滴头插入对滴灌毛管水头损失影响试验研究

为了提高滴灌毛管水力设计精度,通过试验研究了因滴头插入引起的毛管局部水头损失,根据试验现象分析了毛管局部水头损失占沿程水头损失比例hj/hf、毛管局部水头损失系数ξ,与滴头类型、滴头间距以及雷诺数之间的关系.结果表明:对于不同的滴头和滴头间距,毛管局部水头损失占沿程水头损失比例hj/hf差别较大.在相同间距下,迷宫流道滴头插入导致的hj/hf要大于压力补偿式滴头;对于同一类型滴头,滴头间距越小,局部水头损失越明显,hj/hf越大,且均大于微灌工程技术规范规定;若按规范取沿程水头损失的0.1～0.2计算局部水头损失,将导致滴灌工程设计中水头损失计算偏小.不同类型的滴头,毛管局部水头损失系数差异较大,其中迷宫流道滴头ξ基本在0.6以上,而压力补偿式滴头ξ为0.3～0.5,且ξ随滴头间距减小而增大、随雷诺数增大而减小,雷诺数越大,ξ变化越趋于平稳.通过对试验数据进行回归与统计分析,提出了毛管局部水头损失系数计算公式,相关系数R2为0.953.     

薄壁内镶贴片式滴灌带有限元水力计算方法及设计

为了提高滴灌系统水力设计的准确性,基于有限元原理,提出一种计算薄壁内镶贴片式滴灌带能量损失和灌水均匀度的方法,局部水头损失根据贴片式滴头结构、管内压力和管道壁厚确定,沿程水头损失通过改进Darcy-Weisbach公式编写计算机程序,分析了不同滴灌带的水头损失及均匀度变化规律,并与《微灌工程技术规范》中推荐计算方法的结果进行对比.结果表明：管道总水头损失h_w随入口压力的增大而增大.随着滴头间距的增大,相同管长和压力下滴头个数减少,毛管总水头损失h_w减小;滴头间距较大时,水头损失的规范值远低于本模型计算值,滴头间距较小时,规范推荐的计算结果才较为合理;工作压力较低时,毛管壁厚对灌水均匀度影响较明显,且随着壁厚增大,过水断面减小,均匀度降低;当滴头额定流量较小时,相对于工作压力,壁厚对毛管的极限铺设长度影响较小.     

温室滴灌系统支管水力性能影响因素试验研究

通过室内试验研究分析了入口压力、支管长度、毛管间距3个因素对滴灌系统中支管水头损失及沿程压力分布的影响。结果表明:支管上的水头损失随着支管长度和入口压力的增大而增大,随毛管间距的增大而减小,但入口压力增大也同时使得支管沿线压力分布更为均匀。毛管间距0.6、0.9和1.2m条件下,满足水力偏差要求的支管最大铺设长度分别为20、40和60m。支管沿程压力分布曲线服从三次多项式关系,R2均在0.99以上。对支管上水头损失的构成进行了分析,表明局部与沿程水头损失之比fc随支管长度的增加、毛管间距的减小而增加,部分工况下fc会超过1;fc随首部压力的变化较为复杂,与具体的管网铺设s条件相关。多孔系数与来流条件有关,利用克里斯钦森公式计算出的多孔系数比实际值略微偏大,入口雷诺数从22 707增加至50 846时,克里斯钦森公式计算值与实测值之比从1.107降至1.068,表明入口雷诺数越大,克里斯钦森公式的计算精度越高。     

内镶贴片式滴灌带局部水头损失试验研究

通过试验研究了标准管径16 mm的5种内镶贴片式滴灌带的局部水头损失,分析了滴灌带局部水头损失占沿程水头损失的比值hjt/hf和局部水头损失系数α的变化规律.结果表明:相同工作压力下,滴灌带当量直径随壁厚的增大而减小,造成沿程水头损失和局部水头损失的增大,局部水头损失与壁厚、滴头断面面积和雷诺数有关.随着雷诺数的增大,滴灌带局部水头损失占沿程水头损失的比值hjt/hf减小,最小值可达到0. 67,但仍超过中国制定的微灌工程技术规范设计标准(0. 1~0. 2).通过对试验数据进行多元回归分析,提出了滴灌带局部水头损失系数与过水断面收缩比和雷诺数的关系式,相关系数为0. 96.     

多孔出流管水流阻力及压强水头分布规律研究

对DN32×20T型三通管(多孔出流支管局部水头损失主要发生位置)进行了局部水头损失试验研究,结果表明光滑紊流区内主管至侧管流向局部水头损失系数1随雷诺数的增大而变化很小,随分流比的增大而增大;而主管至直管流向局部水头损失系数2随雷诺数的增大而减小,随分流比的增大先减小而后增大;并给出了局部水头损失系数1与2的经验公式。与实测值对比得出:提出的沿支管方向毛管进口压强水头经验计算公式具有较高的计算精度;最后,利用本文提出的局部水头损失系数经验公式分析了等距、等流量多孔出流支管局部水头损失与沿程水头损失的比值hj/hf的变化规律,并给出了扩大系数K的经验公式。     

温室滴灌系统支管水力性能及简化计算研究

我国温室产业近年来发展迅猛,由于面积、种植结构与密度等与大田差异较大,沿用大田滴灌系统的设计方法已不适宜,需要根据温室的具体条件确定设计方法。根据我国普通单栋温室情况,通过室内试验研究分析了入口压力、支管长度、毛管间距3个因素对滴灌系统中支管沿程压力分布的影响。结果表明:支管沿程压力分布的均匀性随支管长度的增加、毛管间距和首部压力的减小而降低。结合滴头的水力特性参数得出支管上的最大允许压力偏差为30.85%。毛管间距0.6、0.9和1.2m条件下,满足水力偏差要求的单栋温室支管最大铺设长度分别为20、40和60m。运用量纲分析方法将影响支管水头损失的基本量导出为3个无量纲量υd/ν、υ2/(g d)和L d/s2,通过多元回归建立支管水头损失的经验预测模型(R2=92.4%)。分析了支管能坡曲线的函数形式,回归得到了支管水头损失比和沿程压力分布模型。以上模型预测值与实测数据拟合效果良好,可用于温室滴灌系统水力计算及规划设计。     

低压微灌多孔软管水力特性试验研究

为了进一步探索低压微灌多孔软管的水力性能,采用室内试验方法,研究了低压(1～5m)条件下多孔软管的出流规律、沿程压力分布规律以及水头损失分布规律,结果表明,在低压条件下,多孔软管的水力特性受进口压力、出流孔孔距、铺设长度等因素影响,且受到管壁塑性变形的影响;沿程出流表现出单峰性,随管长及孔距增大,最大值点前移,随压力增大,沿程出流更为均匀;沿程压力一直减少,前半段减幅约为后半段的4倍,且随孔距增大,递减幅度变小;水头损失随孔距减小和压力增大而减小,且进口压力为1～3m时的减幅与4～5m时的比值在管长为40m时,其值约为管长为30m时的2倍。研究结果可为低压微灌技术的完善和发展提供理论依据。     

插入式滴灌管局部阻力相邻影响研究

为研究插入式滴头局部阻力间的相互影响,以16插入式滴灌管为研究对象,设置6种滴头间距进行灌水试验,同时采用CFD模拟并分析验证。在此基础上对20滴灌管进行了模拟研究。结果表明:滴头局部阻力相邻影响系数模拟结果与试验结果基本吻合;滴头局部阻力相邻影响系数随滴头间距的减小而减小;滴头前后扰动范围和流速分布的变化是滴头局部阻力产生相邻影响的主要原因;滴灌设计中,当滴头间距小于0.5 m时,应考虑滴头局部阻力间的相邻影响,相邻影响系数取值范围为0.9~1.0。     

地下滴灌中毛管水力计算的数学模型与试验

为了研究地下滴灌毛管水力特性与水力计算方法,用较短毛管并通过毛管末端泄流的方式,在室内利用地下滴灌毛管水力要素试验测试系统,分别测试了2种滴灌管在轻黏土中毛管上每个滴头的流量和毛管首末两端的压力水头．结果表明：在灌水持续2min之后,地下滴灌毛管上各滴头流量均趋于恒定值;在稳定的压力水头差下,滴头流量沿程依次减少．根据毛管沿程压力变化规律,结合考虑土壤质地、土壤体积质量和初始含水率的地下滴灌滴头流量计算公式,提出了毛管水力计算数学模型．利用该模型计算的滴头流量值与其实测值之间的相对误差在1．0％左右;并计算出考虑毛管局部水头损失的加大系数约为1．20．将该模型推广应用于一般情况下的地下滴灌毛管水力计算,可求解均匀坡、均质土、均匀管径与滴头等间距时的地下滴灌毛管水力特征值．     

喷灌塑料管道水力阻力系数λ的实验研究

实验是在水头59m,管长234m,以及水头24m,管长扣一99m的两处坡度均一的测试场进行的。通过对硬聚氯乙烯管、改性聚丙烯管和无缝钢管等八种不同口径的管道的测试（场地布置见图1）,初步研究了常用喷灌管道沿程阻力系数人的变化、水头损失与流速的关系、管流在不同水头下的变化,进而求出塑料管道水力计算经验公式。图1第一测试场布置示意囹1塑料管道水力阻力系数人的实验1．l输水管阻力系数人的变化山区自压喷灌管道多属长管型,水头损失主要是沿程损失,局部损失较小,可忽略不计。此次测试只考虑由沿程阻力引起的沿程水头损失。试验时,…     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。