不同灌水水平对河西绿洲玉米干物质积累过程及产量影响

作物产量与干物质累积过程密切相关,灌水时机和灌水量大小会影响干物质累积进而影响作物产量。利用在民勤绿洲进行玉米灌溉田间试验,研究了不同灌水量和灌水时间对河西绿洲玉米干物质积累动态及产量的影响,建立了干物质累积量的Logistic模型,并进行了玉米产量及构成要素的相关性分析。结果表明:玉米地上部分干物质积累量随生育期的推进呈现出“慢-快-慢”的增长趋势,“大喇叭口期-抽穗期”是干物质快速增长期,平均增长为5.12~7.58g/d,注意这一时期的适时灌水,对玉米的生长具有促进作用;膜下滴灌因地膜增温效应,显著提高玉米的生长速率。膜下滴灌玉米干物质积累在播种后65d左右进入旺长期,旺长期持续时间26d左右,最大旺长期在播种后78d。产量及构成要素相关性分析表明,膜下滴灌玉米产量与穗粗、穗粒数、出籽率呈显著正相关,通过提高玉米穗粗、穗粒数,可提高玉米产量。     

不同类型薄膜覆盖对冀东地区玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

为了探索不同颜色地膜覆盖对冀东地区玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响,于2014―2015年采用白色地膜、黑色地膜和裸地玉米栽培试验,分析了不同颜色地膜覆盖对玉米株高、叶面积指数、生物量、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,与裸地相比,覆膜处理能显著提高玉米株高(P0.01);覆膜处理的玉米叶面积指数显著大于裸地处理(P0.01),在玉米成熟期黑膜处理的叶面积指数最大;覆膜处理玉米干物质积累量在整个生育期均显著高于裸地(P0.01),玉米灌浆中后期至成熟期,黑膜覆盖的干物质积累量最大;黑膜处理的玉米产量和水分利用效率显著高于白膜和裸地处理(P0.01)。在冀东地区,用黑色地膜替代白色地膜,能够促进玉米增产和水分高效利用。     

辽西北地区玉米适宜滴灌方式研究

为了探讨辽西北地区适宜的玉米滴灌方式,采用田间小区试验,研究了覆膜与非覆膜2种滴灌条件下土壤含水率、土壤温度、玉米生长性状、灌溉水利用效率及经济效益变化规律。结果表明,覆膜滴灌可有效地保持土壤计划湿润层内的土壤水分,减少灌溉水量,提高土壤温度,加速生育进程,增加每穗粒数和百粒质量进而提高玉米产量,显著提高了灌溉水利用效率,增加了经济效益。因此,覆膜滴灌更适合在辽西北推广。     

东北半湿润区膜下滴灌对农田水热和玉米产量的影响

为从农田土壤水、热循环角度揭示玉米膜下滴灌节水增产机理,于2011—2013年在东北半湿润区开展了玉米田间试验,对膜下滴灌、不覆膜滴灌和地面灌玉米田进行了土壤温度、含水率、田间小气候、作物生长、养分积累及产量的观测和分析。结果表明:与不覆膜滴灌和地面灌相比,膜下滴灌提高了玉米生育前期的土壤温度,苗期5~25 cm的日均土壤温度增加2.3℃,土壤积温增加87℃;整个生育期土壤积温增加115~150℃。覆膜减少了土壤蒸发,膜下滴灌玉米生育期的土壤蒸发量比不覆膜滴灌降低53%,提高了玉米生育前期的土壤含水率。膜下滴灌提高了典型日的冠层空气温度并降低了冠层空气湿度,可能导致作物蒸腾量的增加。膜下滴灌明显增加了玉米生育前期的氮素吸收量,促进了玉米的营养生长,为生育后期的生殖生长积累了更多的营养物质,成熟期的地上部分干物质质量分别比不覆膜滴灌和地面灌增加14%和23%,氮素吸收量分别增加16%和28%。膜下滴灌营造了有利于玉米生长的土壤水、热环境,平均产量分别比不覆膜滴灌和地面灌处理提高11%和21%,水分利用效率分别提高9%和18%。     

可降解地膜对玉米生长发育及水分利用效率的影响

针对农田残膜对土壤污染日趋加重的现象,在河西绿洲灌区张掖节水农业试验站进行了可降解地膜、普通地膜及露地栽培玉米对比试验,探讨可降解地膜对玉米生长发育、产量、相关农艺性状及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:与露地栽培相比,降1、降2、降3三种降解地膜覆盖均能明显提高玉米苗期和拔节期节根层数、节根条数及根干重,玉米不同生育时期株高、叶面积及地上部干物质积累量显著增加,穗粒数增加20.25%～20.79%、千粒重提高14.44%～21.69%,产量增加37.88%～47.01%。可降解地膜和普通地膜间差异不显著。与普通膜相比,降1膜经济产量、地上部干物质水分利用效率提高3.66%、1.68%,降2、降3膜仅降低6.50%～7.08%、6.38%～7.17%。但在玉米灌浆中期至成熟期,降2、降3膜阶段耗水量增幅高达7.21%、12.86%,而阶段干物质水分利用效率则下降了15.31%、12.61%。说明覆膜后期,降解膜2、3保墒效果急剧下降。研究认为,可降解地膜替代普通地膜应用于农业生产是可行的,建议生产企业延长降2、降3膜的稳定期,提高其在玉米生育后期的保墒效果。     

不同灌水定额对覆膜滴灌玉米生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响

为了探索适宜于赤峰地区滴灌玉米的灌水定额,在赤峰市松山区当铺地乡南平房村示范基地进行了大田试验,试验设置4个灌水定额水平,分别为180(GGDE1)、240(GGDE2)、300(GGDE3)、360(GGDE4)m3/hm2,研究了不同灌水定额对覆膜滴灌玉米生长状况、玉米产量和水分利用效率WUE的影响,分析了玉米耗水量与产量、边际产量、玉米水分利用效率之间的关系。结果表明:灌水定额300m3/hm2的处理玉米的株高、叶面积在玉米苗期、灌浆期表现出比其他灌水定额处理好;膜下滴灌玉米产量随灌水量的增加先增加后减小;穗重、行粒数、百粒质量等产量构成因素同样随灌溉定额增加呈递增趋势;穗长和穗行数规律性不强,各处理间差异不显著;玉米产量、水分利用效率均与玉米耗水量呈二次抛物线关系,玉米全生育期耗水量400.83~449.63mm是进行灌溉确定滴灌灌溉定额的主要研究区域。     

滴灌施肥对华北小麦-玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

【目的】研究不同滴灌施肥处理对华北地区小麦-玉米生长状况、产量和WUE的影响。【方法】采用二因素裂区设计,小麦和玉米试验施氮量设置低氮(60%当地通用施氮量)、中氮(当地通用施氮量)和高氮(140%当地通用施氮量)3个水平,分别用Nl、Nm、Nh表示;滴灌施肥次数小麦为0、1、2次,玉米为0、2、3次,分别用D0、D1、D2和D0、D2、D3表示,另以当地常规灌溉和施肥措施为对照(FP)。【结果】小麦试验结果表明,滴灌施肥可促进叶片生长,开花期滴灌施肥能减缓小麦叶面积指数(LAI)下降速率,增加干物质积累速率,不同施氮量处理之间干物质累积量差异不明显,表明滴灌施肥条件下在一定程度减少施氮量并不影响干物质积累;增加滴灌施肥次数可显著增加小麦产量,D2和D1处理的小麦平均产量分别较D0增加了44.4%和32.7%,但对WUE没有明显影响;滴灌施肥处理提高小麦产量的途径主要是通过促进千粒质量和穗数增加而实现。玉米试验结果显示,营养生长阶段滴灌施肥处理对LAI有显著促进作用,但滴灌施肥次数对地上部干物质积累没有显著影响;产量随滴灌施肥次数的增加而增加,D3处理显著高于D0处理,而WUE随滴灌次数增加而减少,D3处理显著低于D2和D0处理;与FP比较,滴灌施肥处理WUE显著高于FP,小麦和玉米的水分利用效率分别提高17.2%和7.2%以上。【结论】施氮量对小麦和玉米的产量和水分利用效率没有显著影响,表明在偏丰水年采用滴灌施肥一体化技术,在目前施肥水平基础上减少40%施氮量不会造成产量损失。     

麦秸-塑膜复合系统对玉米生长及干物质分配的影响

地膜+秸秆组成的“二元覆盖”技术具有增温、保墒、提高肥力、改良土壤的特点,就不同覆盖方式对玉米出苗率、株高、叶面积、干物质积累及分配等指标的影响作了相应分析。研究结果表明:覆膜或复合覆盖可提高玉米出苗率,播种后可提高地温,保水性能较好;玉米前期生长发育较快,其株高、叶面积、干物质增长速率均大于麦秸覆盖和无覆盖处理;玉米穗占地上干物质的比例均高于麦秸覆盖及无覆盖处理。在适宜的复合覆盖处理下(SFH4)可提高玉米干物质在穗的分配比例,使光合产物充分转移到籽粒中,达到了调控玉米干物质形成、提高产量的目的。     

扬黄灌区不同覆膜滴灌方式对玉米生长及产量的影响

针对西北扬黄灌区干旱缺水、蒸发强烈以及灌溉水利用效率低下的瓶颈问题,在宁夏同心县开展不同覆膜方式下的浅埋式滴灌玉米种植对比试验。通过设置膜内浅埋式滴灌(UF)、膜侧浅埋式滴灌(FS)、无膜浅埋式滴灌(NF)、无膜地表滴灌(CK)4种对比处理种植双行靠地膜玉米。试验表明:覆膜处理平均温度比无膜处理提高2.4℃,日间气温差距最明显时段出现在14∶00-16∶00,最大温差为2.7℃;温度对苗期影响最为显著,UF的出苗时间比FS提前1 d,比NF和CK提前3 d;植株成熟期叶面积指数UF、FS、NF相比CK分别增加了18.9%、14.4%、4%;地上部分干物质积累量UF、FS、NF分别比CK增加了9.7%、6.8%、4.2%;各处理实际产量UF、FS、NF比CK分别高出12.9%、8.2%、2.6%。     

氮肥运筹对地下滴灌玉米产量的影响

探讨地下滴灌玉米高产的科学合理施肥技术。在地下滴灌条件下,通过设置不同施氮量和施氮次数研究氮肥运筹管理对玉米产量和构成要素的影响。结果表明:施氮次数、施氮量及交互作用对穗长和百粒重影响不显著,施氮量对秃尖长、施氮次数对穗粒数、施氮次数和施氮量的交互作用对穗粒数影响差异显著,施氮量对穗粒数和施氮次数对玉米产量影响极显著,三次施氮平均玉米产量比一次施氮处理提高了7.60%,T3N120、T3N180处理分别比T1N120、T1N180处理增加了11.36%、9.13%;施氮量、施氮次数与施氮量的交互作用对玉米产量影响不显著;建立了以施氮次数和施氮量为自变量的玉米产量回归模型,能够反映玉米产量与施氮次数和施氮量的关系。建议黑龙江省黑土区地下滴灌玉米采用3次施氮、施氮量120~180 kg/hm~2的管理措施。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。