐使用生物炭和磷复合钝化剂或蚯蚓粪和铁磷复合钝化剂。