圆中环沉沙排沙过滤池沉沙冲沙特性试验研究

介绍一种新型水沙分离装置圆中环沉沙排沙过滤池的初步研究成果。圆中环沉沙排沙过滤池是一种新型的低耗水率、处理泥沙范围广泛的水沙分离装置。通过物理模型试验,模拟了在流量1m3/s,输沙率1.43g/s工况下的运行效果。实验结果表明,装置运行约43小时达到必须泄空排沙的极限状态,冲沙耗水率约为1.9%;冲沙道平均流速为0.51-2.75m/s,池内永久淤积沙质量约占总沉积质量的2%。同时分析了影响冲沙效率的主要因素,为装置的推广应用提供了理论依据和经验。     

浑水水力分离清水装置内水沙两相弱旋流场数值模拟

采用RNG（重整化群）两方程紊流模型和简化的多相流Mixture（混合）模型,对浑水水力分离清水装置内水沙两相三维弱旋流场进行了数值模拟。根据计算结果,详细比较和分析了加沙前后装置内径向、轴向以及切向速度分布特征,及其对“装置”内泥沙运动和水沙分离效率的影响。从水沙两相流场特性出发,初步探讨了“装置”有效分离水沙并获得清水的机理,为设计优化装置结构提供理论基础。     

浑水水力分离清水装置内水沙两相

采用RNG(重整化群) 两方程紊流模型和简化的多相流Mixture(混合)模型,对浑水水力分离清水装置内水沙两相三维弱旋流场进行了数值模拟。根据计算结果,详细比较和分析了加沙前后装置内径向、轴向以及切向速度分布特征,及其对“装置”内泥沙运动和水沙分离效率的影响。从水沙两相流场特性出发,初步探讨了“装置”有效分离水沙并获得清水的机理,为设计优化装置结构提供理论基础。     

龙羊峡水库对下游水沙条件变化的影响分析

为了研究龙羊峡水库对下游水沙条件变化的影响,以水库下游贵德水文站年径流量和年输沙量作为研究数据,采用互补集合经验模态分解方法对建库前后径流和泥沙进行多时间尺度分析,结合多时间尺度熵和纳什效率系数分析建库前后径流和泥沙各分解序列的复杂波动特征及各分量对原始序列的贡献程度。结果表明:水库运行对下游水沙变化均有显著影响,且对泥沙的影响大于径流,同时不同时间尺度下的水沙相关关系均发生改变;水库运行会加剧水沙系统的复杂性,但随着多时间尺度波动周期的增大,水沙各分解序列复杂性降低,可预测性升高;径流和泥沙的信息量集中在中高频分量上,综合考虑建库前后水沙波动周期的变化,建议黄河上游水沙监测和研究周期分别为4~7 a和3~4 a。     

基于数值模拟的分离鳃水沙分离效率及机理分析

利用层流模型和欧拉模型,运用Phase Coupled SIMPLE(PC-SIMPLE)算法,对分离鳃与普通管中的水沙两相流流场进行了静水沉降的三维数值模拟,并根据数值计算结果,对分离鳃与普通管内的速度场和含沙量分布特性进行了对比与分析,探讨了分离鳃的水沙分离效率及机理。结果表明:分离鳃中的速度矢量分布规律与普通管不同;分离鳃的结构形式、其内部的流场特性及含沙量分布特性都有利于水沙的分离,故分离鳃中的泥沙速度、清水速度及泥沙去除率都大于普通管的。探明了分离鳃快速分离水沙的机理,这对分离鳃结构的进一步优化提供了理论基础。     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布规律及优化调度经验浅谈

通过对簸箕李引黄灌区1998～2005年实测引水引沙观测资料和试验数据的分析,运用水沙运动力学理论,对引水引沙季节变化特点、灌区水量的区域分配特点、泥沙的区域分布特点及引黄闸的引沙特性进行分析总结,得出灌区水沙分布的规律及特点.结合簸箕李灌区的实际运行情况,围绕如何减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨,通过对大量观测资料和数据的科学分析,得出水沙优化调度方案,并指出通过实施渠道防渗衬砌和扩建工程及调整东条渠比降等工程措施,使骨干渠道减淤效果明显,推而广之,通过对簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度经验的分析探讨,为远距离输沙提供了理论和实践依据,也为同类引黄灌区提供了借鉴和参考.     

圆中环沉沙排沙过滤池数值模拟研究

圆中环沉沙排沙过滤池是一种新型的浑水沉沙、排沙、过滤装置,为水沙分离提供了另一种新的思路。通过新疆呼图壁城镇工业供水工程圆中环沉沙排沙过滤池的局部断面数值模拟试验,初步了解了其下部沉沙池流场分布情况。入水口区域附近存在顺时针方向的漩涡区,且能量较大,对局部范围处的流态影响较大。出水口处即过滤槽进水口处流速较大,符合实际规律。充分验证了在选取过滤料粒径范围时,考虑大粒径压重的必要性。通过FLUENT计算得到了沉沙池内的清水流速矢量图和流速等值线图等水力参数。进一步说明了沉沙池数值模拟的可行性,对类似的工程设计、施工及运行管理有一定的参考价值。     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布规律及优

通过对簸箕李引黄灌区1998年至2005年实测引水引沙观测资料和试验数据的分析，运用水沙运动力学理论，对引水引沙季节变化特点、灌区水量的区域分配特点、泥沙的区域分布特点及引黄闸的引沙特性进行分析总结，进而得出灌区水沙分布的规律及特点。结合簸箕李灌区的实际运行情况，围绕如何减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨，通过对大量观测资料和数据的科学分析，得出水沙优化调度方案，并指出通过实施渠道防渗衬砌和扩建工程及调整东条渠比降等工程措施，使骨干渠道减淤效果明显，推而广之，通过对簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度经验的分析探讨，为远距离输沙提供了理论和实践依据，也为同类引黄灌区提供了借鉴和参考。     

初论黄河中游支流上修库拦沙的重要性和可行性

对黄河中游支流上修库拦沙的重要性和可行性进行了论述，并针对黄河水沙多、水沙异源的特点，提出拦泥库是减少入黄沙量、解除泥沙危害的一种标本兼治的好办法，也是黄河治理开发系统工程中的关键一环，强调应抓紧立项研究，力争早日实施。     

河水滴灌重力沉沙过滤池中浑水流场分布规律

为研究河水滴灌重力沉沙过滤池中的水力特性及流场分布规律,采用Fluent软件中的标准k-ε模型和混合物模型计算了其关键建筑物沉沙池内的水沙两相流流场,并将数值计算结果与物理试验实测数据进行了对比,发现数值计算结果与物理试验结果吻合较好,采用的数学模型可以模拟沉沙池中的水沙两相流运动过程,具有一定的准确性和可靠度.根据数值计算结果可知:沉沙池中浑水流速沿水深方向上的变化规律包含流速迅速增大、流速快速减小及流速恒定3个阶段;含沙量沿水深方向上的分布规律可分为清水层、等浓度层、沉降层和压缩层.基于数值计算结果,提出沉沙池尾部和侧向溢流堰处应采取一定措施,防止水流产生局部回流和旋涡,减少泥沙被带出沉沙池外,从而提高水沙分离效率.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。