玉米田长期施粪肥的温室气体排放研究

为探究粪肥施用年限对农田土壤CO_2、CH_4、N_2O三种温室气体排放量的影响,以奶牛场青贮玉米种植农田为研究区,选择施肥条件分别为当年施粪肥和连续5年施粪肥的两块玉米田,进行为期一个玉米生长季的土壤CO_2、CH_4和N_2O三种温室气体排放量监测,同时对土壤无机氮含量和土壤三相比等指标进行监测。结果表明:与当年施粪肥(SM)相比,连续5年施粪肥(LM)玉米田的CO_2排放量比当年施粪肥的增加73.49%;而对于土壤CH_4与N_2O排放,长施粪肥的低于当年施粪肥的情况,可分别减少排放14.55%与75.55%。综合SM和LM两种施肥条件下青贮玉米田土壤CH_4和N_2O温室气体排放量得出,本试验条件下长施粪肥的全球增温潜势减排效应为75.43%。     

不同施肥处理红壤水肥耦合效应的研究

对湖南红壤地区不同施肥处理氮磷钾(NPK)、氮磷(NP)、氮(N)、空白(CK)和有机肥氮磷钾配施(NPKOM)小区中硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷3种速效养分与土壤水分的耦合作用进行了研究,结果表明,未施有机肥的氮磷钾(NPK)、氮磷(NP)、氮(N)、空白(CK)4个处理土壤中硝态氮、铵态氮和速效磷与土壤含水率均呈极显著负相关关系(n=112;P0.01);有机肥与氮磷钾配施处理(NPKOM)土壤中硝态氮、铵态氮和速效磷3种速效养分与土壤含水率也呈极显著的负相关性(n=40;P0.01)。研究区土壤水分和速效养分存在着较好的耦合作用;而增施有机肥可以改善土壤的团粒结构和理化性质,更有利于水肥的耦合作用。     

施氮和土壤水热条件对休耕季农田土壤N_2O排放的影响

【目的】研究施氮和土壤水热条件对河西绿洲灌区休耕季小麦玉米间作农田土壤N_2O排放的影响。【方法】依托河西绿洲灌区地下淋溶长期定位监测试验,设置CK(不施肥)、CONV(常规施肥)、OPT(优化施肥)、OPT-N(减量施氮)和OPT+N(增量施氮)5个处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法在休耕季监测小麦玉米间作农田土壤N_2O通量动态变化,并建立二次多项式逐步回归方程,绘制交互效应曲面图。【结果】整个休耕季,小麦玉米间作农田是土壤N_2O排放的弱源,土壤反硝化过程起主要作用。2018年11月中旬—2019年2月中旬,N_2O通量总体表现为吸收,CONV处理和OPT+N处理虽有较高的N_2O排放,但是处理间N_2O通量排放差异未达显著水平(P0.05)。在冬灌后,CONV、OPT、OPT-N、OPT+N处理N_2O排放呈增长趋势,CK的N_2O通量表现为吸收。通过交互效应曲面图发现10 cm地温与土壤N_2O排放关联度最大,以及在交互作用的影响下,休耕季10 cm土壤地温与土壤N_2O排放呈相反趋势。【结论】休耕季小麦玉米间作农田土壤N_2O排放受生长季施肥影响较小,受土壤水热条件的影响较大。     

秸秆还田下水氮耦合对黑土稻田CH4排放与产量的影响

为探明秸秆还田下水氮耦合对黑土稻田CH_4排放的影响,探寻节水、减排、增产的水肥管理模式,在秸秆还田的基础上,以常规淹灌配施常量氮肥的处理为对照,设置了常规淹灌和控制灌溉两种灌溉方式,并设置4个氮肥梯度,采用静态箱-气相色谱法观测各处理的CH_4排放通量,分析了水氮耦合下稻田土壤氧化还原电位、各生育阶段土壤铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量和秸秆腐解率的变化,以及各因子对稻田CH_4排放的影响,同时综合产量计算了减排效益。结果表明:秸秆还田下常规淹灌CH_4排放通量、累积排放量显著高于控制灌溉(P0.05),且随着施氮量的增加,CH_4排放通量、累积排放量显著增加(P0.05);与对照相比,常规淹灌增施氮肥使CH_4累积排放量增加16.24%(P0.05),产量降低了2.01%;在常规淹灌下适当减施氮肥不但对产量无显著影响,还使得CH_4累积排放量降低18.59%(P0.05);若采取控制灌溉减量施氮,与对照相比,则使得CH_4累积排放量降低62.71%(P0.01),产量提高21.16%(P0.05)。通过相关性分析发现,施氮量、灌溉方式以及二者的交互作用对CH_4排放影响显著;水氮耦合下稻田土壤铵态氮含量、秸秆腐解率与CH_4排放呈显著正相关关系(P0.05),土壤氧化还原电位与CH_4排放呈显著负相关关系(P0.05)。综合减排效益分析,秸秆还田下采用控制灌溉、并适量减施氮肥可以使经济效益最大化,达到节水、减排、增产的目的。     

不同土壤改良剂对盐渍化农田土壤改良及温室气体排放的影响

全球气候不断变暖已是不争的事实,而农田土壤所排放的温室气体为其做出了很大贡献,同时土壤盐渍化亦成为制约目前农田发展的重要颈瓶,为农田土壤盐渍化并同步缓解农田温室气体排放和发展可持续低碳农业,推进废弃物资源综合利用。本文选用秸秆生物炭、石膏、石膏+有机肥作为土壤改良剂,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对盐渍化农田土壤温室气体(CO_2、CH_4、N_2O)进行原位采集,分析不同处理对土壤温室气体排放的影响,为抑制和降低农业领域温室气体的排放提供理论依据。本研究共设4个试验处理,即生物炭(DC)、石膏(DS)、石膏+有机肥(DSF)和空白(CK),每个处理设3个重复,同时辅以相同的灌溉与施肥措施。结果表明:各处理的CO_2平均排放通量差异性显著(p0.05),石膏对抑制CH_4和N_2O排放通量的效果最好。DC、DSF、CK处理温室气体排放强度(GHGI)差异性不显著,但与DS差异性显著。与对照相比,DSF、DC、DS温室气体排放强度(GHGI)均表现为降低趋势,分别降低了5.57%、16.77%、34.93%。施加生物炭和石膏对降低盐渍化土壤pH和EC有明显效果。盐渍化农田施加生物炭和石膏加有机肥可显著提高有机质、碱解氮、速效磷含量改善土壤理化性。综合分析各处理对温室气体指标的影响,石膏对抑制温室气体排放的效果最佳,生物炭效果次之。而对土壤改良效果生物炭较优。     

再生稻干湿交替灌溉与根区分层施氮减少温室气体排放

【目的】探明再生稻优化灌溉与根区分层施氮下温室气体排放与产量的综合响应。【方法】基于静态暗箱–气相色谱法对再生稻进行温室气体排放的田间原位观测,设置2种灌溉模式(常规灌溉和干湿交替灌溉)和5个施肥处理(不施氮,CK;农民常规分次施氮,FFP;一次性根区5cm浅施控释尿素,RF1;一次性根区10cm深施控释尿素,RF2;一次性根区5 cm和10 cm分层施控释尿素,RF3),研究了再生稻优化灌溉与根区分层施氮对温室气体排放和产量的综合影响。【结果】(1)常规灌溉模式下,RF1、RF2处理和RF3处理在全生育期的CH_4、N_2O和CO_2排放量比FFP处理分别降低了49%～76%、55%～81%和57%～69%(P0.05),干湿交替模式下CH_4、N_2O和CO_2排放量比FFP处理分别降低了52%～77%、52%～73%和61%～75%(P0.05)。(2)3种温室气体所引起的GWP(以CO_2计,kg/hm~2),干湿交替下FFP、RF1、RF2处理和RF3处理的GWP量与常规灌溉相比分别降低了3%、10%、13%和11%(P0.05)。(3)2种灌溉模式下RF3处理再生稻产量较FFP处理分别显著提高了7%和11%。【结论】再生稻根区分层施用控释尿素在提高产量的同时对温室气体具有减排作用,而且干湿交替模式节水、增加再生稻产量,也具有一定的减排作用,因此分层施氮与干湿交替协同是实现再生稻种植的轻简化操作的可行措施。     

水肥气一体化灌溉对温室辣椒地土壤N2O排放的影响

采用水肥气一体化灌溉可改善土壤的通气状况,影响土壤碳氮循环过程,进而影响土壤N_2O的排放。为明确施氮、增氧和灌水对温室辣椒地土壤N_2O排放的影响,设置了施氮量(300、225 kg/hm~2)、溶氧量(40、5 mg/L)和灌水量(1. 0W、0. 6W,W为充分灌溉时的灌水量) 3因素2水平试验,采用静态箱-气相色谱法监测N_2O排放通量,系统研究了水肥气一体化灌溉对温室辣椒地土壤N_2O排放的影响,并通过结构方程模型分析各影响因子对N_2O排放的定量贡献。结果表明,增氧处理、施氮量和灌水量的增加可增加温室辣椒地土壤N_2O的排放通量峰值、排放总量和单产排放量。试验中增氧条件下N_2O排放总量较对照增加了31. 90%;充分灌溉较非充分灌溉增加了43. 22%;常量施氮较减量施氮增加了33. 01%。增氧处理和灌水量的增加可提高温室辣椒的氮素利用效率,而施氮量的增加降低了温室辣椒的氮素利用效率。综合考虑作物产量、氮素利用效率和单产N_2O排放量,减量施氮非充分灌溉增氧处理是推荐的水肥气管理方案。通过结构方程模型的路径分析,土壤温度、充水孔隙度和NO3--N含量可分别解释N_2O排放的42%、60%和58%,是影响水肥气一体化灌溉的主要影响因子。     

旱区覆膜滴灌棉田N 2 O排放对化肥减量有机替代的响应

覆膜滴灌条件下,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了不同施肥策略:CK(不施肥)、CF(N 300 kg/hm~2;P2O590 kg/hm~2;K2O 60 kg/hm~2)、60%CF+OF(普通有机肥6 000 kg/hm~2)、60%CF+BF(生物有机肥6 000 kg/hm~2)对棉田土壤N_2O排放的影响,旨在明确滴灌棉田连续不同施肥策略下土壤N_2O的排放特征。结果表明,棉花生育期N_2O排放通量表现为施肥处理大于不施肥处理,滴灌施肥后第3/4天N_2O排放通量顺序为CF60%CF+OF60%CF+BFCK,而滴灌后第7/8天N_2O排放通量则表现为有机肥处理高于化肥处理,滴灌施肥结束后表现与之相同;生育期的N_2O排放总量以100%化肥处理(CF)最高,与其相比,60%CF+OF和60%CF+BF处理分别降低3.75%和8.37%,N_2O排放系数则分别降低1.39%和73.8%;相关及通径分析均表明,与土壤NH+4-N相比,NO-3-N与N_2O排放的关系更密切。     

沼肥与化肥配施对不同质地棉田土壤酶活性的影响

为了实现棉花经济施肥和农业废弃物资源化利用,试验在全生育期等氮量控制条件下,研究了沼肥与化肥配施对不同质地棉田土壤酶(尿酶、过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶和磷酸酶)活性的影响。结果表明,随着生育期的推进,不同施肥处理土壤土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶活性均呈先升后降的变化趋势,3种酶活性高峰均出现在花铃期;壤土中花铃期沼肥氮配施化肥处理的脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶平均活性分别比单施尿素处理高16.3%,8.7%,10.7%;砂壤土中花铃期沼肥氮配施化肥处理的脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶活性分别比单施尿素处理高15.2%,12.2%,17.9%;而磷酸酶活性则呈折线上升变化,其活性最高值出现在吐絮期。壤土和砂壤土吐絮期沼肥氮配施化肥处理的磷酸酶活性分别比单施尿素处理高10.5%,7.7%。沼肥与化肥合理配施能显著提高土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶活性,以基施75%沼肥氮基础上追施25%化学氮处理和基施50%沼肥氮基础上追施50%化学氮处理效果较好,单施尿素处理效果较差。在实际生产中棉田施肥时只需要基施25%沼肥氮配施75%化学氮肥就能起到调节土壤碳氮比,改善土壤理化性质,提高土壤生物活性,增加棉花产量的目的。     

氮磷肥配施对夏玉米土壤含水量及水分利用效率的影响

随土壤剖面深度的增加,土壤含水量逐渐降低,上层土壤含水量变幅大于下层。在同一氮肥水平下,夏玉米各生长期内0~50 cm土层含水量呈施磷处理高于不施磷处理,50~110 cm土层则反之。苗期—拔节—灌浆—收获期0~110 cm土壤蓄水量呈升高—降低—升高趋势;苗期呈氮磷配施处理高于单施氮肥处理,其它生长期氮肥与磷肥水平为120 kg/hm2配施处理最高;表层50 cm土层蓄水量均呈现氮磷配施处理高于单施氮肥处理,50~110 cm土层则反之。氮磷配施能显著提高产量及水分利用效率,二者均以配施磷肥120 kg/hm2处理最高;当施磷量超过120 kg/hm2后,产量和水分利用效率反而有下降趋势。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。